This project is a multifaceted analysis of the Post Graduate Work Permit Program (PGWPP), a temporary work permit that allows international students to live and work in Canada following graduation. This dissertation explores a) the program’s development throughout the years, b) the lived experiences and the perceptions of the students who used the program for transitioning to permanent residency and, c) an art-based autoethnographic introspection about this transition. The research question focuses on how the PGWPP, which provides the government with economic projections regarding student migration, influences the social and economic integration of international students/graduates. This dissertation consists of three self-containing articles all of which employ mobilities paradigm to examine the following secondary questions and purposes: a)Article 1 is an archaeological review of the development of the program that assesses how well the program meets its objective to settle international graduates as successful future permanent residents, b)Article 2 investigates international graduates’ experiences and perspectives about their transition to permanent residency via the PGWPP, c) Article 3 investigates the impacts of migratory-related difficulties among international students on their trajectory as immigrants. Each article approaches the PGWPP from a different methodological angle to provide a comprehensive analysis of the program that ultimately considers the wellness of international students in their pathways to Canadian residency.

Politiskt sett har Sverige en ambition att ligga i framkant inom digitalisering, samtidigt ligger grannländerna Norge och Danmark före inom området. Målen med digitaliseringen är att underlätta kommunikation med intressenter samt att öka både kvalitet och effektivitet i det kommunala arbetet. Det saknas dock gemensam styrning för hur digitaliseringen skall ske inom kommunerna, något som resulterar i olika val för olika kommuner. De gemensamma kraven som skall uppfyllas för att få bygglov grundar sig bland annat i BBR 3:1 och 3:2 samt detaljplan och områdesbestämmelser. Det har tidigare gjorts studier med fokus på digitala detaljplaner och möjligheten att pröva BIM-modeller mot dessa krav. I de tidigare studierna undersöktes IFC som filformat för BIM-baserade bygglovshandlingar. I Luleå kommun, som använder den vanliga ansökningstjänsten Mittbygge.se, kommer bygglovshandlingar in i många olika filformat och med varierande kvalitet. Detta kan vara en konsekvens av att det juridiskt saknas tydliga riktlinjer för vad bygglovshandlingar skall innehålla och hur de skall vara utformade. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att kartlägga, utvärdera och jämföra de programvaror som Sveriges kommuner använder för att granska och pröva bygglovshandlingar. För att uppfylla syftet undersöktes dagens förutsättningar att digitalt granska och pröva bygglovshandlingar mot utformningskraven för tillgänglighet i BBR 3:1. Genom tolkning och konkretisering av lagtext förenklades de BBR-krav som prövas i bygglovsskedet. En utvärderingsmodell skapades för programvarorna baserat på den konkretiserade lagtexten samt de analoga verktyg som normalt används. Mallen användes för att beskriva och jämföra programvarors tillämpbarhet för granskning och prövning. Dessutom utvärderades programvarornas interoperabilitet med BIM. Bland Sveriges kommuner förekommer minst 5 olika programvaror för ändamålet granskning och prövning, 2 av dessa saknar minst en nödvändig funktion för att pröva en bygglovshandling mot BBR 3:1. De programvaror som enligt utvärderingsmodellen stod ut som bäst lämpade för sitt ändamål var DWG TrueView samt Bluebeam revu. De programvarorna hade samtliga funktioner som eftersöks enligt analysmnodellen samtidigt som de kan hantera bygglovshandlingar på flera olika BIM-nivåer. Med programvaran Solibri Model Checker är det möjligt att i viss mån pröva BIM-modeller automatiskt mot lagkrav. Mjukvaran är dock beroende av avancerade BIM-modeller snarare än bygglovshandlingar, något som skulle göra bygglovsansökan orimligt svårt för medborgare. Dessutom finns det svårigheter med att automatisera bygglovshantering då vissa bedömningar behöver göras utifrån mjuka värderingar. Digitaliseringen inom bygglov har kommit igång i majoriteten av Sveriges kommuner. I vissa kommuner har medborgarna och företagen inte hunnit anpassa sig till kommunernas digitala bygglovshantering ännu. I andra kommuner har man precis börjat ta emot digitala bygglovshandlingar. / Politically speaking, Sweden has an ambition to be at the forefront of digitization, meanwhile neighboring countries such as Norway and Denmark are ahead in the field. The goals of the digitization are to facilitate communication with interested parties and to increase both quality and efficiency in municipal work. However, there is no common guidance for how the digitalization should be done within the municipalities, which results in different municipalities