Global ETD Search

21	Host plant selection in closely related butterfly species due to reproductive interference: Modelling a tritrophic system Bantounas, Alexandros January 2021 (has links) Host plant selection is an important process during the life cycle of lepidopterans, providing ovipositing sites for adults and food resources for the larvae. The processes behind host plant selection have been extensively studied, especially in closely related species in the context of niche separation. Empirical and theoretical studies have shown that multiple processes, such as resource competition, parasitoid avoidance and reproductive interference between interspecific individuals can affect host plant selection, often leading to niche separation. The aim of this study was to create and analyze a mathematical model using the adaptive dynamics techniques, in order to study the evolution of habitat selection. Our model incorporated three processes: Resource competition in the form of density dependent growth, parasitoid attacks and repro- ductive interference in a two species-two habitat system. It was hypothesized that the presence of parasitoids would promote co-existence through top-down control, while reproductive inter- ference would promote niche separation. The results confirmed both hypotheses. The analysis incorporating only the effect of parasitism showed the evolution of habitat separation when parasitoids attacked randomly and the evolution of co-existence in both habitats in the case of switching parasitoids. On the other hand, incorporating reproductive interference promoted the evolution of partial or complete niche separation. The extent of this process was shown to depend on the strength of reproductive interference and the initial habitat choice of the two species. Stronger reproductive interference increased the size of the set of initial conditions leading to the evolution of complete niche separation. The analysis conducted in this study demonstrated the opposing effects of parasitism and reproductive interference on the evolution of habitat selection, promoting co-existence and separation respectively. reproductive interference habitat selection modelling phytophagous insects Ecology Ekologi
22	Oxidation of plant allelochemicals by phytophagous sucking insects Lorraine, Debrah F. January 1995 (has links) (PDF) Addendum in pocket. Biblography: leaves 162-173. Phytophagous sucking insects, aphids in particular, are common pests of plants. These insects secrete salivary enzymes into their food material. One plant defence mechanism is the induction and/or accumulation of deterrent phytochemicals. In the present study, a model enzyme system was chosen to mimic the oxidative activity of insect saliva. Isolation and sructural identification of the products of plant allelochemicals was achieved for several substrates. Insects were also exposed to individual plant chemicals in feeding "choice" tests. Preliminary examinations suggest that plants containing increased levels of phenolic allelochemicals show correlated increases in resistance to attack by aphids. Allelopathic agents Aphididae Biological control Phytophagous insects Biological control Insect-plant relationships
23	Oxidation of plant allelochemicals by phytophagous sucking insects / by Debrah F. Lorraine. Lorraine, Debrah F. January 1995 (has links) Addendum in pocket. / Biblography: leaves 162-173. / v, 177, [5] leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Phytophagous sucking insects, aphids in particular, are common pests of plants. These insects secrete salivary enzymes into their food material. One plant defence mechanism is the induction and/or accumulation of deterrent phytochemicals. In the present study, a model enzyme system was chosen to mimic the oxidative activity of insect saliva. Isolation and sructural identification of the products of plant allelochemicals was achieved for several substrates. Insects were also exposed to individual plant chemicals in feeding "choice" tests. Preliminary examinations suggest that plants containing increased levels of phenolic allelochemicals show correlated increases in resistance to attack by aphids. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996 Allelopathic agents. Aphididae Biological control. Phytophagous insects Biological control. Insect-plant relationships.
