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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

UtilizaÃÃo da ultrassonografia e qualidade da carne de cordeiros Santa InÃs de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos à restriÃÃo alimentar / Use of ultrasound and quality of lamb meat Santa InÃs of different genders subjected to food restriction

Dayanne Lima de Sousa 24 February 2015 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a utilizaÃÃo da ultrassonografia e qualidade de carne de cordeiros Santa InÃs de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos à restriÃÃo alimentar. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros, 15 castrados e 15 nÃo castrados, com aproximadamente dois meses de idade e peso corporal inicial mÃdio de 13,00  1,49 kg. Os cordeiros foram distribuÃdos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2 (nÃvel de restriÃÃo x classe sexual), de acordo com a quantidade de alimento fornecida. A duraÃÃo do experimento foi determinada pelo tempo necessÃrio para que a mÃdia de peso corporal dos animais de um dos tratamentos atingisse 28 kg, ocasiÃo em que todos os 30 animais foram abatidos. NÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os nÃveis de restriÃÃo e a classe sexual para Ãrea de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutÃnea (EGS), profundidade do Longissimus dorsi na lombar (PLDL) e espessura de gordura subcutÃnea na lombar (EGSL) no momento do abate. Possivelmente, devido à reduÃÃo na oferta do alimento, a AOL, a EGS, a PLDL e a EGSL apresentaram valores mÃdios reduzidos em funÃÃo do aumento no nÃvel de restriÃÃo alimentar. Houve interaÃÃo entre os nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar e as datas de mensuraÃÃo para AOL, EGS, PLDL e EGSL. Foram observadas correlaÃÃes significativas entre as caracterÃsticas in vivo e as caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa. A AOL por ultrassonografia in vivo foi altamente correlacionada com a medida desta variÃvel na carcaÃa, demonstrando a eficiÃncia do mÃtodo. Houve interaÃÃo entre os nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar e as classes sexuais para as variÃveis intensidade de amarelo e pH no mÃsculo Longissimus lumborum e para forÃa de cisalhamento no mÃsculo Semimembranosus. Para os animais nÃo castrados, a intensidade de amarelo foi maior para o nÃvel de 30% de restriÃÃo no mÃsculo Longissimus lumborum. NÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os nÃveis de restriÃÃo e a classe sexual para os aspectos de qualidade relacionados à saturaÃÃo de cor, tonalidade da cor, luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho, capacidade de retenÃÃo de Ãgua e perda de peso por cocÃÃo para os mÃsculos Longissimus lumborum e Semimembranosus. Cordeiros Santa InÃs submetidos à restriÃÃo alimentar apresentam menores valores para AOL, EGS, PLDL e EGSL, sendo estas avaliadas in vivo. Embora a restriÃÃo alimentar e a classe sexual tenham influenciado as variÃveis relacionadas à qualidade da carne dos animais avaliados, os valores mÃdios observados sÃo considerados aceitÃveis pela literatura. Os nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar e a classe sexual influenciaram algumas caracterÃsticas importantes da qualidade da carne de cordeiros Santa InÃs. / The objective of the present study to evaluate the use of ultrasound and quality lamb meat Santa InÃs of different sex class subjected to food restriction. Were used thirty Santa InÃs lambs, 15 castrated and 15 nonâcastrated, with approximately two months of age and initial body weight in average of 13  1.49 kg. The lambs were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed restriction x sex class), according to the amount of food provided. Experiment period was determined based in the time required for the animals one of the groups achieved 28 kg of body weight in average, when all 30 animals were slaughtered. There was no significant interaction between restriction levels and sexual class to rib eye area (REA), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), depth of Longissimus dorsi in the lumbar (DLDL) and thickness of subcutaneous fat in the lumbar (TSFL) at slaughter. Possibly due reduction in food supply, the REA, the SFT, the DLDL and The TSFL showed average values reduced in function increase levels of feed restriction. There was interaction between levels of feed restriction and the measurement dates to REA, SFT, DLDL and TSFL. Significant correlations were observed between the in vivo characteristics and carcass characteristics. The REA by ultrasound in vivo was highly correlated with the measure of this variable in the carcass, demonstrating its efficacy. There was interaction between levels of feed restriction and sex classs for the variables intensity of yellow and pH in Longissimus lumborum and shear force in Semimembranosus muscle. To animals non-castrated, the intensity of yellow was higher with 30% restriction on the Longissimus lumborum. There was no significant interaction between restriction levels and sexual class to quality aspects related to color saturation, color tone, luminosity, red intensity, water retention capacity and weight loss for cooking for Longissimus lumborum and Semimembranosus muscles. Santa Ines lambs subjected to food restriction have lower values for REA, SFT, DLDL and TSFL, which are valued in vivo. Although feed restriction and sexual class have influenced the variables related to the meat quality of animals evaluated, the mean values observed are considered acceptable in the literature. The food restriction levels and sexual class influenced some important features of meat quality Santa Ines lamb.
2