making different choices. The common requirements that must be met for obtaining a building permit include BBR 3:1 and 3:2, as well as detailed plans and area regulations. Previous studies have focused on digital detailed plans and the possibility of testing BIM models against these requirements. The studies investigated the IFC file formats suitability for BIM-based building permit documents. In Luleå municipality, which uses the common application service Mittbygge.se, building permit documents are submitted in many different file formats and with varying quality. This can be a consequence of the fact that legally, there is a lack of clear guidelines for what building permit documents must contain and how they should be designed. The purpose of this thesis was to map, evaluate and compare the software that Sweden's municipalities use to review and test building permits. To fulfill the purpose, different software for viewing and testing digital building permits were examined in the context of design requirements for accessibility in BBR 3:1. Through interpretation and concretisation of legal text, the requirements that are examined in the building permit stage were simplified. An evaluation model was then created for the software based on the simplified laws and the analog tools commonly used. The template was used to evaluate and compare the software that the municipalities use. In addition, the software's interoperability with BIM were evaluated. Among Sweden's municipalities, at least 5 different software are being used for viewing and testing building permits, 2 of them lack at least one necessary function for testing a building permit act against BBR 3:1. According to the evaluation model, DWG TrueView and Bluebeam revu stood out as best suited for this purpose. These software have all the functions needed for viewing and testing building permits according to the evaluation model. Also, the software are compatible with building permits on various BIM-levels. With the Solibri Model Checker software, it is possible to test BIM models against legal requirements automatically to a certain extent. However, the software is dependent on advanced BIM models rather than regular building permit documents, something that would make the building permit application unreasonably difficult for citizens. Additionally, some of the requirements are based on soft values which makes them difficult to automate. The majority of Sweden’s municipalities have started their digitization process in regards to building permits. In some municipalities, the citizens and the companies have not yet been able to adapt to the municipality's digital building permit management. In other municipalities, they have just begun to receive digital building permits documents recently.

As conferências mundiais de meio ambiente de 1972 em Estocolmo e de 1992 no Rio de Janeiro trouxeram um novo despertar para a humanidade nas questões ambientais. Por outro lado, a globalização econômica ampliou de maneira extraordinária os fluxos de produção e comércio, inaugurando uma nova era de crescimento econômico, que trouxe como consequência novas oportunidades de desenvolvimento, mas também pressões sobre os ativos ambientais. A resposta às pressões tem sido um arcabouço legal de regulação, que tem, na visão de alguns, inibido o crescimento econômico e restringido as oportunidades de mobilidade social. As críticas estão concentradas, especialmente nos procedimentos de concessão das licenças ambientais, excessivamente burocráticos, e que acarretam custos econômicos, que reduzem a competitividade dos empreendimentos, principalmente os de infra-estrutura. O presente trabalho procurou analisar, comparativamente, a aplicação desses instrumentos em diversos países, em quatro continentes, com diferentes graus de desenvolvimento, população e nível de renda. Pesquisou as formas de aplicação dos instrumentos das políticas ambientais em diversos estados do Brasil, com suas diferenças de interpretação e de formas de atuação, sob o ponto de vista dos agentes governamentais, das entidades de classe e das organizações da sociedade civil. É apresentada uma análise crítica dos procedimentos e regulamentos em vigor no Estado de São Paulo, bem como é formulada uma proposta de atuação, que objetiva valorizar os procedimentos técnicos e reduzir os burocráticos; integrar as diferentes informações produzidas por diversos órgãos governamentais, importantes para o licenciamento; aumentar a transparência; fortalecer a participação popular e modernizar estruturas de acompanhamento e monitoramento pós-licença. / The 1972 Stockholm Environmental World Conference along with its counterpart held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro generated a wake-up call to humanity regarding environmental issues. On the other hand economic globalization leveraged production and trade flow, launching a new era of economic growth, providing new development opportunities but also concentrating pressures over