Plusieurs recherches sont effectuées sur la laitue commercialisée (Lactuca sativa L.), afin d’améliorer sa résistance aux ravageurs. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner les impacts de la résistance de la laitue sur le puceron de la laitue, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Hemiptera : Aphididae) et son parasitoïde, Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). La résistance de la laitue affecte négativement la valeur adaptative du puceron en augmentant sa mortalité et son temps de développement et en diminuant sa fécondité, sa taille et son poids. Cet impact sur la valeur adaptative du puceron affecte aussi négativement le parasitoïde qui s'y développe en diminuant le pourcentage d’émergence, la taille et le poids des adultes, et en diminuant la fécondité des femelles. La femelle parasitoïde estime de manière absolue la qualité de ses hôtes puisqu’elle peut discriminer entre des hôtes de bonne et de faible qualité, sans expérience préalable. L’acceptation des hôtes de bonne qualité est similaire lorsqu’ils sont présentés successivement à la femelle; l’estimation de la valeur des hôtes est donc adéquate dès la première rencontre. Cependant, cet estimé absolu est modifié par l'expérience, puisque la femelle peut changer son exploitation selon la qualité des agrégats rencontrés. Lorsque des hôtes de basse qualité sont présentés successivement, l’acceptation de la femelle augmente. Accepter des hôtes de mauvaise qualité pour l’oviposition peut être préférable que de risquer de ne pas pondre tous ses œufs. L’utilisation d’une estimation absolue et relative par A. ervi peut mener à une exploitation optimale des agrégats. / New cultivars of commercialized lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with an improved resistance to pests are now available. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of lettuce resistance on the lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and one of its parasitoids, Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Lettuce resistance negatively affects aphid fitness by: increasing its mortality and developmental time and decreasing its fecundity, size and mass. This impact on aphid fitness also negatively impacts the parasitoid by decreasing its proportion of emergence, the size and mass of adults and decreasing fecundity of females. Female parasitoids estimate hosts quality in an absolute way as they can discriminate between high and low quality hosts, without previous experience. High quality host acceptation remains constant when hosts are successively offered to a female, indicating that the female can adequately estimate host value without experience. However, this absolute estimate of host quality is modified through experience as the female changes her patch exploitation according to the quality of the patches she encounters. When low quality hosts are successively offered, female acceptation increases. Accepting low quality hosts for oviposition can be preferable to the risk of not using all her eggs. The two strategies combined, using an absolute and a relative estimation, could lead to optimal patch exploitation by A. ervi.

Les peptides Albumines 1 b sont des membres de la famille structurale des knottines et présentent un potentiel intéressant en tant que composés insecticides. À ce jour, leur diversité parmi les Fabacées a été essentiellement étudiée en utilisant des approches biochimiques et moléculaires. Les ressources bioinformatiques (le séquençage complet du génome, les bases de données transcriptomiques (EST…), les atlas d’expression...) de l’espèce modèle des légumineuses, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), nous a permis de développer une approche génomique de cette biodiversité. Deux objectifs principaux nous ont guidé à : 1) déchiffrer l'histoire évolutive de la famille A1 dans cette espèce et 2) explorer la biodiversité naturelle afin de découvrir de nouvelles molécules bioactives. L'exploration du génome de Mtr a révélé une remarquable expansion, à travers des duplications en tandem, des loci A1 qui retiennent presque toutes la même structure génique canonique (2 exons et 1 intron). L'analyse phylogénétique nous a permis de comprendre l’évolution des gènes A1 intraspécifique et l’analyse de leur expression (EST, puces à ADN) a révélé la distribution de la famille des gènes A1 dans les organes de la plante (tissus) : Cette dernière s’est révélée bien plus diverse que celle connue chez les autres espèces examinées de légumineuses, où la famille était jusque-là principalement graine-spécifique. Selon plusieurs critères, certains peptides ont été sélectionnés puis chimiquement synthétisés et repliés in vitro et testés pour leur activité biologique. Parmi eux, un peptide, nommé AG41, isoforme MtrA1013 et issu de l’EST orpheline TA24778_3880, a révélé un pouvoir insecticide élevé et inattendu. L’analyse à grande échelle en présence d’homologues d’A1 des légumineuses a montré l’ancestralité de la fonction insecticide et l’âge de la famille est estimé à plus de 58 million d’années. Notre étude s’est aussi orientée vers l’analyse de cette famille peptidique chez des légumineuses originaires