Sorption Isotherms and WaterDiffusitivity in Muscles of Pork Ham at Different NaCl Contents

Comaposada i Beringues, Josep 04 October 1999 (has links)
El pernil curat és actualment el producte càrnic més important a nivell d'Espanya. En l'elaboració d'aquest producte, l'assecat és la part més costosa i la que requereix la major part del temps del procés. D'aquí sorgeix la necessitat de conèixer millor la transferència de l'aigua en aquest producte per poder optimitzar la tecnologia d'assecat utilitzada. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesis és l'obtenció d'un millor coneixement dels efectes de diferents paràmetres, que afecten al procés d'assecat i al producte, sobre dues propietats que controlen el transport de l'aigua: la activitat de l'aigua (aw) y el coeficient de difusivitat de l'aigua (De). Les isotermes de sorpció de la carn es varen obtenir a partir del múscul Gluteus medius a diferents temperatures i continguts de NaCl en la carn. Es varen determinar per mitjà del mètode gravimètric. Els punts experimentals es varen ajustar a l'equació de Ross i a varies equacions empíriques. Els valors del De varen considerar l'efecte de la temperatura, del contingut de NaCl, de la direcció de las fibres de la carn, del tipus de múscul i del pH elevat. Varen ser determinats utilitzant el mètode d'assecat. Els resultats mostren que la carn salada presenta isotermes de sorpció típiques dels sòlids que contenen components solubles. S'observa una caiguda del contingut d'aigua de la carn al voltant d'una aw de 0.75 . A aw inferiors a 0.70, la temperatura te poc efecte sobre el contingut d'aigua a l'equilibri. A aw per sobre de 0.75, el contingut d'aigua a l'equilibri augmenta quan el contingut de NaCl augmenta i la temperatura disminueix. El mètode predictiu de Ross va donar resultats satisfactoris. Referent a les equacions empíriques estudiades, els models que millor varen ajustar varen ser el model de GAB per a aw<0.75 y el de Mujica para a aw >0.75. Per l'obtenció del De es varen aplicar diferents models matemàtics, els quals podien considerar diferents tipus de condicions de contorn, de dependència del contingut d'aigua y de retracció. El De va incrementar de forma proporcional amb la temperatura. A temperatures baixes, el De va ser menys depenent del contingut de NaCl que a altes temperatures (al augmentar el contingut de NaCl, el De va disminuir). Es va obtenir una equació per l'estima del De en la carn considerant els efectes de la temperatura y del contingut de NaCl. No es varen trobar efectes significatius de la direcció de las fibres y del tipus de múscul sobre el De, per tant, es pot considerar que la carn es comporta com un producte isotròpic. Es va obtenir un efecte significatiu del pH sobre el De. El De obtingut de carn amb pH elevat va ser inferior que l'obtingut de carn normal. Seria necessari doncs, utilitzar el pH com a paràmetre de classificació per a l'obtenció de processos d'assecat més homogenis. L'efecte de la temperatura, del contingut en NaCl i del pH haurien de ser considerats en la modelització dels processos d'assecat de la carn, fet que permetria reduir problemes com la formació de l'encrostat, llim, i textura pastosa en l'interior del pernil curat. / El jamón curado es en la actualidad el producto cárnico más importante en España. En la elaboración de este producto, el secado es la parte más costosa y la que requiere la mayor parte del proceso. De ahí surge la necesidad de conocer mejor la transferencia de agua en este producto, para poder optimizar la tecnología de secado utilizada. El objetivo de esta tesis, es la obtención de un mejor conocimiento de los efectos de diferentes parámetros, que conciernen al proceso de secado y al producto, sobre dos propiedades que controlan el transporte de agua: la actividad del agua (aw) y el coeficiente de difusividad del agua (De). Las isotermas de sorción de la carne se obtuvieron del músculo Gluteus medius a diferentes temperaturas y contenidos de NaCl en la carne. Fueron determinadas por el método gravimétrico. Los puntos experimentales se ajustaron a la ecuación de Ross i a diferentes ecuaciones empíricas. Los valores del De, consideran el efecto de la temperatura, del contenido de NaCl, de la dirección de las fibras de la carne, del tipo de músculo y del pH elevado en la carne, fueron determinados utilizando el método de secado. Los