environmental assets. The response to these pressures has been a framework of legal regulation which has, according to some professionals, inhibited economic growth and restrained opportunities for social advancement. Current critics are focused mostly in excessively bureaucratic environmental permit procedures which carry on economic costs reducing a projects competitive advantage, mainly in infrastructure. The following work attempts to examine comparatively the application of these instruments in several countries, in four Continents, with different levels of development, population and income. Research was made on the various applications of the environmental policies instruments in several States of Brazil, with its differences in interpretation and decision making process, under the viewpoint of governmental officers, class entities and organizations within society. A critical analysis of the current procedures and regulations in the State of São Paulo is presented along with an engaging proposition that seeks to exalt technical procedures and reduce bureaucratic ones, integrate the diverse but relevant information generated by a number of governmental agencies, increase transparency, strengthen the participation of common people and modernize the follow up apparatus employed in monitoring activity after the permits are submitted.

Excessive usage of wildlife is the second most common cause of species decline on our planet, and thus one of the direct threats to biodiversity. Since biodiversity has a virtually existential significance for the well-being of people, it needs to be cared for in order to slow down its decline. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate legal regulations at the international, EU, and Czech level, to present the instruments and institutes used to regulate the trade in CITES specimens, and to propose solutions for potential problems. Where deemed necessary or appropriate, a comparison of international legal regulations with EU and Czech legislation is made. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters that are further internally subdivided into subchapters. The first chapter deals with the importance of trade in endangered species of fauna and flora in relation to the loss of biodiversity. The second chapter provides an overview of the legal regulation governing trade in endangered species at different levels (international, EU, and Czech). The third chapter introduces the individual bodies responsible for the implementation of the Convention CITES (or Regulation No. 338/97) at international, EU, and Czech level. The Czech national authorities are classified according to the Act no. 100/2004 by the...

[pt] No presente trabalho, analisa-se e discute-se a confiabilidade no planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro à luz das limitações e desafios do processo de Licenciamento Ambiental. Serão abordados nesta pesquisa alguns temas importantes como o marco legal e institucional, os agentes envolvidos, além da contextualização do licenciamento ambiental no Brasil para a geração de energia elétrica através de fontes renováveis e transmissão de energia elétrica. A partir disso serão discutidos alguns aspectos históricos do setor elétrico, além de apresentar os principais planos e programas que embasam o seu planejamento. A evolução do Licenciamento ao longo dos anos será debatida, com forte interlocução entre os aspectos socioambientais, econômicos e de engenharia, fazendo uma análise crítica e correlação com os leilões ao longo dos últimos quinze anos. Com esta avaliação serão identificados os principais pontos críticos do descompasso entre a geração e transmissão e do rito de Licenciamento Ambiental. Por fim, serão feitas propostas para otimização do Licenciamento Ambiental em seu estágio atual, tendo em vista uma contribuição efetiva para este setor estratégico do país, que necessita de planejamento e agilidade nos processos. Isto irá propiciar a geração de energia elétrica para a população e confiabilidade no sistema, respeitando as questões ambientais previstas na legislação e cumprindo os cronogramas e prazos estalabelecidos pela ANEEL. / [en] The economic and sustainable growth of a country does not occur without the existence of an efficient and planned infrastructure, integrating the population to the national economy and offering appropriate conditions in key sectors, such as transportat, water and sanitation, telecommunication and energy. This economic development is related to energy supply, establishing the conditions for economic growth. Energy crises are signs of economic slowdown and productive disarticulation, which have consequences and are associated with lack of planning. Many countries have experienced economic and energy crises over the last years, such as China, United States, Argentina and Brazil. According to Tolmasquim (2000), part of the causes of this 2001 energy crisis in Brazil would be placed in the lack of investments in transmission