[pt] A presente dissertação procura analisar os conflitos indígenas associados a projetos de desenvolvimento e processo de licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos localizados no interior, ou que afetem terras Indígenas. O trabalho busca realizar uma reflexão jurídica sobre o conceito de indígenas e terras indígenas, avaliando as implicações práticas desse conceito na instalação de projetos de desenvolvimento, e em seus processos de licenciamento ambiental. Como metodologia de pesquisa será feita análise da legislação aplicável, comparada com conceitos antropológicos e jurídicos, análise de decisões judiciais relevantes e casos práticos. Serão apresentadas alternativas de alterações legislativas e sugestões de interpretação legal e constitucional, especialmente relacionados à forma e aos prazos para a condução de processos de demarcação de Terras Indígenas, ao processo de licenciamento ambiental e ao processo de consulta a indígenas. Tais proposições serão apresentadas como sugestões de redução do conflito indígena no país. / [en] Quite a while ago the indigenous population issues stopped receiving secondary treatment on the definition of public policies of investment and development of infrastructure projects. This change took place, basically, due to factors such as the advance of the frontiers of energy, agribusiness, mining and infrastructure development into remote areas – especially in the North of Brazil, encountering important Indigenous Lands and other areas of interest to this indigenous population, isolated or otherwise. Development advance over indigenous lands – coupled with the lack of ability by the State and other players to properly anticipate identifying possible conflicts with indigenous populations and treating them adequately, have worsened conflicts with indigenous populations. By conflicts with indigenous populations, I understand it to be conflicts over land and respect for their way of life, which often leads to violence – with or without casualties. The frightening numbers of this silent war speak for themselves. According to FUNAI (National Indigenous Foundation), the Brazilian indigenous population in 1500 was approximately 3 million individuals. This number had been reduced to 360,000 by 1825. These numbers can be explained through our history of territorial occupation. The indigenous population was treated as a part of the territory to be dealt with, occupied and cleaned up. The territory cleansing – in both in the ecological and human aspects – was how the Brazilian territory was created and, to some extent, continues to be created In addition, the lack of a centralized discussion forum for indigenous issues has led these important discussions to leave the governmental sphere, to wind up taking place in project environmental licensing procedures – giving project managers the responsibility to answer the demands of these communities.

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Fastighetsutveckling är en verksamhet som kännetecknas av en hög grad av komplexitet och osäkerhet. Detaljplaneprocessen är en långdragen process som ofta löper över flera år, och involverar ett stort antal sakägare och många motstridiga intressen. Det råder en stor risk att detaljplanen inte färdigställs eller att processen fördröjs på grund av olika överklaganden eller problem vad gäller trafiklösningar, landskapsbild, buller och riksintressen såsom skyddade arter och fornlämningar. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). Det är även mycket vanligt att den slutgiltiga detaljplanens innehåll nedrevideras, och därmed skiljer sig jämfört med det ursprungliga förslaget. Ovan nämnda riskfaktorer går under samlingsnamnet planrisk, och anses vara den största risken enligt byggherrar, och hur den bedöms inför ett förvärv kan vara avgörande för projektets lönsamhet (Segerlund, D 2015). Dagens värderingsmetodik för råmark, det vill säga mark som inte är detaljplanelagd, sker vanligtvis genom ortsprismetoden där jämförelser görs med tidigare utförda transaktioner på jämförbar mark. Eftersom antalet transaktioner av råmark är mycket lågt i Sverige och att information om prispåverkande bakomliggande villkor ofta saknas så använder man en indirekt ortsprismetod, så kallad råmarkskalkyl, som komplement. Råmarkskalkylen räknar ut råmarkens värde utifrån värdet av projektet vid färdigställande minskat med beräknadekostnader, tidsfaktor samt uppskattad planrisk (ibid). Detta examensarbete har syftat till att utreda vilka faktorer styr planrisken och hur värderare går till väga för att uppskatta denna parameter. Tidigare rapporter inom ämnet belyser problematiken kring transparens och tydlighet i de antaganden som använts i värdeutlåtanden vid värdering av råmark. Således syftar även detta arbete till att utreda de faktorer som ligger till grund för den bristande transparensen som råder. Författarna har använt sig av triangulering som forskningsmetod för att mynna ut i det resultat som redovisas i slutet av arbetet. Sammanfattningsvis har 10 intervjuer genomförts med olika branschaktörer som alla är insatta i ämnet kring planrisk och råmarksutveckling. För att få en god förståelse över ämnet och ett perspektiv från både offentlig och privat sektor har även en kortare enkätstudie skickats till samtliga av landets kommuner. Slutligen har även en fallstudie genomförts där författarna undersökt och jämfört fyra olika värderingsutlåtanden för råmark.  