resultados muestran que la carne salada presenta isotermas de sorción típicas de los sólidos que contienen componentes solubles. Se observa una caida del contenido de agua alrededor de una aw de 0.75 . A aw inferiores a 0.70, la temperatura tiene escaso efecto sobre el contenido de agua al equilibrio. A aw por encima de 0.75, el contenido de agua al equilibrio aumenta cuando el contenido de NaCl aumenta y la temperatura disminuye. El método predictivo de Ross produjo resultados satisfactorios. Acerca de las ecuaciones empíricas estudiadas, los modelos en que se obtuvo un mejor resultado fueron el modelo de GAB para aw<0.75 y el de Mujica para aw >0.75. Para la obtención del De se aplicaron diferentes modelos matemáticos, los cuales podían considerar diferentes tipos de condiciones de contorno, de dependencia del contenido de agua y de retracción. El De aumentó de forma proporcional con la temperatura. A temperaturas bajas, el De fue menos dependiente del contenido de NaCl que a altas temperaturas (al aumentar el contenido de NaCl, el De disminuyó). Se obtuvo una ecuación para la determinación del De en la carne, considerando los efectos de la temperatura y del contenido de NaCl. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de la dirección de las fibras y del tipo de músculo sobre el De. Así pues, se puede considerar que la carne se comporta como un producto isotrópico. Se obtuvo un efecto significativo del pH sobre el De. El De obtenido fue inferior en carne con pH elevado que carne normal. Seria necesario por tanto, utilizar el pH como parámetro de clasificación para obtener procesos de secado más homogéneos. El efecto de la temperatura, del contenido de NaCl y del pH deberían ser considerados en la modelización de los procesos de secado de la carne, lo que permitiría reducir problemas como la formación del encostrado, limo en la superficie y textura blanda en el interior del jamón curado. / Dry-cured ham is the most outstanding meat product in Spain nowadays. Drying is the most time consuming stage of its production. Therefore, the knowledge of water transfer in this product is necessary in order to optimise the drying technology used. The aim of this thesis is to have a better understanding of the effect of different parameters, concerning the drying process and the product on two properties that control the water transport: water activity (aw) and effective water diffusivity (De). The meat sorption isotherms from Gluteus medius muscle at different temperatures and NaCl contents were determined using the gravimetric method, and were fitted into the predictive Ross's equation and into different empirical equations. The De values, considering the effect of temperature, NaCl content, meat fiber direction, muscle type and high pH meat, were determined using the drying method. The results show that salted meat exhibits sorption isotherms typical for solids containing soluble components. A drop of moisture content around aw 0.75 is observed. At aw lower than 0.70, temperature has only a slight effect on water content equilibrium. At aw above 0.75 water content equilibrium raises with the increase in NaCl content and the decrease in temperature. The predictive Ross's method yielded satisfactory results. Among the empirical equations studied, a modified GAB model for aw<0.75 and a modified Mujica model for aw of 0.75 gave the best accuracy. Different mathematical models were applied to obtain De, which may consider different types of boundary conditions, water content dependence and shrinkage. As temperature increased the De also increased. At low temperatures, the De was less dependent on NaCl contents than at higher ones (as NaCl content increased the De decreased). An equation to determine De in meat considering the effect of temperature and NaCl content was obtained. No significative effect of meat fiber direction and muscle on De has been found. Therefore, the meat behaves as an isotropic product. There was a significative effect of meat pH on De. High pH meat has lower De than normal meat. Therefore, it will be necessary to use pH as a ham classification parameter in order to obtain a more homogeneous drying process. The effect of temperature, NaCl content and pH should be considered to modelling meat drying processes, which will allow us to avoid problems like crust formation and meat structure softening.
3