du Liban. Cette approche par biologie moléculaire nous a permis de caractériser 9 nouveaux gènes chez 6 espèces de Papilionoideae. L’étude plus approfondie de ces gènes au niveau structural et fonctionnel est envisagée. Afin de relier les variations de structure et d'activité, un système d'expression hétérologue (baculovirus/cellules d’insectes Sf9) a été mis au point. Le peptide recombinant de référence PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), même exprimé en faible quantité, présente une activité biologique et une masse bien conforme ainsi qu’une structure bien repliée. Ce système a permis, de même, de produire la proprotéine PA1, forme intermédiaire entre la préproprotéine et le peptide PA1b mature. Cette proprotéine, identifiée pour la première fois, ne présente aucune toxicité envers les cellules Sf9. / Albumin 1 b peptides are members of the knottin structural family and display an interesting potential as insecticidal compounds. To date their diversity among Fabaceae was essentially investigated using biochemical and molecular approaches. The bioinformatic resources (full-genome sequencing, EST database, gene expression atlas…) of the Legume model, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), prompted us to develop a large-scale approach in two ways: 1) to decipher the evolutionary history of A1 family in this species and 2) to explore the natural biodiversity to uncover new bioactive molecules. Exploring Mtr genome revealed a remarkable expansion, through tandem duplications, of A1 loci that retain nearly all the primary structure (2 exons and 1 intron) . Phylogenetic analysis has allowed us to understand the evolution of intraspecific A1 genes and the analysis of their expression (EST, microarrays), and revealed the distribution of the A1 gene family in plant organs (tissue): the latter proved to be much more diverse than that seen in other examined legumes species, where the family until then was mainly seed-specific. Selected upon several criteria some peptides were chemically synthezised, folded in vitro and assayed for their biological activity. Among them one peptide, named AG41: isoform MtrA1013 (orphan EST : TA24778_3880), revealed a high and unexpected insecticidal power. The large-scale analysis in the presence of legumes A1 homologous showed the ancestry of the isecticidal function and the age of this family is estimated to be more than 58 million years. Our study is also directed towards the analysis of this family of peptide in legumes from Lebanon. This approach based on molecular biology has allowed us to characterize nine new genes in six species of Papilionoideae. The further study of these genes at the structural and functional level is considered. To link changes in structure and activity, a heterologous expression system (baculovirus / insect Sf9 cells) was developed. The reference recombinant peptide PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), even expressed in small quantities, was biologicaly active and harbouring the expected mass as well as a well-folded structure. This system has enabled also to produce the proprotein PA1, intermediate form between the preproprotein and the mature peptide PA1b. This proprotein, identified for the first time, has no toxicity towards Sf9 cells.

Orientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Banca: Francisco Jorge Cividanes / Banca: José Djair Vendramim / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar possíveis fontes de resistência de genótipos de amendoinzeiro a Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 dos tipos não-preferência para alimentação, oviposição e antibiose, em avaliações de parâmetros biológicos das fases jovem e adulta do inseto, tendo como objetivo secundário demonstrar a viabilidade do emprego de análises multivariadas para interpretação de dados em testes de antibiose. Os experimentos foram realizados sob condições controladas (temperatura: 26 ± 2ºC, U.R. 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas) no Laboratório de Resistência de Plantas a Insetos, pertencente ao Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal/SP. Os genótipos utilizados foram: IAC 5; IAC 8112; IAC 22 e IAC Tatu st de hábito de crescimento ereto, e IAC 147; IAC 125; IAC Caiapó e IAC Runner 886 de hábito crescimento rasteiro. Os testes de não-preferência para alimentação foram realizados com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando lagartas de 3º ínstar. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 3; 5; 10; 15; 30; 60; 120; 360 e 480 minutos após a liberação, contando o número de indivíduos se alimentando por genótipo, e quantificando ao término do experimento a área foliar consumida por genótipo. Para os testes de não-preferência para oviposição, avaliou-se o número de ovos por cm2 de folha. Os genótipos IAC Caiapó, IAC Runner 886, IAC 125, IAC 5 e IAC 147 apresentaram características de resistência por serem menos preferidos para alimentação de A. gemmatalis, sendo IAC 147 menos preferido nos testes de não-preferência para alimentação com e sem chance de escolha, e não-preferência para oviposição sem chance de escolha. No teste de antibiose além dos genótipos de amendoim, utilizouse o genótipo de soja BR 16, como padrão de suscetibilidade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate possible resistance sources of peanuts genotypes for no feeding preference, no oviposition preference and antibiosis tests, in evaluations of biological parameters of adult and larvae phases of Anticarsia gemmatalis, and as secondary objective to confirm the importance of multivariate statistical for interpretation of data in antibiosis tests. Experiments were realized under controlled conditions (temperature: 26 ± 2ºC, R.H. 60 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours) in the Laboratory of Plant Resistance to Insects, pertaining to Department of Fitossanidade - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal/SP. The genotypes used were: IAC 5; IAC 8112; IAC 22 and IAC Tatu st of upright growth habit, and IAC 147; IAC 125; IAC Caiapó and IAC Runner 886 of runner growth habit. In the no-preference feeding tests, larvae's of 3º ínstar were utilized, being the evaluations done to: 3; 5; 10; 15; 30; 60; 120; 360 and 480 minutes after liberation, counting the numbers of individuals feeding per genotype and quantifying in experiment finish the leaf area consumed per genotype. For the no-preference oviposition tests, the number of eggs per cm2 of leaf were evaluated. The genotypes IAC Caiapó, IAC Runner 886, IAC 125, IAC 5 e IAC 147 demonstrated resistance characteristics, presenting low preference to feeding of A. gemmatalis, especially IAC 147 that presented low preference in choice and no choice feeding tests, and no choice oviposition test. For the antibiosis test, beyond the peanuts genotypes the soybean genotype BR 16 was included as susceptibility parameter, being evaluated the biological parameters: leaf consumption, weight of larvae in 4º instar and pupa with 24h, larval and pupal period and adult's longevity. After, were done leaves analysis iv nutritional of genotypes, and verified that quality nutrition not influenced the selection ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les bactéries promotrices de la croissance des plantes (PGPR) peuvent améliorer la performance et la tolérance des plantes lors de stress environnementaux. Arabidopsis thaliana est un modèle de choix pour étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans les interactions plante-bactéries. Nous avons analysé de multiples traits associés à la dynamique de croissance, au développement et la physiologie des végétaux afin d'évaluer les effets de l'inoculation par Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196, une PGPR isolée de la rhizosphère du colza, sur les réponses d'A. thaliana à des stress hydriques de différentes intensités. Grâce à des outils performants de phénotypage, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche d'analyse à haut-débit pour examiner l'implication de STM196 dans les stratégies de résistance des plantes au stress hydrique. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que les PGPR peuvent interférer dans les stratégies d'échappement des plantes grâce à des modifications de la croissance et du temps de floraison. De plus, STM196 induit une meilleure résistance au déficit hydrique modéré et une meilleure tolérance à la déshydratation sous une contrainte hydrique sévère. L'inoculation par STM196 peut ainsi représenter une valeur ajoutée aux stratégies de résistance intrinsèques aux plantes, ce qui est illustrée par sa remarquable capacité à promouvoir la survie et la production de biomasse végétale dans des environnements contrastés. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance des interactions plantes-bactéries dans les réponses des plantes à la sécheresse et offrent de nouvelles voies de recherches pour l'amélioration de la résistance à la sécheresse dans les cultures. / Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance plant performance and plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful organism to study the mechanisms involved in plant-PGPR interactions. We analyzed multiple plant traits related to growth dynamics, development and physiology in order to assess the effects of Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196 strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape, on Arabidopsis responses to well-defined soil water availability. Using powerful tools for phenotyping, we developed a new high-throughput analysis to examine the implication of STM196 on plant strategies to cope with water stress. Our results show for the first time that PGPR can interfere in escape strategies of plants through modifications in plant growth and flowering time. Moreover, STM196 induced a better resistance to moderate water deficit and a better tolerance to dehydration under a severe stress. Inoculation by STM196 can represent an added value to plant resistance strategies, as illustrated by its remarkable ability to promote plant survival and biomass production under contrasted environments. Our results highlight the importance of plant-bacteria interactions in plant responses to drought and provide a new avenue of investigations to improve drought resistance in crops.

No description available.

