En la present tesi doctoral es va establir i calcular els factors genètics de risc per a la forma tardana de la malaltia d'Alzheimer (MA). Foren analitzats un total de 15 variants gèniques (polimorfismes) ubicats en alguns dels gens candidats que codifiquen per a proteïnes involucrades en la fisiopatologia de la MA. Les freqüències gèniques i genotípiques de tots els polimorfismes, així com les freqüències haplotípiques d'aquelles variants que estaven en desequilibri de lligament, foren comparades entre una població de 136 individus amb diagnòstic clínic de MA i una població de 91 individus sense deteriorament cognitiu (tots amb edats superiors als 65 anys i sense cap relació de parentesc).Es va trobar una associació estadísticament significativa entre l'al·lel e4 del gen APOE i la MA (OR ajustada per sexe i edat de 7.8), així com una altre associació positiva entre el polimofisme *159C/T del gen Neprilysin i la MA (OR del subgrup menor de 75 anys i homozigots CC = 2.87). Finalment, es va trobar una sobre representació significativa del genotip GG, situat en l'exó 5 del gen BACE1, en els pacients d'Alzheimer (OR = 2.14 ). També es va obtenir una associació significativa entre el polimorfisme analitzat en el gen HSP70-2 i la presència de simptomatologia no cognitiva en els pacients que havien estat avaluats amb test neuropsiquiàtric (NPI).Tots aquests estudis confirmen la base genètica de la forma tardana de la MA i demostren la importància de l'epidemiologia genètica i dels estudis de tipus cas-control en aquelles malalties complexes com la MA. / En la presente tesis doctoral se establecieron y calcularon los factores genéticos de riesgo para la forma tardía de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Para ello se analizaron un total de 15 variantes génicas (polimorfismos) que se encuentran en algunos de los genes candidatos que codifican proteínas involucradas en la fisiopatología de la EA. Las frecuencias génicas y genotípicas de todos los polimorfismos, así como las frecuencias haplotípicas de aquellos polimorfismos que se encontraron en desequilibrio de ligamiento, fueron comparadas entre una población de 136 individuos con diagnóstico clínico de EA y una población de 91 individuos sin deterioro cognitivo (todos con edades superiores a los 65 años y sin relación de parentesco).Se halló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el alelo e4 del gen APOE y la EA (OR ajustada por sexo y edad de 7.8), así como otra asociación positiva entre el polimofismo *159C/T del gen Neprilysin y la EA (OR del subgrupo menor de 75 años y homocigotos CC = 2.87). Finalmente, se encontró una sobre representación significativa del genotipo GG, situado en el exón 5 del gen BACE1, en los pacientes de Alzheimer (OR = 2.14 ). También se obtuvo una asociación significativa entre el polimorfismo analizado en el gen HSP70-2 y la presencia de sintomatología no cognitiva en los pacientes que habían sido evaluados con test neuropsiquiátrico (NPI).Todos estos estudios confirman la base genética de la forma tardía de la EA y demuestran la importancia de la epidemiología genética y de los estudios de tipo caso-control en aquellas enfermedades complejas como la EA. / In the present thesis, genetic risk factors for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been evaluated. A total of 15 polymorphisms located in several candidate genes involved in AD pathophysiology were analysed in a sample set comprising 136 AD patients and 91 non-demented elderly control individuals. A statistically significant association was found between the e4 allele of the APOE gene and AD (age- and sex-adjusted OR = 7.8). An association was also found between the *159C/T polymorphism located at the Nerprilysin gene (the OR for those individuals younger than 75 years old and homozygous for the C allele was 2.87). Finally, an over representation of the GG genotype of the BACE1 exon 5 was found in AD patients compared to controls (OR = 2.14). An elevated propensity to develop non-cognitive alterations in AD patients was found to be associated with the A2 allele of the HSP70-2 gene.All of these results confirm the genetic susceptibility to AD and clearly demonstrate the usefulness of genetic epidemiology tools as well as the case-control approaches in identifying genes related to complex disorders such as AD.