and the lack of its integration to generation. In addition, the absence of environmental planning and regulatory uncertainties brought this scenario. Currently, the Brazilian electric power plant has 4,676 electric generation projects in operation and an installed power of 152.17 GW, based mainly on hydroelectric generation (61.6 percent of the total), considered clean, with low productive costs and privileged generation privileged in regard to greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to the water matrix, the energy sources used are divided among biomass (8.7 percent), wind (6.5 percent), fossil (16.9 percent), nuclear (1.2 percent) and solar (0.014 percent), plus the energy from imports (5.1 percent). Today, both the generation and transmission projects have faced some difficulties related to their implementation, in particular the Environmental Licensing process. Many authors (De Castro et al, 2012, Sales, 2012; Pires, 2011; Cardoso Jr, 2014) have attributed to the licensing process responsibility for delays in the implementation and operation of transmission systems. Although environmental legislation defines actors and legal deadlines, there are obstacles, bureaucracy and external agents that bring up discussions about environmental impact assessment.

Temporary residence permit for partners of EU citizens Abstract This thesis is focused on the administrative proceedings on the application for the granting of the temporary residence permit for the partners of EU citizens being considered as their family members. This paper analyses two statutory substantive conditions (permanent partner relationship (common-law marriage) that is not a marriage and cohabitation in a common household) and one procedural condition (the burden of proof lays primarily upon the applicant), which need to be fulfilled c umulatively i n o rder t o b e a ble to consider a partner of an EU citizen as a family member of an EU citizen and so more favourable treatment stated in the Directive 2004/38/ES can be applied. I have found that a common-law marriage shall be an analogy of the marriage in terms of its nature and intensity; its permanency is especially a question of quantity, i.e. length of its duration, however it shall not be the only aspect, it is also needed to take into consideration the quality of the relationship, which can rest for example in a common obligation. Not only common past is therefore decisive, but also the planned common future. Cohabitation in a common household can be defined a s a n i n a dvance n ot t ime l imited c ohabitation of a common-law wife and...

abstract: This dissertation consists of three substantive chapters. The first substantive chapter investigates the premature harvesting problem in fisheries. Traditionally, yield-per-recruit analysis has been used to both assess and address the premature harvesting of fish stocks. However, the fact that fish size often affects the unit price suggests that this approach may be inadequate. In this chapter, I first synthesize the conventional yield-per-recruit analysis, and then extend this conventional approach by incorporating a size-price function for a revenue-per-recruit analysis. An optimal control approach is then used to derive a general bioeconomic solution for the optimal harvesting of a short-lived single cohort. This approach prevents economically premature harvesting and provides an "optimal economic yield". By comparing the yield- and revenue-per-recruit management strategies with the bioeconomic management strategy, I am able to test the economic efficiency of the conventional yield-per-recruit approach. This is illustrated with a numerical study. It shows that a bioeconomic strategy can significantly improve economic welfare compared with the yield-per-recruit strategy, particularly in the face of high natural mortality. Nevertheless, I find that harvesting on a revenue-per-recruit basis improves management policy and can generate a rent that is close to that from bioeconomic analysis, in particular when the natural mortality is relatively low. The second substantive chapter explores the conservation potential of a whale permit market under bounded economic uncertainty. Pro- and anti-whaling stakeholders are concerned about a recently proposed, "cap and trade" system for managing the global harvest of whales. Supporters argue that such an approach represents a novel solution to the current gridlock in international whale management. In addition to ethical objections, opponents worry that uncertainty about demand for whale-based products and the environmental benefits of conservation may make it difficult to predict the outcome of a whale share market. In this study, I use population and economic data for minke whales to examine the potential ecological consequences of the establishment of a whale permit market in Norway under bounded but significant economic uncertainty. A bioeconomic model is developed to evaluate the influence of economic