Den första januari 2015 trädde en ny regel i kraft, PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. Regeln innebär att kommuner inte får ställa egna krav på ett byggnadsverks tekniska egenskaper, även kallat särkrav. Med egna krav anses sådana krav som är mer ambitiösa än vad regelverket tillåter. Krav på byggnadsverks tekniska egenskaper finns angivna i plan- och bygglagen (PBL), plan- och byggförordningen (PBF), Europeiska konstruktionsstandarder (EKS) och i Boverkets byggregler (BBR). En anledning till förbudet är att särkrav anses påverka byggkostnaderna, vilket i sin tur påverkar förutsättningarna för att tillgodose behovet av bostäder. I utredningar som utfördes åt regeringen hävdades att särkrav medför merkostnader på mellan 10 och 15 procent vid bostadsbyggandet. Regeringen ansåg även att samma krav ska gälla över hela landet för att underlätta den industriella produktionen av byggnadsverk. När lagförslaget lades fram bemöttes det negativt av många kommuner och myndigheter, vilket gör det intressant att undersöka om kommunerna väljer att följa den nya regeln. Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning kommuner, i bygglovsprocessen och vid upprättade av exploateringsavtal, bryter mot särkravsförbudet i PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. Studien utgår från exploateringsavtal och bygglovsärenden vars handlingar är upprättade efter 2015-01-01 då särkravsförbudet trädde i kraft. I studien ingår bygglovshandlingar från åtta kommuner i Västra Götalands län och exploateringsavtal från 34 av Sveriges kommuner. I studien används en kombination av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod samt en juridisk metod. Särkrav som förekommer i studien är klassificerade som tydliga eller vaga särkrav. Bedömning av särkravens klassificering är författarnas egna och utgår från grundsatsen att byggherren är fri att välja metod så länge föreskrifterna i BBR uppfylls. Studiens resultat visar att 24 av de 42 kommunerna som ingår i studien ställer särkrav, vilket motsvarar 57 procent av de granskade kommunerna. Tolv kommuner ställer tydliga särkrav, fyra ställer vaga särkrav och åtta ställer både tydliga och vaga särkrav. Var fjärde kommun hänvisar även till olika program, strategier eller policys där särkrav förekommer. I exploateringsavtalen är särkrav vanligast inom områdena hygien, hälsa och miljö samt energihushållning. I byggloven är särkrav vanligast inom områdena brandskydd, hygien, hälsa och miljö samt säkerhet vid användning. Studiens slutsats är att kommuner fortfarande ställer särkrav i stor utsträckning trots förbudet i PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. / On January 1, 2015, a new law came into force, PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. The law implies that municipalities may not impose their own demands on construction works technical properties, also known as special demands. Own demands are considered as demands that are more ambitious than the law allow. Demands on construction works technical properties are specified in the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the Planning and Building Regulation (PBF), the European Construction Standard (EKS) and in Boverket's Building Regulations (BBR). One reason why the prohibition came into force is that special demands affect construction costs, which affect the conditions to meet the need of housing. The government's investigations revealed that specials demands resulted in additional costs of between 10 and 15 percent in the residential construction. The government wanted as well that the same requirements would apply across the whole country to facilitate the industrial production of construction works. When the new law was presented it faced negatively by many municipalities and public authorities, which makes it interesting to examine if the municipalities choose to follow the new law. The purpose of the study is to investigate in which extend the special demand prohibition in PBL 8 kap. 4 a § are broken by the municipalities in the building permit process and in the establishment of land development agreement. The study is based on land development agreements and building permits documents that are signed after 2015-01-01. Building permit documents from eight municipalities in Västra Götaland and land development agreements from 34 of Sweden's municipalities are included in the study. The study use a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as a jurisprudence method. Special demands which been presented in the study have been classified into clearly or vaguely special demands. The special demands classification are the authors own assessment and are based on the principle that the developer is free to choose the method as long as the regulations in BBR is met. The study's result points out that 24 of 42 municipalities that is included in the study, use special demands, which is equivalent to 57 percent of the audited municipalities. Twelve municipalities have clearly special demands, four have vaguely special demands and eight have both clearly and vaguely special demands. Every fourth municipality also refers to various programs, strategies or policies with special demands. Special demands are most common within the area of hygiene, health and environment and energy in the land development agreements. In the building permits are special demands frequently used within the area of fire protection, hygiene, health and environment and safety in use. The conclusion of the study is that municipalities still use special demands widely despite the prohibition in PBL 8 kap. 4 a §.