24	The effect on phytophagous insects of variations in defence mechanisms within a plant West, Christopher January 1985 (has links) No description available. 595.78
25	Etude de l'histoire évolutive d'insectes phytophages: approche phylogéographique et développements méthodologiques Dellicour, Simon 04 December 2013 (has links) Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished Biologie Sciences exactes et naturelles Phytophagous insects Phylogeography Animal population genetics Honeybee Phytophages (Insectes) Phylogéographie Animaux -- Populations -- Génétique Honeybee population genetics PhyloGeoSim bee génétiques des populations phylogéographie phylogeography abeille insectes phytophages phytophagous insects SPADS Colletes Bombus
26	When and where to lay your eggs? Köhncke, Arnulf 26 September 2013 (has links) Bei der Eiablage müssen sich Pflanzen fressende Insekten wiederholt entscheiden, Eier auf Wirtspflanzen niedriger Qualität zu legen oder auf bessere Pflanzen zu warten. Diese Entscheidungen sind Fitness relevant, weil Larven sich je nach Wirt unterschiedlich entwickeln und weil Weibchen in diesem inter-temporären Optimierungsproblem sowohl zu wählerisch als auch nicht wählerisch genug sein und so nicht alle Eier bzw. Eier in zu geringer Qualität legen können. Meine Arbeit nutzt vier Ansätze um zu untersuchen, wie diese Entscheidungsprobleme entstehen und wie Weibchen diese strategisch lösen. Erstens benutze ich analytische Optimierungsmodelle um zu zeigen, dass ein evolutionärer Trade-Off zwischen Vermehrung und Überleben variierender evolutionär stabiler Ei- und Zeit-Limitierung führen kann, dass aber keiner dieser zwei Faktoren ignoriert werden darf. Zweitens stelle ich klar, dass in der Vergangenheit vorgeschlagene schematische Zeit- und Ei-Kosten der Eiablage sich nicht mit den wirklichen Selektionskräften auf die Ei-Anzahl decken und daher kein gutes Werkzeug zur Analyse von Eiablage-Strategien darstellen. Drittens zeige ich mit Optimierungs- und populationsgenetischen Modellen, dass räumliche Heterogenität in der Wirtsverfügbarkeit keine notwendige Bedingung für die Evolution von Generalismus ist, weil emergente Quellen-Senken Dynamiken die Anpassung der Insekten an marginale Habitate verhindern, wenn Migrationsraten nicht hoch sind. Viertens zeige ich an Agenten basierte Simulationen zum Beispiel des Aurorafalters, Anthocharis cardamines, dass der phänologische Spezialismus der Larven dieser Art den Eiablage-Generalismus der Weibchen zur Folge hat. Insgesamt zeigen diese vier Ergebnisse, wie nützlich theoretische Ansätze zur Untersuchung spezifischer Szenarios der strategischen Eiablage sein können und machen deutlich, dass die Evolution von Generalismus leichter aus zeitlicher denn aus räumlicher Heterogenität folgt. / Ovipositing phytophagous insects repeatedly face the decision problem of laying eggs on lower-quality host plants or waiting out for higher-quality ones. These choices carry fitness costs and benefits because larvae develop differentially on different hosts and because, in this inter-temporal optimization task, females may be too choosy and die before laying all eggs (i.e. become time-limited) or not be choosy enough and run out of eggs before their death (i.e. become egg-limited). This thesis employs four approaches to examine how oviposition decision problems arise and how they are strategically solved by female insects. First, I use analytical optimization models to show that a life-history trade-off between survival and reproduction can lead to varying evolutionarily stable levels of egg and time limitation, but that neither egg nor time limitation can be ignored in evolutionary analyses of oviposition. Second, I highlight that such schematic time and egg costs of oviposition as advocated in the past do not match the actual forces of natural selection on egg number as partitioned between egg and time limitation and therefore represent a less useful practice to analyze oviposition strategies. Third, I use optimality and population genetic models to show that spatial heterogeneity in host availability is not a sufficient condition for the evolution of generalism because emergent source-sink dynamics preclude adaptation of insects to marginal habitats unless migration rates are high. Fourth, I employ individual-based simulations built around the case study of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, to show that this species’ larvae’s phenological specialism may drive the adult females’ oviposition generalism. All these findings show the usefulness of theoretical approaches to examine specific questions of strategic oviposition. Moreover, they demonstrate that evolution of generalism more likely results from resource unpredictability in time than in space. Entscheidungsfindung Evolution Insekten Phytophagie Eiablage Oviposition evolution decision making insects phytophagous insects oviposition 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie 32 Biologie WT 3221 ddc:570