Leaf rust and stripe rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are caused by the fungal pathogens Puccinia triticina, and Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, respectively. In North America, the incorporation of adult-plant resistance (APR) genes into breeding lines has been an important strategy to achieve durable resistance to both diseases. Previously, the spring wheat cultivar AC Domain was reported to express an effective level of adult-plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust under field conditions. Early gene postulation work had suggested AC Domain might carry the APR gene Lr34 due to its phenotypic similarity to other Lr34 carrying lines. However, new gene specific markers have shown that AC Domain is not a carrier of Lr34. The objective of this research was to genetically localize the resistance in AC Domain, which is important because the cultivar has frequently been used as a parent in Canadian breeding programs, primarily for its value as a source of pre-harvest sprouting resistance. A mapping population of 185 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross ‘RL4452’ by ‘AC Domain’ was used for this study. RL4452 is a known carrier of Lr34. During 2011-2012, the DH population was evaluated in field leaf rust nurseries at Saskatoon, SK and Portage, MB and at a stripe rust nursery at Lethbridge, AB. Field results indicated that rust resistance in the mapping population was variable, with lines ranging from highly resistant, to highly susceptible. DH lines carrying Lr34 showed a high level of resistance to both diseases. Thus, the non-Lr34 carriers were genotyped using select SSR markers, and by an Illumina 9k Infinium iSelect SNP assay for subsequent quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. QTL analysis revealed that AC Domain donated a major resistance QTL located on chromosome 2BS, that mapped 46 cM proximal to markers linked to Lr16, and explained a significant portion of the leaf and stripe rust phenotypic variance in all test environments. In addition, this QTL was significantly associated with the expression leaf tip necrosis (LTN), reduction in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI). In certain environments the interaction between the 2B QTL and Lr34 was additive resulting in a superior level of rust resistance. Indoor rust testing showed AC Domain was susceptible to both diseases at the seedling stage. Taken together these results suggest that the identified resistance in AC Domain is likely due to the presence of an APR gene, on chromosome 2BS.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-24T14:16:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Colares Batista.pdf: 401499 bytes, checksum: 66c8054daa99b1513bf4eeb2b13516c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T14:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Colares Batista.pdf: 401499 bytes, checksum: 66c8054daa99b1513bf4eeb2b13516c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of brassicas throughout the world. Prospective results toward DBM manage in cabbage have been achieved using host plant resistance and biological control. However, host plant characteristics conferring resistance against herbivores might also affect their natural enemies. Thus, this work evaluated the influence of red and green (Chato-de-quintal) cabbages on the biology and oviposition preference of P. xylostella and the interaction with the larval-pupal parasitoid Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Based on life history parameters for DBM, green cabbage was less favorable compared to red cabbage by delaying larval and pupal stages, and reducing female fecundity. However, under free choice tests for oviposition, DBM females preferred to lay eggs on green than red cabbage. Tests in olfactometer, isolating the color effect of the host plant, however, resulted in similar moth attraction between green and red cabbage. Foraging of O. sokolowskii females was similar on both cabbage cultivars infested with DBM larvae under large cage free choice tests. Furthermore, similar number of parasitized larvae, total number of emerged parasitoids, and adult female parasitoid longevity were found for DBM larvae reared on both cabbage cultivars under laboratory conditions. However, the period from parasitism to adult parasitoid emergence was one day shorter and a higher number of parasitoids produced per parasitized larva was achieved when parasitizing larvae reared on green cabbage. In conclusion, the results indicate a positive association of host plant resistance with the parasitism of O. sokolowskii to manage DBM and suggest that the cabbage color plays an important role on host preference for oviposition by the pest. / A traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), é considerada a principal praga das brássicas em todo o mundo. Resultados promissores para o manejo desta praga têm sido alcançados com o uso de cultivares resistentes e controle biológico. Entretanto, sabe-se que características conferindo resistência às plantas não afetam somente os herbívoros, mas também os inimigos naturais associados a eles. Assim, esse trabalho avaliou a influência das cultivares de repolho Roxo e Verde (Chato-de-quintal) na biologia e na preferência para oviposição de P. xylostella, e o efeito no desempenho do parasitóide Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Com base nos parâmetros da tabela de vida, a cultivar Chato-de-quintal mostrou-se menos favorável para o desenvolvimento de P. xylostella, por ocasionar maior duração das fases de larva e pupa e redução na fecundidade das fêmeas em relação a cultivar Roxo. Entretanto, a cultivar Chato-de-quintal foi a mais preferida por P. xylostella para oviposição em comparação a cultivar Roxo. Testes de livre escolha das mariposas em olfatômetro, isolando a coloração do hospedeiro, resultaram em semelhança de escolha entre repolho Roxo e Verde. O forrageamento de fêmeas de O. sokolowskii em plantas de ambas as cultivares infestadas com larvas da traça-das-crucíferas em testes de livre escolha foi similar. Também, não houve diferença no número de larvas parasitadas, número total de descendentes produzidos e longevidade média das fêmeas adultas do parasitóide em condições de laboratório. Entretanto, foi observado maior número de descendentes por larva parasitada e, aproximadamente, um dia a menos na duração do período ovo-adulto em larvas da traça-das-crucíferas criadas em repolho Chato-de-quintal. Assim, estes resultados mostram uma associação positiva entre a resistência de cultivares de repolho e o controle biológico com O. sokolowskii visando o manejo da traça-das-crucíferas e sugerem que a cor da cultivar possui papel importante na escolha do hospedeiro para oviposição pela praga.