När plan- och bygglagen (PBL) reviderades 2011 tillfördes ett krav på kommunerna att handlägga ett bygglovsärende inom tio veckor från det att ärendet blev komplett. Det infördes dock inga sanktioner mot kommunerna om de skulle överskrida tidsfristen. Efter flera utredningar av bland andra Boverket har det visat sig att kommunerna har svårt att hålla tidsfristen. Justitieombudsmannen (JO) har flertalet gånger sedan revideringen 2011 kritiserat kommuner som inte haft en rimlig handläggningstid. Regeringen gav 2016 Boverket i uppdrag att undersöka hur kommunerna förhåller sig till tidsfristen samt att ta fram ett förslag om sanktionssystem mot byggnadsnämnden när de överskrider tio veckor. Syftet med uppdraget var att kommunerna skulle förbättra sina handläggningstider och att byggprocessen skulle bli mer effektiv. Boverket konstaterade i sin rapport att 81 procent av kommunerna klarar av att handlägga majoriteten av sina ärenden inom tidsfristen och att kommunerna succesivt har förbättrat sina handläggningstider sedan 2011 års PBL infördes. Boverket ansåg i rapporten att införandet av en reducerad bygglovsavgift var det mest lämpliga system att införa mot nämnderna. Reducering av bygglovsavgift infördes i PBL den 1 januari 2019 genom paragraf 12:8 a. Reduceringen innebär att bygglovsavgiften ska minskas med en femtedel för varje påbörjad vecka som överskrider tidsfristen. I denna studie har det undersökts vilken inverkan den nya regeln har fått på utvalda kommuner, och hur kommunerna förhåller sig till den. Studien är avgränsad genom att fokus har riktats mot bygglov utanför detaljplan, liten avvikelse inom detaljplan och vid större projekt. Studien bygger på intervjuer med bygglovschefer eller handläggare i fyra kommuner i Västra Götalands län, där tre av kommunerna valdes efter befolkning och den fjärde valdes för att representera en kommun med stor andel säsongsboende. Inför intervjuerna har de intervjuade fått till sig en intervjuguide och under intervjuerna har samma grundfrågor ställts med möjlighet till fördjupade följdfrågor. Resultatet visar att 12:8 a inte kommer att få en stor inverkan på kommunerna och därmed inte leda till en mer effektiv byggprocess. Orsaken till detta är att lagändringen är en liten del i hela kedjan med en avsaknad av tidsfrister inom andra delar av byggprocessen. Nu kommer kommunerna att flytta resurser till den del som är tidsstyrd medan andra moment i processen blir nedprioriterade. Utifrån resultatet är slutsatsen att hela byggprocessen bör ses över. Paragraferna inom själva PBL men även andra lagar bör samverka bättre med varandra, och att den vägledningen som Boverket ska ge till kommunerna bör bli tydligare då kommunerna tolkar lagar olika. Sammantaget har 12:8 a inte fått någon större påverkan på byggprocessen och PBL:s syfte om en enklare plan- och bygglag fortsätter att motverkas. / The Planning and Building act (PBL) was rewritten in 2011. A new requirement was added for the local authorities to handle building permits within ten weeks from when the applications were completed. However there were no sanctions added against the local authorities if they were to exceed the deadline of ten weeks. Several investigations performed by, for example Boverket, show that the local authorities have difficulties meeting the deadline. JO has several times, since the readjustment in 2011, complained to local authorities of their unreasonable processing time. In 2016 the government gave Boverket an assignment to investigate if the local authorities are meeting the deadlines and to propose a sanction system for the building committees, if they exceed the ten weeks. The purpose of the assignment was to improve the local authorities' processing time and to make the building process more effective. The report from Boverket showed that 81 percent of the local authorities handle a majority of the building permits within the deadline and that the processing time has improved every year since the Planning and Building act was rewritten in 2011. It was stated in the report from Boverket, that a reduction of the building permit fee was the most suitable penalty to use against the local authorities for a time violation. The reduction of the building permit fee was introduced in PBL on the first of January 2019, and was stated in paragraph 12:8 a. The penalty is structured so that every started week that exceeds the deadline, the building permit fee will be reduced by a fifth. In this study it has been analysed what impact the rule has had on four local authorities and how they interpret the rule. The study has been limited to and is only focused on building permits that are outside of the detailed plan, with minor deviance from the detailed plan and building permits for major buildings. The study is based on interviews with the manager in the department of building permit in four different local authorities located in Västra Götaland. Three of the local authorities were chosen based on size of population and the fourth was chosen to represent a local authority that has major seasonal accommodation. Before every interview the interviewees have been given an interview guide, and during the interviews the same basic