27	Drivers of macrophyte assemblages in South African freshwater systems Martin, Grant Douglas January 2013 (has links) Potentially damaging submerged invasive freshwater macrophytes have been identified in South African freshwater systems, but have received less attention than their floating counterparts. To ascertain the changes and effects that these species may have on macrophyte ecology, an understanding of the drivers of macrophyte assemblages is essential. The aims of this thesis were to investigate select abiotic and biotic factors driving introduction, establishment and spread of submerged macrophytes in South Africa. Surveys on the status of submerged plant species in South Africa were conducted to find out the distribution and diversity of the species present, imported to, and traded in South Africa. Numerous submerged indigenous and invasive macrophyte locality records were collected during field surveys, of which many were first time records. Pet stores and aquarist trading activities were identified as potential vectors for the spread of submerged macrophytes through online surveys and personal interviews. These results highlighted the potential these species have for continuing to enter, and spread within South African water bodies. Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) is a general-purpose method used to predict or infer distributions from incomplete information, and was used here to predict areas suitable for the establishment of five of these invasive macrophytes. Many systems throughout South Africa, particularly those in the subtropical coastal regions, were found to be climatically suitable for the establishment of Elodea canadensis Michx., Egeria densa Planch., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (all Hydrocharitaceae), Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae), and Cabomba caroliniana Gray (Cabombaceae). Despite the high probability of invasion, facilitated by vectors and suitable climate, South Africa’s rich indigenous submerged aquatic flora may be preventing the establishment of these submerged invasive species. Studies on the competitive interactions between a common indigenous submerged macrophytes, Lagarosiphon major (Roxb.) (Hydrocharitaceae) and M.spicatum, an invasive native to Eurasia, were conducted to ascertain which conditions influence competitive superiority. High sediment nutrient conditions significantly increased the growth rate and competitive ability of both species, while clay sediments significantly increased the competitive ability of L. major over M. spicatum, but sandy sediments improved the competitive ability of M. spicatum. These results highlighted the dynamic changes in competition between submerged species driven by abiotic factors, but did not take into consideration the effect that herbivory, a biotic factor, could have on competition between the two species. The effect of herbivory by phytophagous insects of submerged plant species has been regarded as negligible. To find out what this effect is, multiple field surveys were undertaken throughout South Africa to find natural enemies of indigenous Lagarosiphon species with the aim of identifying such species, and quantifying their influence on plant growth dynamics. Several new phytophagous species were recorded for the first time. An ephydrid fly, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae) was ascertained to be the most ubiquitous and abundant species associated with L. major in South Africa. The influence of herbivory by this fly on the competitive ability of L. major in the presence of M. spicatum was investigated using an inverse linear model, which showed that herbivory by H. lagarosiphon reduced the competitive ability of L. major by approximately five times in favour of M. spicatum. This study served to highlight the importance of herbivory as a driver of submerged aquatic plant dynamics. Current ecological theory emphasises the importance of investigating beyond plant-herbivore interactions, by including multitrophic interactions in community dynamics. Therefore, the potential of parasitism by a parasitoid wasp, Chaenusa luteostigma sp. n. Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) on H. lagarosiphon to shift the competitive interactions between the two plant species was also examined. The addition of the parasitoid reduced the effect of herbivory by the fly on L. major by half, thereby shifting the competitive balance in favour of L. major over M. spicatum. This study provides valuable insight into a selection of drivers of submerged macrophyte assemblages of South Africa. It highlights the precarious position of South African freshwater systems with regard to the potential invasion by damaging submerged invasive species. It also provides interesting insights into the effect of competition, herbivory and parasitism on the establishment and spread of species within submerged freshwater systems. Understanding the different influences could assist managers and policy makers to make validated decisions ensuring the integrity of South African freshwater systems. Freshwater plants -- South Africa Aquatic weeds -- South Africa Invasive plants -- South Africa Freshwater ecology -- South Africa Biotic communities -- South Africa Maximum entropy method Lagarosiphon major -- South Africa Phytophagous insects -- South Africa Hydrellia -- South Africa Parasitoids -- South Africa