Aspectos físico-químicos de pernis suínos submetidos a tratamentos com ácidos orgânicos e vapor / Physico-chemical aspects of porks legs submitted to treatments with organics acids and steam

Machado, Andréa Rosa 20 June 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA09MA054.pdf: 260243 bytes, checksum: 0f7b307401cecae66d2650af13dce4dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-20 / The main objective of the slaughtering of animals for human consumption is to obtain meat in quantity and with quality. Thus, the meat needs to be within the standards required by current legislation. However, the agroindustry still faces serious problems due to microbiological contamination of carcasses during slaughter and/or processing. Alternatives proposed aiming to decontaminate carcasses during slaughter include treatment with the use of organic acids and/or steam. Such treatments aim to ensure the biological safety of foods and complement the autocontrol programs of industry on a prevention basis, such as hygiene care during the handling of foods and the sanitization of equipment to avoid any type of cross contamination. However, little research has provided conclusive information regarding whether these treatments lead to organoleptic and physico-chemical changes in the pork, which would be completely undesirable in terms of the quality parameters. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the possible physico-chemical changes in pork legs submitted to treatments with organics acids, steam and a combination of the two treatments. Visual and sensory analysis was carried out on the aspect, color, consistency and odor, before and after each treatment, together with physico-chemical analysis in order to determine the pH and the percentage of lipids, proteins, moisture and volatile compounds, also before and after each treatment. The results obtained revealed that the treatments used did not interfere in the attributes of aspect, color, odor and consistency and also did not lead to changes in the physico-chemical properties, with the exception that the treatment using organic acid combined with steam led to a decrease in the pH and increase in the moisture content and volatile compounds in the meat. However, this treatment did not denature the physicochemical quality of the pork, which remained within the standards, and therefore appropriate for human consumption / O abate de animais para o consumo humano tem por objetivo principal a obtenção de carne em quantidade e em qualidade. Para isso, é necessário que a carne esteja dentro dos padrões exigidos pela legislação vigente, porém, as agroindústrias ainda enfrentam sérios problemas com relação à contaminação microbiológica de carcaças durante o abate e/ou processamento. Entre as alternativas propostas visando descontaminar carcaças no abate, tem sido proposto o tratamento com uso de ácidos orgânicos e/ou vapor. Tais tratamentos têm o objetivo de garantir a segurança biológica dos alimentos e complementar os programas de autocontrole das indústrias de caráter preventivo, como os cuidados higiênicos na manipulação dos alimentos e na higienização dos equipamentos evitando todo e qualquer tipo de contaminação cruzada. Porém, poucas pesquisas trazem informações conclusivas sobre o fato desses tratamentos promoverem ou não alterações físico-químicas da carne suína, o que seria totalmente indesejável frente a seus parâmetros de qualidade. Assim sendo, o presente projeto se propôs a avaliar as possíveis alterações físico-químicas de pernis suínos submetidos a tratamentos com ácidos orgânicos, vapor e associação dos dois tratamentos. Sendo realizadas análises visuais e sensoriais de aspecto, coloração, consistência e odor, antes e após cada tratamento, bem como, análises físico-químicas visando determinação do percentual de lipídeos, proteínas, pH, umidade e voláteis, também, antes e após cada tratamento. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que os tratamentos utilizados não interferiram nos atributos aspecto, cor, odor e consistência e, também, não alteraram suas propriedades físico-químicas, sendo que, somente o tratamento de vapor associado aos ácidos orgânicos diminuiu o pH e aumentou o teor de umidade e voláteis da carne, porém, não descaracterizou a qualidade físico-química da carne suína, que permaneceu dentro de seus padrões ideais, apta ao consumo humano
4