uncertainties associated with pro- and anti- whaling demands on long-run steady state whale population size, harvest, and potential allocation. The results indicate that these economic uncertainties, in particular on the conservation demand side, play an important role in determining the steady state ecological outcome of a whale share market. A key finding is that while a whale share market has the potential to yield a wide range of allocations between conservation and whaling interests - outcomes in which conservationists effectively "buy out" the whaling industry seem most likely. The third substantive chapter examines the sea lice externality between farmed fisheries and wild fisheries. A central issue in the debate over the effect of fish farming on the wild fisheries is the nature of sea lice population dynamics and the wild juvenile mortality rate induced by sea lice infection. This study develops a bioeconomic model that integrates sea lice population dynamics, fish population dynamics, aquaculture and wild capture salmon fisheries in an optimal control framework. It provides a tool to investigate sea lice control policy from the standpoint both of private aquaculture producers and wild fishery managers by considering the sea lice infection externality between farmed and wild fisheries. Numerical results suggest that the state trajectory paths may be quite different under different management regimes, but approach the same steady state. Although the difference in economic benefits is not significant in the particular case considered due to the low value of the wild fishery, I investigate the possibility of levying a tax on aquaculture production for correcting the sea lice externality generated by fish farms. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2014

O licenciamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão no Estado de São Paulo é conduzido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), com uso dos princípios da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Na fase de planejamento dos projetos de Linhas de Transmissão (LTs), isto é, etapa de obtenção da Licença Ambiental Prévia, são estimados os impactos ambientais da implantação e operação do empreendimento, bem como as medidas mitigadoras ou minimizadoras destes impactos. Nas fases de instalação e operação de LTs ocorre a intervenção ambiental de fato. São implementadas e acompanhadas as medidas propostas pela AIA. O acompanhamento ambiental de empreendimentos licenciados com AIA é feito com base nas exigências expressas nas licenças emitidas e uso de vistorias técnicas. Dentre as exigências expressas nas licenças ambientais de LTs, destacam-se a elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras. Tais relatórios são elaborados pelo empreendedor responsável pela LT ou consultoria contratada pelo mesmo. Este projeto propõe um procedimento para acompanhamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão em licenciamento na CETESB, composto por Termo de Referência do Acompanhamento Ambiental das Obras de Linha de Transmissão e checklist para uso dos empreendedores e suas consultorias responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de acompanhamento das obras e da operação e manutenção das linhas de transmissão. / Environmental permit for eletric transmission lines in the State of São Paulo is conducted by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), using the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the planning phase of the transmission lines projects, meaning, the phase of Preliminary Environmental Permit analisys, the environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the aactivity are estimated, as well as mitigation our minimization measures. At the phases of installation and operation of transmission lines, occurs the environmental intervention itself. The minimization and mitigation measures estimated on the EIA are implemented and monitored. EIA follow up is based on the requirements expressed in the permits and technical inspections. Among the requirements set out in the environmental permits of transmission lines, highlight the construction environmental follow up reports. These reports are managed by the company responsible for the transmission line or consultant hired by it. This project proposes a procedure for environmental follow up of transmission lines in CETESBs permit process, composed by a Guideline for Transmission Line Construction Environmental Follow Up and a checklist meant to be applied by the company and their consultants responsible for that activity. The outcome expected are monitoring reports with standardized format and efficient information for the analysis of the technical team responsible for the CETESB permiting process. The construction of the proposed products was based on the literature review, documentary review and field observation and in a second stage, the development of pilot products, tests, interviews and construction of the final version.