questions have been asked with an opportunity to ask in-depth follow-up questions. The result showed that 12:8 a will not have a significant impact on the local authorities and therefore will not result in a more effective building process. The reason for this is that the new regulation is only a small part in the bigger picture and has a lack of deadlines in other parts of the building process. This will lead to local authorities simply moving resources to the area that has a deadline, while other steps of the process will not be as prioritized. The conclusion from these findings show that the whole building process should be looked over. The rules within PBL should be better aligned with each other and also with other laws. The guidance that Boverket gives to the local authorities should also be clearer, since local authorities can interpret the law differently. Overall, the 12:8 a paragraph will not have a big impact on the building process. The purpose of PBL on a simpler Planning and Building act continues to be sidestepped.

Thesis title: Employing Foreigners The aim of the diploma thesis is an analysis of the legal conditions concerning the employment of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic. The second goal is the detection of the situation regarding employing foreigners in Great Britain. The analysis is followed by a comparison thanks to which the thesis offers possible inspiration for Czech laws. Part of the thesis also deals with the effects of Brexit on foreign workers. The diploma thesis is mainly based on the study of laws and connected regulations, related publications, commentaries and present articles. In the thesis, there were used descriptive and analytical methods followed at the end by comparative one. Thesis is divided into four main chapters further split into subchapters. In the first part, the thesis deals with the distinction of fundamental terms which are used in subsequent chapters. The introductory subchapters describe the international elements in labour-law relationships and residency types for foreigners in the Czech Republic, which are closely related to their employment. Second chapter is devoted to possibilities how to legally work as a foreigner. Three main topics cover work permits, employee and blue card. This chapter includes a short overview of historical development in the Czech...

Thesis title: Employment of stuff from abroad in the Czech Republic Abstract The aim of the thesis is to analyze the legislation of employment of stuff from abroad in the Czech Republic focusing on individual types of resident and work permits. Specifically, what permissions must be obtained from foreign employees so that they can be legally employed in our country and responsibilities they have in the course of their employment and obligations employers have. The Diploma thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The First chapter defines basic terms, which are essential for the thesis. The Second chapter is focused on the overview of sources of law also with connection to international and Union legislation. Part of the chapter is devoted to demarcation of international element in labour law. The Third chapter is focused on conditions of employment of foreign employees on the territory of the Czech Republic, specifically focused on resident permit in the Czech Republic. Employees from abroad are divided into three categories according to the complexity of the conditions they have to meet. First group are EU/EEA citizens and their family members and family members of Czech citizens. Another category is foreigners i.e. citizens of third world countries and the last category is applicants for international...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estela Rosa Federmann Saito.pdf: 1403927 bytes, checksum: 864d98151a8899c1f382eabacebe63e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-07 / The disorder growth of the industries, since the 1970s, raised environmental laws which control the pollution by environmental agencies. Then, it was created the environmental permit, one of the instruments of National Environmental Policy, with the purpose to maintain sustainability. With the environmental criminal law edition, the environmental permit begins to be more relevant, because it became a crime not having a permit in an undertaking. It is an extremely instigate subject, because it involves different actors, such as public agencies, industries, Executive, Legislative, Judiciary Power, and the society itself. The importance of the subject is obvious when it is verified, by IBAMA information, that it has been demanded by the business man billions named as environmental impacts mitigation, beyond compensatory measures. Therefore, the reader is invited to an approach of the legal structure, such as legal as well as principle structure, which involves environmental permit, environmental competence, main issue of our dissertation, and of the several of obstacles that damage, sometimes, make impossible the installation and the operation of activities and industries, that potentially or effectively cause environmental impact in Brazil / O crescimento desordenado das indústrias, a partir