The present study aimed to evaluate bacterial isolates and the microbiome of dairies. The specific aims were: to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mastitic milk, to evaluate the presence of Lactococcus in mastitic milk as a potential causative agent of mastitis, to evaluate the association between microbiome and milk quality parameters, and to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from production lines of Minas Frescal cheese. The detection of genes encoding virulence factors (enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, selj, selk, sell, selm, seln, selo, selp, seIq, ser, ses, set, selu, selv, and selx), hemolysins (hla, hlb, hld, hlg, and hlgv), exfoliative toxins (eta, etb, and etd), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst)), genes encoding antibiotic resistance (resistance to tetracycline (tetK, tetL, and tetM), erythromycin (ermA, ermB, and ermC), methicillin (mecA and mecC), and tobramycin (ant(4\')-Ia)), molecular typing (spa, SCCmec, and agr types), and phenotyping regarding antibiotic resistance were performed in staphylococci isolates from mastitic milk, and from cheese processing plant samples. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the majority of isolates from both origins. Several virulence factor genes were detected. The distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (85.0% - 85.7% of isolates were positive for one or more enterotoxin gene) was highlighted and the gene related to H toxin was the most prevalent. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were identified in isolates from mastitic milk (4.1%) and cheese processing (6.0%); the genotyping and phenotyping of these isolates were described. t605 had the highest frequency in the S. aureus population studied. In mastitic milk, Lactococcus was suggested as the causative agent of an outbreak of mastitis in a dairy farm. Using next generation sequencing, the abundance of Lactococcus was observed in microbiome samples. Bacterial isolation and DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae. The microbiome of environmental samples and bulk tank milk from the dairy farm showed the Lactococcus genus among the most common bacterial taxa, suggesting other sources of this genus. Regarding milk quality parameters, the microbiome of bulk tank milk from several dairy farms was associated with somatic cell count and bacterial count. The core microbiome was described and many genera of importance were identified. Among the associations performed between microbiome and milk quality parameters, the identification of Streptococcus in samples classified with high somatic cell count and high bacterial count was highlighted. Several bacterial taxa with relative abundance significantly higher in samples classified as high and low cell count and bacterial count were shown. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was also performed associated with bacterial diversity, bacterial taxa, and bacterial count. These findings highlight the need to control and prevent bacterial contamination in the dairy industry, from herd to consumers. / O presente estudo apresentou como objetivo avaliar isolados bacterianos e microbioma de lácteos. Os objetivos específicos foram: caracterizar Staphylococcus spp. isolados de leite de vacas com mastite, avaliar a presença de Lactococcus em leite de vacas com mastite como um potencial agente causador de mastite, avaliar a associação entre microbioma de leite de tanque e parâmetros da qualidade de leite, e caracterizar Staphylococcus spp. isolados de linhas de processamento de queijo Minas frescal. A detecção de genes codificadores de fatores de virulência (enterotoxinas (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, selj, selk, sell, selm, seln, selo, selp, seIq, ser, ses, set, selu, selv, e selx), hemolisinas (hla, hlb, hld, hlg, e hlgv), toxinas exfoliativas (eta, etb e etd), leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (pvl), toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico (tst)), genes codificadores de resistência a antibióticos (resistência a tetraciclina (tetK, tetL e tetM), eritromicina (ermA, ermB e ermC), meticilina (mecA e mecC) e tobramicina (ant(4\')-Ia)), tipagem molecular (spa, SCCmec e agr types), e fenotipagem quanto à resistência a antibióticos foram realizadas em estafilococos isolados de leite de vacas com mastite e de amostras de planta de processamento de queijo. Staphylococcus aureus foi identificado na maioria dos isolados de ambas as origens. Diversos genes de fatores de virulência foram detectados, com destaque para a distribuição de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (85,0%-85,7% dos isolados foram positivos para um ou mais genes codificadores de enterotoxinas), sendo o gene relacionado com a toxina H o mais frequente. Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente foram identificados em isolados de leite de vacas com mastite (4.1%) e em processamento de queijo (6.0%); o perfil genotípico e fenotípico destes isolados foram descritos. t605 foi o mais freqüente na população de S. aureus estudada. Em leite de vacas com mastite, Lactococcus foi sugerido como o agente causador de um surto de mastite numa fazenda leiteira. Usando sequenciamento de nova geração, a abundância de Lactococcus foi observada no microbioma das amostras. O isolamento e sequenciamento de DNA confirmaram a presença de Lactococcus lactis e Lactococcus garvieae. O microbioma de amostras ambientais e de leite de tanque da fazenda mostrou o gênero Lactococcus entre os mais comuns, sugerindo outras fontes deste gênero. Contemplando parâmetros da qualidade de leite, o microbioma de leite de tanque de várias fazendas leiteiras foi relacionado com contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana. O core microbiome foi descrito e muitos gêneros bacterianos de importância foram identificados. Dentre as análises realizadas associando microbioma com parâmetros da qualidade de leite, foi destacada a identificação de Streptococcus em amostras classificadas com alta contagem de células somáticas e alta contagem bacteriana. Diversos táxons bacterianos com abundância relativa significativamente maior em amostras classificadas com alta e baixa contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana foram mostrados. Reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real também foi realizada e associada com diversidade bacteriana, táxons bacterianos e contagem bacteriana. Estes levantamentos confirmam a necessidade de controlar e prevenir a contaminação bacteriana na indústria de lácteos, do rebanho leiteiro até os consumidores.