Effects of breed and PRKAG3 and CAST genetic polymorphisms on the quality of serrano dry-cured ham

Zhen, Zongyuan 30 July 2012 (has links)
Two pieces of complementary research dealing with the study of the importance of genetic factors on the quality of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano were carried out for this thesis. The first one compared Serrano dry-cured hams made from typical commercial lines of four representative breeds (Duroc, Landrace, Large White and Piétrain) subjected to the current standard industrial process. Most of the differences in raw material, final composition and rheology were between Piétrain and the other three breeds. Duroc breed showed the most important differences in instrumental colour and appearance, probably caused by its higher intramuscular fat content. The differences between the four breeds in dry-cured ham sensory quality were too small to discriminate them on single traits. However, according to multivariate analyses (PCA), the Large White showed the most appropriate sensory characteristics for dry-cured ham production of the four pure breeds under the processing conditions used, while the Piétrain showed the least appropriate ones. The second piece of research studied the effect of the previously identified PRKAG3 and CAST genetic polymorphisms (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys and CAST Ser638Arg) on the quality traits of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. Associations between the polymorphisms and traits of flavour and texture were found. The PRKAG3 Ile/Ile genotype, the CAST249 Arg/Arg genotype, the CAST638 Arg/Arg genotype and the haplotype CAST 249Arg-638Arg are the most favourable for the production of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. It can be concluded that the effect of different pure breeds was not strong enough to produce significant perceivable differences between dry-cured hams. In contrast, differences between genotypes of PRKAG3 and CAST polymorphisms on proteolysis and sensory traits indicated that polymorphisms could induce perceivable differences in the sensory quality of dry-cured hams. Accordingly, genetic polymorphisms could be better indicators of material screening in the dry-cured ham industry than breeds. / En aquesta tesi s’han realitzat dos estudis complementaris sobre la importància dels factors genètics sobre la qualitat del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. El primer compara pernils curats elaborats a partir de línies genètiques comerciales de quatre races representatives (Duroc, Landrace, Large White y Piétrain) i sotmesos a un procés industrial estàndard i actual Les majors diferències en els pernils frescos i en la composició i reologia final es van observar entre Piétrain i les altres tres races. La raça Duroc va presentar les principals diferències en color instrumental i aparença sensorial, probablement degut al seu alt contingut de greix intramuscular. Les diferències en característiques sensorials entre les quatre races van ser massa petites per a poder discriminar entre elles en base a característiques individuals. No obstant, considerant les anàlisis multivariades (PCA), la raça Large White va mostrar les característiques sensorials més apropiades per al pernil curat en les condicions de elaboració aquí utilitzades, mentres que la raça Piétrain va mostrar les menys apropiades. El segon estudi analitza l’efecte dels polimorfismes genètics PRKAG3 i CAST, prèviament identificats (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys i CAST Ser638Arg), sobre les característiques de qualitat del pernil curat espanyol Jamón Serrano. Hi va haver associacions significatives dels genotips PRKAG3, CAST249 i CAST638 i del haplotip CAST amb varis caràcters relacionats amb flavor i textura. Els genotips PRKAG3 Ile/Ile, CAST249 Arg/Arg, CAST638 Arg/Arg i l’haplotip CAST 249Arg-638Arg són els més favorables per a l’elaboració del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. Es pot concloure que l’efecte de la raça no va ser prou fort per a provocar diferències perceptibles entre els pernils curats. Per contra, les diferències entre genotips dels polimorfismes PRKAG3 i CAST poden induir diferències perceptibles en la qualitat sensorial dels pernils curats. En conseqüència, els polimorfismes genètics podrien ser millors indicadors per a la selecció de la matèria prima a les indústries elaboradores de pernil curat que les races.
5