Slutsatserna som kan dras från detta arbete är att värderingen av råmark är ett komplext värderingsförfarande, som kräver erfarenhet från värderingsmän. Det går dock att notera brister i hur antaganden redovisas i dessa värderingsutlåtanden. Författarna anser också att annars vanliga tillvägagångssätt för att hantera osäkerheter vid värdering saknas i denna typ av värderingar, exempelvis känslighetsanalyser och scenarioanalyser. Ett återkommande tema under intervjustudien är att marknaden saknar den betalningsvilja som krävs för ytterligare utredningsunderlag. Författarna menar dock att det finns kostnadseffektiva lösningar som skulle både stärka och öka validiteten och realibiliteten i den slutliga bedömningen, vilketockså redovisas i resultatdelen. I hopp om att bidra till en ökad transparens inom branschen, har en matris skapats som författarna tror kan fungera som en vägledning för rådgivare, kund och marknad. / Real estate development is a procedure that is characterized by a high grade of complexity and insecurity. The process for developing a detailed development plan is a lengthy and tedious procedure that involves a large number of stakeholders with conflicting interests. The risk that the detailed development plan is not completed or prolonged due to factors such as traffic solutions, national interests, racket and a shifting scenery is high. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). It is also common that the contents of the final version of the detailed development plan is revised in a downwards fashion, and thus differs significantly from the initial proposal. The aforementioned risk factors are, along with other risk factors, collectively called the planning permit risk. It is considered to be the largest risk according to real estate developers and how it is assessed prior to an acquisition of land is considered crucial for the profitability of the project (Segerlund, D 2015). The most common method used for valuing raw land (parcel of land that is not encompassed within a detailed development plan) today is called a comparable sales method, where you use prior transactions of comparable properties to assess the value of your project. Due to the fact that the volume of raw land transactions is quite low in Sweden, the comparable sales method is often complemented with a backdoor feasibility analysis, which computes the value of the project as if it was finished subtracted with the costs, the time to completion and the planningpermit risk (ibid). This master's thesis’ aim is to examine which factors that affect the planning permit risk and how valuers assess this parameter. Prior research within the subject sheds a light on the problem with transparency and clarity regarding the assumptions that are used in valuation reports for raw land valuations. Thus, this report also intends to examine the factors that are subject to blame for this lack of transparency. The authors have chosen to answer the research questions stated in this paper by the use of triangulation as the research method. The authors have conducted 10 interviews with branch professionals that are knowledgeable regarding the subject of the planning permit risk and raw land valuation. To gain a deeper understanding of the subject and to gain a perspective from both the private and public sectors, a survey has been sent out to all of Sweden's municipalities. To conclude it all has a case study been conducted, where the authors have examined and compared four valuation reports of raw land.  The conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis is that the valuation of raw land is a complex procedure that requires experienced valuers. It is however possible to note flaws regarding the presentation of the assumptions in the valuation reports. The authors find that otherwise normal procedures regarding how to handle insecurities in valuation are lacking in these reports, for example sensitivity or scenario analyses. A reoccurring comment during the interview procedure is the fact that the market is not willing to pay for additional inspections that can increase the transparency of these valuation reports. However, the authors of this paper suggest that there are cost-efficient solutions that can strengthen and enhance thevalidity and reliability of the valuation reports for raw land valuations. In hopes of increasing the transparency within the industry, a matrix has been developed that is presented at the end of this paper, which the authors believe can be of guidance to not only the advisers, but alsothe client and the market as a whole.