O coronavírus de perus (TCoV) é o agente etiológico associado a síndrome de mortalidade entérica das aves (PEMS). PEMS é uma enfermidade entérica, aguda e altamente contagiosa dos perus caracterizada por depressão, anorexia, diarréia e alta mortalidade em lotes de perus comerciais. A presença do coronavírus de perus (TCov) foi pesquisada em 29 amostras de conteúdo intestinal de perus entre 10 e 104 dias de idade que apresentaram enterite severa no período de 2004 a 2006. A detecção do TcoV foi realizada realizada através da técnica da transcriptase reversa e da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (RT-PCR), mediante a amplificação da região 3 UTR, seguida pela amplificação dos genes 3 e 5. A caracterização molecular dos vírus foi realizada mediante a amplificação dos genes 3 e 5, que mostrou similaridade genética entre as amostras, mas diferenças com as sequencias dos outros TCoVs publicados previamente. Em relação ao gene 3, as amostras apresentaram maior relação com o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das aves (IBV), enquanto que com o gene 5 houve maior identidade com os cronavírus de faisão (PhCoV). Nossos resultados sugerem que a estratégia de amplificação da região 3 UTR provou ser uma estratégia eficaz para a detecção do TcoV em conteúdo intestinal. / Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) is causative agent associated to Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) in turkeys wideworld. The disease is characterized by an acute highly contagious enteric disease of turkeys characterized by depression, anorexia, diarrhea and high mortality in co mMercial turkey flocks. The presence of turkey coronavirus (TCoV) in 29 intestinal content samples from turkey flocks aged between 10 and 104 days with severe enteritis was monitored in the period of 2004 to 2006. TCoV detection was accomplished by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), through amplification of the 3´UTR region, followed by amplification of genes 3 and 5. Molecular characterization of the viruses was done through amplification of genes 3 and 5, and showed evidence of genetic similarity between them, although they differed of sequences of other TCoVs described in the literature. In relation to gene 3, samples showed greater relationship with chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and while gene 5 showed greater identity with pheasant coronavirus (PhCoV). Our results suggest that the strategy of amplification of the 3´UTR region has proved to an effective means of detection of TCoV in intestinal contents.

Mon travail de thèse porte sur l'identification d'un arbre médicinal africain par le DNA barcoding et l'étude de composés à activité anti-VIH de cet arbre. Une première analyse de la séquence du marqueur ITS2 déterminée à partir d'ADN extrait de copeaux de bois a suggéré que la plante pourrait appartenir au genre Cassia ou au genre apparenté Senna. En analysant la séquence de ce marqueur ITS2 et aussi celle du trnHpsbA spacer d'une cinquantaine d'espèces des genres Cassia et Senna j'ai pu identifier la plante comme étant Cassia abbreviata. L'alignement de ces séquences m'a permis d'identifier, pour les deux marqueurs,des structures particulières spécifiques aux espèces du genre Cassia, permettant donc de les différencier des espèces du genre Senna. J'ai utilisé ces alignements pour effectuer une étude phylogenetique qui illustre que,pour les deux marqueurs, les Cassia forment en effet un clade bien séparé du clade des Senna qui peut être divisé en plusieurs sous-clades. Dans un deuxième temps j'ai étudié les effets anti-VIH de l'extrait alcoolique ainsi que de 57 composés purifiés obtenus au laboratoire. L'extrait brut ainsi qu'un des composés purifiés, le piceatannol, ont montré un grand spectre d’activités antivirales pour le VIH et le virus de l’herpès. Ils inhibent,à un stade précoce, l'infection par le VIH de lignées cellulaires de référence et d'isolats cliniques, ceci indépendamment de l'utilisation du co-récepteur (IC50: 10.47-40.77 μg/ml, CC50>1000 μg/ml; IC50: 8.04-47.46 μM, CC50>300 μM, respectivement). Ni l'un ni l'autre n'a d'effet sur CD4 et CCR5/CXCR4. L'extrait brut,mais pas le piceatannol, bloque l'interaction CD4-gp120, suggérant que l'extrait brut cible gp120 alors que le piceatannol agit comme un inhibiteur non-spécifique d'attachement du virus. Aussi, dans un modèle in vitro de tract génital femelle, le piceatannol inhibe l'infection de cellules cibles TZM-Bl par le VIH et n'active pas les cellules PBMCs, suggérant qu'il pourrait être un bon candidat comme microbicide. D'autres composés à activité anti-VIH dans l'extrait comportent l'acide oléanolique, l'acide palmitique, la taxifoline, ainsi que troiscomposés dont la structure est en train d'être élucidée. / My thesis project deals with the identification, by DNA barcoding, of an African medicinal plant and the study of anti-HIV compounds from this plant. A first analysis of the ITS2 marker sequence determined from DNA extracted from the wood suggested that the plant could belong to the Cassia or the related Senna genus. A further analysis of ITS2 as well as of trnH-psbA spacer sequences from about 50 species of the two genera allowed me to identify the plant as Cassia abbreviata. The sequence alignments, which reveal unique features present in the Cassia but not the Senna sequences, were used to construct phylogenetic trees showing the clear separation of the species of the Cassia and the Senna genus. The two markers therefore allow a quick discrimination between the species of the Cassia and the Senna genus and appear to be excellent barcode markers for identification of these species. Following the identification of the plant I have tested the crude ethanol extract as well as 57 purified compounds from the plant for an anti-HIV activity. The extract, as well as one of the compounds, namely piceatannol, showed a broad spectrum of antiviral activities for HIV and HSV. They inhibited HIV-1 infection at the early stage against various reference strains and resistant clinical isolates independent of the co-receptor usage (IC50: 10.47-40.77 μg/ml, CC50>1000 μg/ml; IC50: 8.04-47.46 μM,CC50>300 μM, respectively). Neither the crude extract nor piceatannol had an effect on CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4. The crude extract blocked CD4-gp120 interaction while piceatannol did not, indicating that CE may target gp120 and piceatannol may act as a non-specific viral attachment inhibitor. Moreover, piceatannol inhibited HIV infection of TZM-Bl target cells in an in vitro female genital tract model and did not activate PBMCs, suggesting that it may represent a good candidate as microbicide. Other anti-HIV compounds found in Cassia abbreviata include oleanolic acid, palmitic acid, taxifolin and three other compounds the structure of which is presently being elucidated.