da década de setenta, ocasionou a edição de leis ambientais que controlassem a poluição através de órgãos ambientais. Assim foi criado o licenciamento ambiental, um dos instrumentos da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, com a função de preservar a sustentabilidade. Com a edição da lei de crimes ambientais, a obtenção da licença ambiental passou a ter maior relevância, pois foi criminalizada a ausência de licença num empreendimento. Trata-se de um assunto extremamente instigante, pois envolvem diversos atores, como órgãos públicos, indústrias, Poderes Executivo, Legislativo, Judiciário, e a própria sociedade. A importância do tema é notória quando se verifica, pelas informações do IBAMA, que está sendo exigido do empreendedor bilhões a título de mitigação de impactos ambientais, além das medidas compensatórias. Enfim, convida-se o leitor a uma abordagem do arcabouço jurídico, tanto de sua estrutura normativa como principiológica, que envolve licenciamento ambiental, das competências ambientais, foco da nossa dissertação, bem como dos diversos entraves que prejudicam, às vezes, impossibilitam a instalação e a operação de atividades e indústrias que potencialmente ou efetivamente causem impacto ambiental no Brasil

This thesis deals with joint procedure to grant planning and building permission. The thesis' aim is to summarize the legal development of the joint procedure to grant planning and building permission between the years 2007 and 2018 and to focus on its problematic aspects, which are relevant in legal regulations, and subsequently to describe the possibilities for their appropriate solution. The sub goal of this thesis includes the outline of possible changes in connection with an envisaged recodification of the Czech Public Construction Law, in which the joint procedure to grant planning and building permission plays a key role. This thesis is divided into four main chapters aiming to cover the joint procedure to grant planning and building permission. The first chapter covers an introduction to the joint procedure to grant planning and building permission and focus on the relationship between the Act No. 500/2004 Coll., Administrative Act, as amended and the Act No. 183/2006 Coll., on Town and Country Planning and Building Code (Building Act), as amended. This chapter further aims at defining the basic principles which are necessary for the joint procedure to grant planning and building permission. The purpose of the second chapter is to provide a general comprehensive overview of the legal...

The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the legal regulation of the public law contract on realization of the structure, which can be concluded under the Section 116 of the Building Act with the approval of the respective authorities between the building office and the developer and the summary building permit proceedings under the Section 117 of the Building Act, which consists in a concluded contract on making a check of the design documentation for the structure between the developer and an authorized inspector. The main aim of the reform of public administration is among others to democratize and more privatize the building permit proceeding and create the alternatives to the classical building permit proceeding. These alternatives are above mentioned the public law contract on realization of the structure and the summary building permit proceedings. The both institutes are capable to replace the building permit. The other purpose of my thesis is to point out shortcomings in the current legislation in connection with the proposed amendment to the Building Act. The thesis is composed of two extensive chapters, each of them dealing with different alternatives to the classical building proceeding. Chapter One deals with the public law contract on realization of the structure and with the connected...

Indebtedness of individuals non-entrepreneurs and their subsequent inability to pay their obligations duly and on time was reflected not only in legislation designed to protect consumers but also to law that props up the debtor's financial position and provides him a second chance for a fresh start free of debt. The Insolvency Act passed through development during its efficiency i.e. from 1st August 2008, a considerable development, and according to the number of submitted insolvency proposals it became a legal instrument used by debtors to manage and address solving of their situation. We will be able to assess efficiency of utilisation this notion enabling discharge from debts in the next two or three years, when enough evidence should be available to evaluate the success of approved debt reliefs through the payment schedule. Court decision taking adapted the Insolvency Act also to the possibility of debt relief for spouses who are in most cases engaged in joint commitments under the joint property of spouses. The debt relief for spouses, however, brings a couple of questions and insolvency courts do not approach to proceed it in uniformly way. It is therefore important to prepare major amendment to the Insolvency Act, from which we expect not only the unification of court decisions, as well as...