28	Pflanze-Herbivore-Parasitoid Interaktionen auf Wildrosenarten und ihren Hybriden entlang eines geographischen Gradienten / Plant-herbivore-parasitoid interations on dog rose species and their hybrids along a geographic gradient Klinge, Katrin 19 January 2006 (has links) No description available. 590 Tiere (Zoologie) WN Mathematics and Natural Science Hundsrosen Phänotyp Rhagoletis alternata Diplolepis rosae Phragmidium phytophage Insekten Hybridisierung Allozyme genetische Differenzierung multitrophische Interaktionen geographischer Gradient Fressbarkeit Spodoptera littoralis Rosa canina Rosa corymbifera Rosa rubiginosa dog roses phenotyp Rhagoletis alternata <si>Diplolepis rosae Phragmidium phytophagous insects hybridisation allozymes genetic differentiation multitrophic interactions geographic gradient palatability Spodoptera littoralis Rosa canina Rosa corymbifera Rosa rubiginosa 42.65 Tiergeographie Tierökologie
29	Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Kots phytophager Insekten auf die Keimung und das frühe Wachstum von Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris L.), Birken (Betula pendula Roth.) und Eichen (Quercus robur L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Inhaltsstoff-Musters der Blattorgane / Investigation of the influence of insectfrass on the germination and the early growth of young pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), birches (Betula pendula Roth.) and oaks (Quercus robur L.) - especially on the patterns of the nutrients and inhibitors in the needles and leaves Jung, Peter 22 October 2004 (has links) No description available. 570 Biowissenschaften Biologie Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology phytophage Insekten Massenvermehrung Kiefer Birke Eiche Pinus Betula Quercus sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe Insektenkot Inhaltsstoffmuster Keimung Jugendwachstum phytophagous insects population explosion pine birch oak Pinus Betula Quercus The secondary plant substances insectfrass germination early growth 48.40 48.52 48.99 YP 000: Standortfaktoren YQE 000: Physiologie {Forstbotanik} YR 000: Forstzoologie YSH 000: Aufforstung Verjüngung und Bestandesgründung Auforstung
30	Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield Maas, Bea 20 November 2013 (has links) No description available. 630 birds bats arthropods multitrophic interactions agroforestry tropical landscape forest margin landscape functional diversity crop yield exclosure experiments experimental exclusion arthropod suppression avian predation ecosystem services mist netting point counts artificial plasticine caterpillar dummy experiment biological control monitoring mapping Lemon-bellied White-eye Grosbeak Starling Zosterops chloris Scissiostrum dubium Theobroma cacao cacao agroforestry cacao diseases cacao harvest cacao pests flying vertebrates aerial insectivores volant vertebrates logging breeding colony flower herbivory mesopredator release predatory insects ants spiders aphids Lepidoptera Coleoptera Lepidopteran larvae sustainable agriculture sustainable agroforestry management implications management recommendations applied managament extensive land use management landscape management conservation biodiversity-friendly dbh distance to forest forest proximity habitat conversion herbivory Indonesia insectivorous bats insectivorous birds invertebrates Central Sulawesi Napu valley leaf gleaning leaf herbivory pests insects phytophagous insects plant productivity remnant forest trees shade tree managament South-east Asia Paleotropics tropical landscape tree height landscape gradient local shade management Cacao Pod Borer Cherelle Wilt fruit abortion Helopeltis sulawesi deforestation habitat fragmentation land use intensification forest margin species critical decline predation experiment species-specific functions Southeast Asia biodiversity conservation mesopredators food security human welfare human well-being poverty alleviation poverty reduction smallholder cacao smallholder plantation cacao farmers sustainable cacao management landscape perspective landscape scale large scale field experiment long term field experiment human wellbeing economic importance economic value valuation ecosystem services landscape matrix yield quality yield quantity fruit productivity species identity species diversity species richness ecosystem functioning pesticide use chemical compounds complex food web tritrophic interactions wildlife-friendly rural livelihoods endangered bird species endangered bat species endemic endemic birds endemic bats beneficial impact IUCN Lore Lindu National Park bioindicator indicator species forest margin agricultural habitat agroforestry systems population density predation activity species activity cacao flower cacao pod Orthoptera linear mixed effect models Tukey Post Hoc Test AICc model selection generalized least squares restricted maximum likelihood model simplification species richness estimator species accumulation linear mixed-effects models Likelihood Ratio Test Maximum Likelihood nocturnal insects diurnal arthropods nocturnal arthropods diurnal insects landscape context Land- und Forstwirtschaft (PPN621302791)

Search results