Vaincre efficacement l’infection par le VIH nécessite non seulement de raffiner davantage les traitements antirétroviraux, mais aussi de déployer des moyens de prévention à large échelle afin de stopper la propagation de la maladie. Il s’agit en effet de pouvoir développer un vaccin préventif ou thérapeutique à large spectre. L’atteindre de cet objectif requiert une meilleure compréhension des événements précoces médiés par les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe des virus transmis/fondateurs du VIH développés durant la primo-infection. Pendant que les efforts de la communauté scientifique se concentrent à trouver ce vaccin, il est également nécessaire de limiter le taux des nouvelles infections dans la population. Les résultats de nos travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans cette optique de prévention des infections à VIH par l’étude de la dynamique de transmission de la maladie. Le premier volet de nos travaux dont les résultats sont consignés dans ce document et publiés dans le journal « PLOS ONE » (Chapitre III. Article 1) porte le titre : « Identification des nouvelles infections par le VIH-1 en utilisant des mesures de la diversité génétique des séquences de l’enveloppe ». L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer et de déterminer quelle méthode moléculaire parmi les mesures de diversité génétique de la séquence de l'enveloppe est capable de définir l’infection par le VIH-1 temporellement (récente versus chronique). Quatre mesures de diversité génétique des séquences virales de courts segments de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 ont été évaluées pour définir l’infection par le VIH-1 temporellement à savoir: le pourcentage de complexité, le pourcentage de diversité, le nombre d’haplotypes et l’entropie de Shannon. Nous avons identifié l'entropie de Shannon comme l'une des meilleures de ces quatre mesures de diversité qui associée à trois courts segments (≤100 paires de bases) de la séquence de l'enveloppe du VIH-1 est capable de prédire efficacement la période récente de l’infection par le VIH-1. L’indice de performance de l’entropie de Shannon (Aire sous la courbe (AUC) des trois segments de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 que sont : (1) région constante C2 segment 1 (C2_1), (2) région constante C2 segment 3 (C2_3) et (3) boucle V3 de la gp120 est respectivement de 0.806, 0.805 et 0.812. La capacité de différencier une infection récente d'une infection ancienne est importante en santé publique. En effet, les personnes nouvellement infectées sont les plus infectieuses et capables de propager rapidement la maladie dans la population. Puisque ces personnes ignorent leur statut sérologique, elles peuvent avoir plus de comportements à risque alors qu’elles ont une charge virale sanguine élevée d’un virus avec une capacité réplicative assez importante (fitness). Pouvoir identifier le plus tôt possible ces individus permettrait de limiter et de prévenir les nouvelles transmissions. Le deuxième volet de nos travaux consignés dans cette thèse (Chapitre III, Article 2) a été publié dans le journal « AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses » avec pour titre : « Analyses phylogénétiques des séquences du gène de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 pour l’évaluation et la construction à court terme des réseaux naissants de la transmission de l’infection par le VIH-1 ». Cette étude a consisté à identifier les liens phylogénétiques ou clusters qui existent entre les séquences virales de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 de patients nouvellement diagnostiqués au Québec. La formation de clusters entre les séquences virales de plusieurs individus pourrait refléter l'appartenance de ces personnes à un même réseau ou chaine de transmission. Ces personnes pourraient aussi partager des caractéristiques ou facteurs de risques communs au groupe. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis d’identifier 15 chaines ou réseaux de transmission mineurs (2-5 individus par réseau) de l’infection par le VIH-1 entre ces individus. Nous avons également évalué et comparé la capacité d’un fragment d’une séquence nucléotidique plus large de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 à celui de la boucle V3 beaucoup plus courte à pouvoir prédire et identifier de façon indépendante les individus qui pourraient être inclus dans un réseau ou grappe de transmission. Les résultats de nos analyses ont démontré une concordance modérée en se basant sur le coefficient kappa (k=0.59) entre les deux fragments de l'enveloppe virale utilisés. L’utilisation des séquences de la boucle V3 a en effet permis de confirmer 66.70% (10/15) des clusters identifiés avec un fragment plus long de la séquence de l’enveloppe du VIH-1. Le nombre de personnes infectées ayant accès aux tests de génotypage qui utilisent les séquences de la V3 pour déterminer le tropisme viral en pratique clinique courante est limité à l’échelle mondiale. Cependant, les séquences de l’enveloppe virale et particulièrement celles de la boucle V3 pourraient facilement être intégrées dans un programme de santé publique là où elles sont disponibles en complément de celles du gène pol (disponibles dans les laboratoires cliniques dans le cadre des tests de résistance aux traitements antirétroviraux) pour l’identification et la surveillance des réseaux de transmission du VIH-1 dans la population. Nous avons inclus les caractéristiques des sujets (données sociodémographiques, cliniques et facteurs de risque) dans un modèle d’analyse de régression logistique avec comme variable réponse (outcome) la formation de clusters de transmission. Les résultats de l'analyse démontrent que dans la population étudiée, l'âge moyen (<38.8 versus ≥38.8 ans) et le sous-type viral (sous type B versus non-B) sont deux facteurs significativement associés à la formation des