Food safety in fast drying (QDS process®) of dry-cured meat products: high pressure and NaCl-free processing implementation

Stollewerk, Katharina 20 September 2012 (has links)
With the objective to study food safety aspects of innovative meat technologies and combinations among them, QDS (Quick-dry-slice), NaCl-free processing and high pressure were integrated in the production of two types of sliced dry-cured meat products. Dry fermented sausages (chorizo) were produced at acid (4,8) and low acid (5,2) pH and hurdles such as acidification and smoking were introduced in the production of dry-cured hams. The food safety was evaluated by challenge tests with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. Pathogenic microorganisms could not grow in any of the products, however, their survival was affected by NaCl-free processing, acidification, smoking and pressurization at 600 MPa. High pressure was necessary to assure food safety during storage of the chorizo with the lowest hurdle combination and had an important bactericidal effect in dry-cured hams, which was lower in NaCl-free processing. / Con el objetivo de valorar el impacto que tienen las tecnologías innovadoras en la industria cárnica y combinaciones entre ellas sobre la seguridad alimentaria, el proceso QDS®, el “procesado sin NaCl añadido“ y las altas presiones se integraron en la producción de dos tipos de productos crudo-curados loncheados: chorizo (ácido, pH 4,8, y poco ácido, pH 5,2) y jamón curado (con y sin acidificación y/o ahumado). La seguridad de los productos se avaluó mediante challenge tests con Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella. Ninguno de los productos permitió el crecimiento de los patógenos pero su evolución se vio afectada por el “procesado sin NaCl añadido“, la acidificación, el ahumado y la presurización a 600 MPa. La presurización fue necesaria para asegurar la seguridad alimentaria durante el almacenaje del chorizo con menos obstáculos y en los jamones curados tuvo un efecto bactericida importante, que fue menor en “procesado sin NaCl añadido“.
6

Efecto de la aplicación de altas presiones hidrostáticas en un producto de origen animal, el jamón curado y en un producto vegetal, el nabo

Clariana Orduña, Maria 16 December 2011 (has links)
High pressure processing is a food preservation technique which can be an alternative to heat treatment. Pressurization, in theory, produces changes in organoleptic properties and antioxidant compounds to a lesser extent. The objective of the present dissertation has been to study the effect of high pressure processing on oxidative processes and their relation to the organoleptic qualities of diced swede and packaged sliced ham. The results have pointed to pressurization at 600 MPa, and produce an effective decontamination is that which causes less loss of compounds or antioxidant properties. For swede, this pressure level also caused a minor modification of the organoleptic qualities. This dissertation has also shown that depending on feed composition, the effect of pressurization on the organoleptic qualities can be diametrically opposite. / La aplicación de altas presiones hidrostáticas es una técnica de conservación de alimentos que puede ser una alternativa al tratamiento térmico. La presurización, en teoría, produce una menor modificación de las propiedades organolépticas y de los compuestos antioxidantes. En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el efecto de las altas presiones hidrostáticas en los procesos oxidativos y su relación con las cualidades organolépticas del nabo troceado y del jamón curado empaquetado loncheado. Los resultados obtenidos han apuntado a que la presurización a 600 MPa, además de producir una descontaminación efectiva, es la que causa una menor pérdida de compuestos o propiedades antioxidantes. En el caso del nabo, esta presión también es la que ocasiona una menor modificación de las cualidades organolépticas. En el presente trabajo también se ha observado que en función de la composición del alimento, el efecto de la presurización en las cualidades organolépticas puede ser diametralmente opuesto.

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