Poland has long been a country of net emigration, though the country has received backlash in recent years for its xenophobic treatment towards asylum seekers from non-European countries, versus its treatment of Ukrainian asylum seekers. To explore this phenomenon, this research first asks, does Poland have a preferential migration policy? I first look at the restrictiveness and evolution of Poland's migration policy from 2003-2019. I find that the state's migration policies which specifically target EU member and Eastern European states are on average slightly less restrictive than the restrictiveness of the entire population of policies. In the following chapter I ask, how is this policy implemented, and how is it reflected in Poland's migrant workforce? To explore how these policies are implemented, I look at work permit data from 2010-2020, analyzing the differences in the number of work permits granted to each country of origin over time. I find that migrants from Eastern European and Central Asian states receive a disproportionately high number of work permits compared to other regions, and that within the region, Ukrainians receive the highest number of permits each year. Finally, to better understand this inequality, my fourth chapter asks, why Ukraine specifically? In this analysis, I hypothesize that proximity and cultural similarities, Poland's security interests, and both states' economic interests drive this special migration relationship. I find mixed support for this hypothesis, but ultimately find that these factors do play important roles in maintaining the relationship between Poland and Ukraine. / Master of Arts / Poland has traditionally been a country where more migrants leave than arrive, but in the past few years, it has faced criticism for its differing attitudes toward asylum seekers based on their country of origin, particularly in its welcoming stance toward Ukrainians as opposed to migrants from non-European countries. In exploring this phenomenon, my research examines whether Poland has a preferential migration policy. I analyze policy to understand this phenomenon of accused hypocrisy in order to understand if these inequalities are built into Poland's legislation, or if there are other factors at play. I first look at the evolution of Polish migration policies from 2003 to 2019 and find that the policies targeting EU and Eastern European countries are generally less strict than those aimed at other regions. However, the differences that I find in strictness are not drastic enough for me to argue that Poland has a discriminatory migration policy. To see how these policies are put into practice, especially in the workforce, I then analyze work permit data from 2010 to 2020. This data shows that Eastern European and Central Asian migrants, particularly Ukrainians, receive significantly more work permits than those from other regions. This trend raises the question: Why is Ukraine a special case? I hypothesize that geographical closeness, cultural similarities, Poland's security concerns, and mutual economic benefits are key factors that influence this unique migration relationship. Although the support I find for this hypothesis varies, I find that ultimately these factors highlight how important aspects of the states' relationship, like geography, culture, security, and economic interests, shape the unique bond between Poland and Ukraine. This study sheds light on the complexities and nuances of national migration policies and their real-world implications, especially in Central European EU member states.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of financing a developer kind of project in the Czech Republic. It specializes on various stages of project implementation and on different types of credits to enable to fund the project and it also focuses on the conditions for obtaining them. The practical part of the dissertation shows the acquaintance and insight into a specific project, and potential risks that might arise during project implementation are also tried to be solved there. The thesis is affected by update changes in laws and it concludes with suggestion of a suitable project financing.

Legal limits of the cross-border movement of military materials The global trade with military materials is an important, however often under- researched, area of academic enquiry. Such attitude is not correct, because in fact it is a massive global industry in which also Czech companies play a significant role. Given the newspaper headlines and statements of arms dealer, it is obvious there have long been unsolved problems burdening arms dealers caused especially by an inappropriate legal framework. This theses aims to provide an analysis of legal framework in respect to cross-border movement of military materials covering especially European and Czech legislation focusing on its potential limits arising and important for arms dealers. On a global international level the Arms Trade Treaty and other relevant treaties regulating international trade with military materials are identified and described. Attention is also paid to limitations of arms trade such as embargoes or restrictive measures imposed by the UN and the EU respectively as well as to limitations resulting from domestic and European legislation or from its different interpretation. In view of different legal framework this thesis strictly distinguishes whether a movement is realized, while particular law is adequately reflected. There...

Participants in administrative proceedings with emphasis on participation in proceedings conducted according to the Building Act The Master thesis deals with a topic of participants of administrative proceedings, in which participation in proceedings conducted according to the Building Act is strongly emphasized. The author chose this topic because the participants in proceedings are irreplaceable procedural parties of every administrative proceedings without their existence no administrative proceedings could be conducted, and therefore they form an integral part of administrative proceedings next to administrative authority. The meaning of statutory legal regulation is to guarantee participants in proceedings mutually equal position and rights to prove a claim sufficient in administrative proceedings. The thesis introduces contemporary interpretative and application conclusions altogether with their gradual development and it evaluates in which way these conclusions brought about solutions and in which way conversely there were disputable questions in consequence of these conclusions. The Master thesis is divided into two basic parts dealing with definition of the circle of participants in proceedings according to the Administrative Act and participation in administrative proceedings conducted...