clusters ou réseaux. L’identification des chaines de transmission du VIH-1 dans un échantillon de la population infectée par le VIH-1 au Québec et les facteurs de risques communs à ces personnes devraient permettre de mieux implanter les stratégies de prévention dans les groupes cibles. Les résultats de la troisième et dernière partie de nos travaux présentée dans cette thèse (Chapitre III, Article 3) ont été publiés dans le Journal « VIRUSES » sous le titre : « Identification de signatures génétiques au niveau de la glycoprotéine de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 associées aux virus transmis/fondateurs et récents de sous-types B ». Cette étude a consisté à identifier des signatures génétiques au niveau des séquences virales de l’enveloppe des premiers variants du VIH-1 appelés virus transmis/fondateurs ou « Transmitted/Founder viruses ». Ces variants constituent ceux qui sont capables d’établir une infection productive au moment de l'infection. Ils sont en effet sélectionnés parmi une multitude de quasi-espèces virales exposées au cours de la transmission du virus. Ils détiennent ainsi toutes les propriétés phénotypiques et ou fonctionnelles nécessaires à l’établissement de l’infection. L’identification de signatures génétiques observées précocement au niveau de la glycoprotéine de l’enveloppe du VIH-1 au cours de l’infection pourrait informer la conception de nouveaux inhibiteurs d’entrée immunologiques ou chimiques, mais aussi servir de repère pour le design d’un vaccin anti-VIH-1. Nos travaux ont permis d’identifier quelques signatures génétiques, mais une consistant en une mutation/substitution de l'Arginine (R) par une Isoleucine (I) associée au virus TF semble être particulièrement prononcée. Cette mutation est localisée à la position 841 (R841I) spécifiquement dans le domaine cytoplasmique de la GP41 notamment dans le segment 1 des peptides lytiques de lentivirus (LLP-1). L’isoleucine est sélectionnée (I) à plus de 33% par les virus TF comparativement aux virus d’infections chroniques (9%) et la différence est statistiquement significative, OR=0.2, 95% IC [0.09, 0.44], P= 0.00001. Le domaine cytoplasmique de la GP41 et spécifiquement le LLP-1 est fortement impliqué dans la réplication virale en intervenant dans le trafic intracellulaire et l’incorporation des glycoprotéines de l'enveloppe dans les virions. Une mutation dans ce domaine pourrait être un mécanisme moléculaire (polymorphisme) nécessaire à l’établissement de la transmission et d’échappement à la réponse immunitaire. / Overcoming HIV infection effectively requires further refinement of antiretroviral therapy as well as intensifying prevention strategies to stop the spread of the disease. It involves the capacity to develop a preventive or therapeutic broad-spectrum vaccine. Reaching this goal requires a better understanding of the acute and early events mediated by HIV founder viruses’ envelope glycoproteins during primary infection. While efforts of the scientific community are focused on finding a preventive vaccine, it is also necessary to limit the rate of new infections in the population. This thesis contributes to the efforts focusing on HIV prevention by studying the transmission dynamics of disease transmission and progression. The first part of my work is detailed in Chapter III and presented in a manuscript published in the journal “PLOS ONE” bears the title: « HIV-1 envelope sequence-based measures for identifying recent infections » (Article 1). The objective of this study was to evaluate and determine which molecular method, among envelope genetic diversity measures, can qualify the current status of HIV-1 infection. Four genetic diversity measures of short segments of HIV-1 envelope sequences were evaluated for their efficacy to characterize infection recency. They included i) the percent complexity, ii) the percent of diversity, iii) the number of haplotypes and iv), the Shannon entropy. We have identified Shannon entropy as the best diversity measure which can effectively predict the recency of HIV-1 infection when associated to three short segments (less than 100 base pairs) of the HIV-1 envelope gp120 C2 segments 1 and 3 and the V3 loop as envelopes sequenced based diversity measure (s) and segments. The performance index of Shannon entropy for these 3 segments: gp120 C2 segment 1; C2 segment 3; V3 loop was 0,806, 0, 0805, and 0,812 respectively. It could serve as a molecular biomarker for identifying new infections in newly diagnosed HIV-1-positive patients. The ability to differentiate recent infections from established (chronic) infections is important for public health. In fact, newly infected people are the most infectious and able to spread the disease quickly in the population. Since these people are usually unaware of their HIV status, they may engage in risky behaviours. This population generally has a high viral load with a relatively high-replicating capacity (fitness) that accelerates HIV-1 forward transmission. Being able to identify these individuals as soon as possible could limit and prevent new transmissions. Our work demonstrated that Shannon entropy measuring of these nucleic sequences can identify new infections. The second part of my work is reported in Chapter III and published in the journal « AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses » entitled: « A short-term assessment of HIV-1 transmission dynamics among newly diagnosed individuals using envelope sequence-based phylogenetic clustering » (Article 2). This study consists of identifying the phylogenetic links or clusters that exist between the viral sequences of the HIV-1 envelope of newly diagnosed patients in Québec. The formation of clusters between the viral sequences of several individuals could reflect the relationship of transmitted viruses between individuals who might share characteristics or commons risk factors. The results