Les risques naturels majeurs constituent une menace plus ou moins récurrente pour la plupart des populations de la planète. Les catastrophes naturelles sont à la fois sources et révélatrices d’inégalités sociales et environnementales, dans le monde, mais aussi sur le territoire de la République française. Les Antilles françaises sont très fréquemment, et très lourdement frappées par les aléas naturels. La réponse en matière de gestion des crises, et, en amont, en matière de prévention, ne nous semble pas à la hauteur des défis, et des besoins des populations. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous nous interrogeons, à travers la présente thèse, sur la place de la solidarité et de l’égalité, dans le régime juridique des risques naturels majeurs. C’est une préoccupation doctrinale majeure, inscrite dans la constitution. La recherche du lien entre droit des risques naturels majeurs et justice sociale et environnementale est l’objet de la présente étude, s’agissant de la réponse juridique à la préoccupation des populations et catégories défavorisées, qui s’avèrent a priori les plus atteintes par les catastrophes naturelles. Les limites des textes, l’insuffisance des moyens, ainsi que les pratiques locales, facteurs d’aggravation des vulnérabilités, le laxisme des pouvoirs publics nationaux et territoriaux, l’absence de culture de risque et l’esprit « kokagneur » des populations (avec des différences de comportement entre la Guadeloupe et la Martinique), toutes ces considérations rendent illusoire la détermination proclamée des pouvoirs publics de résoudre les problèmes de risques naturels majeurs. Des voies d’un renforcement de la solidarité sont proposées. Cette contribution à la recherche sur les risques ambitionne d’apporter aux acteurs, une vision transversale de la problématique des risques naturels, par l’analyse du régime juridique confronté à une exigence de justice sociale et environnementale. Les Antilles françaises servent de support à cette étude. / Major natural hazards are more or less recurring threat for most people in the world. Natural disasters are both sources and revealing social and environmental inequalities in the world, but also in the French Republic. The French West Indies are very frequently and strongly hit by natural hazards. The answer in terms of crisis management, and beforehand, in terms of prevention, doesn’t seem to be up to the population’s challenges and needs. This is why we wonder, in this thesis, about the place of solidarity and equality in the legal system of major natural hazards. This is a major doctrinal concern in the constitution. The research of the relationship between major natural hazards law and environmental and social justice is the subject of this study, concerning the legal answer to the concerns of the underprivileged people and categories, which prove to be a priori the most struck by natural disasters. The limits of the legislation, inadequate resources and local practices, vulnerabilities worsening factor, the laxity of the national and territorial public authorities, the lack of risk culture and the "kokagneur" spirit of the populations (with behavior differences between Guadeloupe and Martinique), all these considerations make unreal the government’s proclaimed determination to solve the major natural hazards issues. Ways to strengthen solidarity are proposed. This contribution to risks research aims to bring to the players an interdisciplinary view of natural hazards issues, through the analysis of the legal system confronted with the requirement of social and environmental justice. The French West Indies are used as research support.

The diploma thesis "Employment of foreigners" deals with the topic of legislation and proceedings concerning employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic. In the first place it is aimed at employment of foreigners that do not have nationality of European Union member states, member states of European Economic Area and Switzerland, but it also deals with employment of nationals of European Union member states. Different rules for access to labour market are set up for these two distinct groups of foreigners while for nationals of European Union member states the access is significantly easier. This diploma thesis is structured into six chapters. Chapter One deals with sources of law that are relevant for given topic - both on domestic and on international level. Chapter Two contains definitions of basic concepts that are essential for this thesis. These are concepts of foreigner, employment, subjects of employment relationship, family member of national of EU member state and illegal work. Chapter Three is aimed at particular types of residence of foreigners in the Czech Republic. Foreigners can use several different types of residence permits that allow them to stay in the country. Chapter Four deals with special obligations imposed on employers in connection with employment of foreigners....