As conferências mundiais de meio ambiente de 1972 em Estocolmo e de 1992 no Rio de Janeiro trouxeram um novo despertar para a humanidade nas questões ambientais. Por outro lado, a globalização econômica ampliou de maneira extraordinária os fluxos de produção e comércio, inaugurando uma nova era de crescimento econômico, que trouxe como consequência novas oportunidades de desenvolvimento, mas também pressões sobre os ativos ambientais. A resposta às pressões tem sido um arcabouço legal de regulação, que tem, na visão de alguns, inibido o crescimento econômico e restringido as oportunidades de mobilidade social. As críticas estão concentradas, especialmente nos procedimentos de concessão das licenças ambientais, excessivamente burocráticos, e que acarretam custos econômicos, que reduzem a competitividade dos empreendimentos, principalmente os de infra-estrutura. O presente trabalho procurou analisar, comparativamente, a aplicação desses instrumentos em diversos países, em quatro continentes, com diferentes graus de desenvolvimento, população e nível de renda. Pesquisou as formas de aplicação dos instrumentos das políticas ambientais em diversos estados do Brasil, com suas diferenças de interpretação e de formas de atuação, sob o ponto de vista dos agentes governamentais, das entidades de classe e das organizações da sociedade civil. É apresentada uma análise crítica dos procedimentos e regulamentos em vigor no Estado de São Paulo, bem como é formulada uma proposta de atuação, que objetiva valorizar os procedimentos técnicos e reduzir os burocráticos; integrar as diferentes informações produzidas por diversos órgãos governamentais, importantes para o licenciamento; aumentar a transparência; fortalecer a participação popular e modernizar estruturas de acompanhamento e monitoramento pós-licença. / The 1972 Stockholm Environmental World Conference along with its counterpart held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro generated a wake-up call to humanity regarding environmental issues. On the other hand economic globalization leveraged production and trade flow, launching a new era of economic growth, providing new development opportunities but also concentrating pressures over environmental assets. The response to these pressures has been a framework of legal regulation which has, according to some professionals, inhibited economic growth and restrained opportunities for social advancement. Current critics are focused mostly in excessively bureaucratic environmental permit procedures which carry on economic costs reducing a projects competitive advantage, mainly in infrastructure. The following work attempts to examine comparatively the application of these instruments in several countries, in four Continents, with different levels of development, population and income. Research was made on the various applications of the environmental policies instruments in several States of Brazil, with its differences in interpretation and decision making process, under the viewpoint of governmental officers, class entities and organizations within society. A critical analysis of the current procedures and regulations in the State of São Paulo is presented along with an engaging proposition that seeks to exalt technical procedures and reduce bureaucratic ones, integrate the diverse but relevant information generated by a number of governmental agencies, increase transparency, strengthen the participation of common people and modernize the follow up apparatus employed in monitoring activity after the permits are submitted.

O licenciamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão no Estado de São Paulo é conduzido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), com uso dos princípios da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Na fase de planejamento dos projetos de Linhas de Transmissão (LTs), isto é, etapa de obtenção da Licença Ambiental Prévia, são estimados os impactos ambientais da implantação e operação do empreendimento, bem como as medidas mitigadoras ou minimizadoras destes impactos. Nas fases de instalação e operação de LTs ocorre a intervenção ambiental de fato. São implementadas e acompanhadas as medidas propostas pela AIA. O acompanhamento ambiental de empreendimentos licenciados com AIA é feito com base nas exigências expressas nas licenças emitidas e uso de vistorias técnicas. Dentre as exigências expressas nas licenças ambientais de LTs, destacam-se a elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras. Tais relatórios são elaborados pelo empreendedor responsável pela LT ou consultoria contratada pelo mesmo. Este projeto propõe um procedimento para acompanhamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão em licenciamento na CETESB, composto por Termo de Referência do Acompanhamento Ambiental das Obras de Linha de Transmissão e checklist para uso dos empreendedores e suas consultorias responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de acompanhamento das obras e da operação e manutenção das linhas de transmissão. / Environmental permit for eletric transmission lines in the State of São Paulo is conducted by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), using the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the planning phase of the transmission lines projects, meaning, the phase of Preliminary Environmental Permit analisys, the environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the aactivity are estimated, as well as mitigation our minimization measures. At the phases of installation and operation of transmission lines, occurs the environmental intervention itself. The minimization and mitigation measures estimated on the EIA are implemented and monitored. EIA follow up is based on the requirements expressed in the permits and technical inspections. Among the requirements set out in the environmental permits of transmission lines, highlight the construction environmental follow up reports. These reports are managed by the company responsible for the transmission line or consultant hired by it. This project proposes a procedure for environmental follow up of transmission lines in CETESBs permit process, composed by a Guideline for Transmission Line Construction Environmental Follow Up and a checklist meant to be applied by the company and their consultants responsible for that activity. The outcome expected are monitoring reports with standardized format and efficient information for the analysis of the technical team responsible for the CETESB permiting process. The construction of the proposed products was based on the literature review, documentary review and field observation and in a second stage, the development of pilot products, tests, interviews and construction of the final version.