of this study identified 15 minor transmission clusters (2-5 individuals per cluster) between study participants. We also assessed and compared the ability of a fragment of a larger nucleotide sequence of the HIV-1 envelope to that of the much shorter V3 loop to independently predict and identify individuals that might be included in a transmission cluster. They demonstrated a moderate agreement based on the kappa coefficient (k= 0.59) between the two fragments of the viral envelope used. The use of the V3 loop sequences indeed confirmed 66.70% (10/15) of the identified clusters with a longer fragment of the HIV-1 envelope sequence. The number of infected individuals accessing genotyping tests that use V3 sequence to determine viral tropism in routine clinical practice is globally limited. However, the sequences of the viral envelope and particularly those of the V3 loop could easily be integrated into a public health program where they could be available in addition to those of the pol genes (available in clinical laboratories for antiretroviral resistance testing). We also included the characteristics of the subjects (sociodemographic, clinical and risk factors) in a logistic regression analysis model with cluster formation as an outcome). The results of the analysis demonstrate that in the study population, the average age (<38.8 versus>38.8 years) and the viral subtype (subtype B versus non-B) are two factors significantly associated with HIV transmission clustering among participants. Underlying HIV-1 transmission chains among HIV-1+ individuals in Québec and identifying the common risk factors should help the efforts to implement better prevention strategies in the target groups. The results of the third and last part of this work reported in this thesis (Chapter III, Article 3), were published in « VIRUSES » journal entitled: « HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Amino Acids Signatures Associated with Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Recent Viruses ». It consists in identifying genetic signatures in the viral envelope sequences of the first HIV-1 variants called Transmitted/Founder (TF) viruses selected during the acute stage of infection. These variants can establish a productive infection at the time of infection in the new host. They are indeed selected among a multitude of viral quasi-species exposed during virus transmission. They may possess molecular and phenotypic properties that may govern their functions of the successful establishment of infection. Identifying such early HIV-1 genetic signatures may inform the design of novel immunologic or chemical inhibitors and serve as a benchmark for designing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. This study identified a few genetic signatures among HIV-1 TF viruses’ envelope amino acid sequences. One of these signatures consisting of a mutation/substitution of an arginine (R) by an isoleucine (I) associated with TF virus seems to be particularly important. This mutation is located at position 841 (R841I) specifically in the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 in segment 1 of lentivirus lytic peptides (LLP-1). The isoleucine is selected at more than 33% by TF viruses compared to chronic infection viruses (9%). The difference of selected amino acid between the two types of infectious viruses is statistically significant, OR = 0.2, 95% CI [0.09, 0.44], p = 0.00001. The cytoplasmic domain of GP41 and specifically the LLP-1 is strongly implicated in viral replication by mediating intracellular trafficking and the envelope incorporation into virions. A mutation in this area may suggest a molecular mechanism (polymorphism) contributing to HIV-1 transmission and/or viral escape from immune response.

This thesis discusses the issue of predicting the effect of amino acid substitutions on protein function using MAPP method. This method requires the multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree constructed by third-party tools. Main goal of this thesis is to find the combination of suitable tools and their parameters to generate the inputs of MAPP method on the basis of analysis on one massively mutated protein. Then, the MAPP method is tested with chosen combination of parameters and tools on two large independent datasets and consequently is compared with the other tools focused on prediction of the effect of mutations. Apart from this the web interface for the MAPP method was created. This interface simplifies the use of the method since the user need not to install any tools or set any parameters.

Dermatophytes (order Onygenales, Ascomycota) are microscopic filamentous keratinophilic fungi that can cause skin infections known as dermatophytosis. The most diverse but not very studied genus Arthroderma has been revised recently (Míková 2018) which was essential for further research. This genus comprises mostly species with a supposed reservoir in soil. Lack of information about their ecology and frequent isolation of some species from the hair of free- living mammals (mainly rodents) may testify a strong host association. Rodents could thus represent the hidden reservoir of this species. For this thesis, I have chosen three ecologically distinct rodent species: Mus musculus, Apodemus flavicollis, and Clethrionomys glareolus. I obtained the material by brushing the hair of asymptomatic individuals and used this material for cultivation on selective medium. I identified the isolates of dermatophytes (n = 30) using molecular methods. I used sequences of three highly variable loci (ITS, tubb a tef1α) to incorporate these isolates in the phylogenetic analysis based on the monography of the genus Arthroderma (Míková 2018). I characterized the phenotype of selected strains based on morphological and physiological data including the ability to utilize keratin and the production of siderophores. The...