This research used Geographical Information System (GIS) data to estimate the acreage of wetland loss due to small-scale activities (taking into account exempt, permitted, and unauthorized activities) in the Southwest District of the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) between 2006 and 2011 and compared that net loss with the unmitigated wetland net loss that DEP documented during that time for authorized activities and violations that were discovered. The comparison allowed an estimation of the extent of undocumented small-scale unmitigated wetland loss that occurred during those six years. DEP records show that 88% of non-compliance cases remain unresolved, and the net loss of wetlands that was documented by DEP is 28.66 acres. The change in acreage of DEP-regulated wetlands (and wetlands on agricultural parcels) as determined by GIS analysis is 1,250 acres gained. However, evidence shows that some of the water features categorized as wetlands in the GIS interface are reservoirs which may not be providing the functions necessary to mitigate for wetland loss. Evidence also shows that many small-scale wetland alterations were not detected by remote sensing, indicating that there is a great level of uncertainty in the GIS interpretation. Consequently, achievement of the No Net Loss goal in Florida cannot be determined using documented alterations, nor can it be determined by use of medium-high resolution aerial imagery. The analysis can be extrapolated to the rest of Florida, where State wetland protection regulations are constant.

廣播電視是人民表達思想與言論之重要媒體，具有反映公意，強化民主，啟迪新知，促進文化、道德、經濟等各方面之發展功能，並負有形成公共意見之社會責任。以廣播電視方式表達言論之自由，國家固應予以保障。惟基於權利不得濫用之法理，如有藉傳播媒體妨害善良風俗、破壞社會安寧、危害國家利益或侵害他人權利等情形者，國家亦得依法予以限制。（司法院釋字第364號解釋參照） 對於欲經營衛星廣播電視事業者，衛星廣播電視法係採許可方式以為管制，賦予主管機關得遂行事前審查之機制，以確保進入市場之經營者，能提供真實正確且未被操控之資訊、意見及娛樂，並促進人民對政府及公共事務之關心，進而引起公眾討論，善盡其增進人民知之權利及監督政府施政等公共責任。主管機關於遂行事前管制之相關作為時，應受到法治國原則之制約，依法行政則是最基本之要求，其他諸如平等原則、比例原則、以及行政法上一般原理原則等，亦應確實遵守。在行政決定之程序上，應符合形式及實質之正當性，以維護人民權益。 經營許可之法律管制規範內容，對於人民之基本權利，諸如言論自由、營業自由、財產權等影響甚為重大。本文擬透過學理及實務之見解，探討衛星廣播電視法律管制之規範內容，並以經營許可為本文研究重心。有關衛星廣播電視之行政爭訟，主要原因是行政處分之違法或不當所致。因此，本文擬從衛星廣播電視事業提起訴願及行政訴訟之案件中，挑選幾件較具代表性之個案，以為探討分析。 關鍵詞：衛星廣播電視、經營許可、行政爭訟 / Broadcasts is important media which enable people to state their ideas and commentary, thereby allowing public opinion to be expressed. By providing the platform for people to express themselves these media play crucial roles in terms of reinforcing democracy, advancing knowledge, and promoting cultural, moral and economic development. At the same time, broadcasting, with all their influential power, should take a certain social responsibility. The freedom of speech through these media is protected under the legal system. However, in order to prevent these media from abusing their privilege the state should restrain their freedom according to related laws and regulations if they spread immoral materials, disturb the public, endanger the state, or infringe upon the rights of others.（Reference：No.364. Justices of the Constitutional Court, Judicial Yuan.） The satellite broadcasting industry is regulated by the Satellite Broadcasting Act. The Act ensures that the operators provide truthful information, opinion and entertainment by enacting laws of operation permit, requiring standardized applications from the operators which will be evaluated by specialized regulatory agency. This Act can also enhance citizens’ care for the government and public affair, serving as the informer which triggers public discussion and therefore promote people’s right to know and to supervise the government and its policies. The regulatory agency should follow the law when they conduct the regulation ex ante. In addition to acting upon the principle of administration according to law, the regulatory agency should also follow other codes such as the egalitarianism, proportionality. The procedure should be justice in letter and in spirit so as to protect people’s right. The operation permit is very important in terms of protecting people’s fundamental rights such as the freedom of speech, freedom of business operations, and property right. Focusing on the regulations of operation permit, this research proposes to discuss the contents of the satellite broadcasting law from both theoretical and practical approaches. It is worth noticing that most of the administrative petition and administrative litigations are caused by illegal or inappropriate administrative sanctions. Therefore in this paper I will try to analyze the most representative cases. Keywords: Satellite broadcasting, Operation permit, Administrative petition and administrative litigation.