Der Karpfen, Cyprinus carpio, ist eine tetraploide Fischart aus der Familie Cyprinidae, die vor 20-50 Mio Jahren entstanden ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Versuch, die funktionelle Rolle der duplizierten GH Gene des Karpfens durch das Studium ihrer Struktur, Evolution und Expression zu verstehen. Die Introns des zweiten GH Gens des Karpfens wurden erstmalig sequenziert und Sequenzvergleiche der kodierenden und nicht-kodierenden Bereiche von Allelen beider GH Gene wurden vorgenommen. Eine phylogenetische Analyse wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Beziehungen der GH Gene des Karpfens zu denen des tetraploiden Goldfischs und anderer diploider Cypriniden zu untersuchen. Zusatzlich wurden weitere duplizierte Gene des Karpfens, von denen einige auch fur das Wachstum von Bedeutung sind, phylogenetisch analysiert. Der Test der relativen Evolutionsrate nach Tajima (1993) zeigte einen statistisch signifikanten Anstieg der Evolutionsrate des GH I Gens beim Karpfen. Es wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit einige weitere duplizierte Genpaare des Karpfens und Goldfischs gefunden, die ebenfalls eine Lockerung funktioneller Zwange oder sogar Beweise fur positive Darwin?sche Selektion bei einem der beiden Duplikate zeigen. Der Expressionstest hat gezeigt, dass die GH I und GH II Gene auf identischen Niveaus bei Karpfenbrut exprimiert werden, wahrend bei ein Jahr alten Karpfen, drei Jahre alten Mannchen und Weibchen sowie den 10 Monate alten, an kalte Temperaturen (2°C) angepassten Fischen die Expression von GH II statistisch signifikant geringer war als die von GH I. Es wurde eine neue und einfache Methode zur Herstellung von rekombinanten, biologisch aktiven GH-Proteinen ohne Notwendigkeit des Refolding entwickelt. Sie ermoglicht spatere Tests, ob die Aktivitat von unterschiedlichen GH-Varianten des Karpfens gleich oder unterschiedlich ist. / The common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is a tetraploid fish species from the family Cyprinidae that arose about 20-50 Myr ago. The aim of the present work was attempting to understand the functional role of the duplicated common carp GH genes by studying their structure, evolution and expression. The introns of the second GH gene of common carp were sequenced for the first time and sequence comparisons of coding and non-coding regions of alleles of both GH genes were carried out. A phylogenetic analysis was done to examine the relationships of common carp GH genes with GH genes of the tetraploid goldfish and other diploid Cyprinids. In addition, phylogenetic analyses were done with other duplicated genes of common carp, some of which also important for growth. The relative rate test of Tajima (1993) showed a statistically significant increase in the evolution rate of the common carp GH I gene. In addition, some other duplicated gene pairs in common carp and goldfish with relaxation of functional constraints or even evidence of positive Darwinian selection in one of the two gene duplicates were found in the present study. The test of expression rates of the two GH genes has shown that the GH I and GH II genes were expressed at similar levels in carp fry. In contrast, the expression of GH II was statistically significantly lower than that of GH I in one year old carp, three years old males and females as well as in 10 months old fish adapted to cold temperature (2°C). To enable testing the hypothesis if activity of GH diverged between different GH variants of common carp a new and simple method for production of recombinant, biologically active GH proteins without the necessity of refolding was developed.

Hantaviren (Familie Bunyaviridae) sind Erreger, die von Nagetieren auf den Menschen übertragen werden und Hämorrhagische Fieber mit Renalem Syndrom (HFRS) auslösen. Die vorgelegte Arbeit beinhaltet derartige Ergebnisse zu zwei europäischen Hantaviren, dem Dobravavirus (DOBV) und dem Tulavirus (TULV). DOBV ist ein wichtiger HFRS-Erreger in Europa. DOBV Stämme kommen in mindestens zwei Nagerspecies, der Gelbhalsmaus (Apodemus flavicollis) und der Brandmaus (A. agrarius) vor. In Übereinstimmung mit diesen natürlichen Wirten bilden die Virusstämme zwei genetische Linien: DOBV-Af und DOBV-Aa. Die phylogenetischen Analysen von den Nukleotidsequenzen der S-, M- und L-Segmente von sympatrisch vorkommenden DOBV-Af und DOBV-Aa Stämmen aus Mitteleuropa zeigten das Vorkommen von Reassortmentprozessen der Genomsegmente während der Evolution der Virusspecies. Ausserdem, wurde die virale Nukleotidsequenz aus einem DOBV-seropositiven HFRS-Patienten aus Detschland amplifiziert. Damit wurde erstmalig der molekulare Beweis erbracht, dass DOBV in Mitteleuropa HFRS auslöst und dass die DOBV-Aa Linie humanpathogen ist. Aus einer in der Slowakei gefangenen A. agrarius Maus haben wir ein neues Virusisolat gewonnen, welches "Slovakia (SK/Aa)" genannt wurde. SK/Aa ist das bisher einzige Virusisolat, das die DOBV-Aa Linie repräsentiert. Es wurde gemeinsam mit einem Isolat der DOBV-Af Linie zur vergleichenden Typisierung der Antikörper von mitteleuropäischen HFRS-Patienten mittels Fokusreduktionsneutralisationstest eingesetzt. Die Seren der meisten Patienten zeigten die höchsten neutralisierenden Antikörpertiter gegenüber SK/Aa, was die Schlussfolgerung zulässt, dass DOBV-Aa Stämme für die meisten DOBV-Infektionen in Mitteleuropa verantwortlich sind. TULV wird durch die Feldmaus (Microtus arvalis) beherbergt. Die Fähigkeit zur Auslösung von HFRS war bisher wenig bekannt. Wir haben den ersten Fall von HFRS gefunden, der mit einer TULV Infektion assoziiert ist. Aus demselben geographischen Gebiet in Nordostdeutschland konnten aus Feldmäusen TULV Nukleotidsequenzen amplifiziert werden. In phylogenetischen Analysen clustern sie mit Stämmen aus Polen und bilden mit diesen gemeinsam eine eigene, neue genetische Linie. Ausser dem hier untersuchten DOBV und dem länger bekannten Puumalavirus ist TULV offenbar das dritte Hantavirus, das in Mitteleuropa HFRS hervorruft. / Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae family) are rodent-borne bunyaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. This thesis presents novel data about two European hantaviruses, Dobrava virus (DOBV) and Tula virus (TULV). DOBV is an important etiologic agent of HFRS in Europe. DOBV strains were found to be hosted by at least two different rodent species, yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) and striped field mouse (A. agrarius). According to their natural hosts they form the distinct genetic lineages DOBV-Af and DOBV-Aa, respectively. We have determined and analysed the complete S and M, and partial L segment nucleotide sequences of sympatrically occurring DOBV-Af and DOBV-Aa strains from Central Europe. Molecular phylogenetic analyses gave evidence for genetic reassortment in the evolution of the virus species. Moreover, we amplified a DOBV-Aa nucleotide sequence from a DOBV-seropositive HFRS patient from Germany. This is the first molecular identification of human infection by DOBV in Central Europe and the first direct proof that a virus strain related to the DOBV-Aa lineage, carried by A. agrarius rodents, is able to cause HFRS. Under biosafety level 3 conditions, we have established a DOBV isolate named Slovakia (SK/Aa) from an A. agrarius animal captured in Slovakia. SK/Aa, as the only isolate clearly belonging to the DOBV-Aa lineage, can be taken as the representative of this virus lineage. The new virus isolate, in comparison to a DOBV-Af strain, was used for serotyping neutralising antibodies of HFRS patients in Central Europe by the use of a focus reduction neutralisation assay. Most patients'' sera exhibited a higher end-point titer towards SK/Aa suggesting that DOBV-Aa strains are responsible for most of the DOBV HFRS cases in this region. TULV is carried by European common voles (Microtus sp.). Its pathogenic potential for humans was rather unknown. We have described the first case of HFRS which can be associated with TULV infection. Moreover, TULV strains detected in M. arvalis near the home village of the patient in North-East Germany clustered with strains from Poland and represent a new, well-supported genetic lineage within the TULV species. In addition to DOBV and longer known Puumala virus, TULV is most likely an additional causative agent of HFRS in Central Europe.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 248917 bytes, checksum: 84bc05c660ca867229222e12c0fa08ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-31 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Phylogenetic analysis of Lactobacillus UFV H2b20 based on the 16S rDNA sequence positions this isolate among the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies. It confirms the classification by DNA/DNA hybridization. Comparisons of the substituted bases along the 16S rDNA sequence show that most are probably caused by 5-methylcytosine deamination that results in GC/AT transition. Presence of polymorphic copies of the 16S rRNA gene in Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 were confirmed by PCR-DGGE. Five distinct bands of rDNA amplified sequences confirm at least five different copies of the gene. The intensity of one of the bands allows the inference of two identical copies. The DGGE profile of this isolate was different from those of other L. delbrueckii strains, providing a mean to distinguish it in mixed cultures. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences along the rDNA region revealed the presence of putative insertion sequences. One of them, 915 bp long, was characterized and denominated ISLdH2b20. It presents a single ORF that encodes a putative transposase with some homology to the one of ISL5 of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. All the characteristic elements of an IS were located as well as the putative regulatory sequences of the transposase. / O estudo de filogenia baseado em seqüências de rDNA de Lactobacillus UFV H2b20 mostrou que esse microrganismo foi agrupado entre as subespécies de Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Este resultado confirma a nova classificação do isolado, baseada na hibridização DNA-DNA. A análise das substituições de bases mostra que a maioria é causada pela desaminação da 5-metilcitosina, o que causa uma transição GC/AT. A técnica PCR-DGGE de L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 demonstrou resultados satisfatórios na análise de polimorfismos do operon rrn em microrganismos isolados. Foram encontradas cinco bandas diferentes para o L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20, confirmando a presença de cinco cópias distintas do rDNA 16S nesse microrganismo e possivelmente seis no total. O isolado L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 apresentou um perfil de bandas diferente das outras linhagens de Lactobacillus, o que poderá ser utilizado para diferenciá-lo dos demais, uma vez que outros métodos baseados em PCR, como RAPD, mostram-se pouco discriminatórios. A análise das seqüências da região do rDNA 16S revelou uma seqüência de inserção putativa, de 915 pb, que foi caracterizada e denominada ISLdH2b20. Ela apresenta uma única ORF e codifica uma transposase putativa que apresenta homologia com a transposase de ISL5. Todos os elementos característicos de uma IS foram identificados bem como as seqüências regulatórias putativas da transposase.