Le retrait des nématicides rend urgent la mise au point de méthodes alternatives de lutte contre les nématodes parasites des cultures et la création de variétés résistantes est une voie prometteuse. En vignoble, le nématode Xiphinema index a un impact économique élevé en transmettant le Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), principal virus du court-noué de la vigne et première virose de la vigne à l’échelle mondiale. Des porte-greffe résistants vis-à-vis du vecteur X. index basés sur la source de résistance muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia) sont en cours de sélection chez la vigne afin de stopper ou retarder l’infection. Sur cette culture, une étude antérieure avait montré que ce nématode parthénogénétique méiotique est aussi capable de se reproduire (rarement) de façon sexuée. Un travail préliminaire de phylogéographie avait permis de révéler les groupes prédominants de diversité et de sélectionner des populations représentatives pour la création de lignées monofemelles. La durabilité de la résistance doit prendre en compte la diversité du nématode. Dans ce contexte, la thèse a d’abord complété et approfondi l’approche phylogéographique en utilisant une très large gamme d’échantillons originaires de l’aire mondiale de répartition de la vigne. Nos résultats permettent de proposer des hypothèses fortes afin de localiser l’aire native du nématode X. index au Moyen-Orient et de retracer ses itinéraires de dissémination à partir de l’Antiquité. IIs illustrent également le lien étroit depuis cette époque entre la dissémination du nématode et celle de la vigne domestiquée par l’homme. La deuxième partie de la thèse a évalué la durabilité de la résistance de matériel porte-greffe issu de la muscadine en serre (nématodes non virulifères sur plants entre 3 et 6 ans) et en vignoble (nématodes virulifères sur plants âgés de 16 ans). En serre, des accessions résistantes F1 ou BC1, préalablement obtenues à partir d’in vitro ou de boutures ligneuses, ont été inoculées avec un mélange de 4 lignées représentatives, chaque lignée étant traçable avec des marqueurs microsatellites. Nous avons montré que les nématodes issus de plants obtenus par multiplication in vitro surmontent progressivement la résistance tandis que le matériel issu de boutures exprime une résistance durable. La multiplication progressive des nématodes sur le matériel résistant uniquement dans le cas où il est issu d’in vitro écarte a priori l’hypothèse d’une adaptation génétique du nématode. Elle apparaît liée à une architecture différente du système racinaire chez les plants issus de ce type de multiplication, multiplication qui pourrait induire des changements physiologiques discrets mais durables dans les tissus racinaires apicaux à partir desquels les nématodes se nourrissent. Le génotypage des nématodes par microsatellites a permis de détecter un taux bas mais croissant d’individus hybrides entre lignées sur les plants âgés de 4 à 6 ans, ce qui confirme l’aptitude de multiplication sexuée précédemment observée en vignoble. Du fait que l’observation d’individus hybrides apparaît indépendante du type de propagation et du statut de résistance de la plante, nos résultats écartent l’hybridation comme mode d’adaptation du nématode qui serait à même d’expliquer le contournement de la résistance chez les plants issus d’in vitro. En vignoble, après 16 années, les nématodes ont été quasi-impossibles à détecter sur l’accession résistante BC1 qui est également peu affectée par les attaques virales, tandis que des effectifs de nématodes plus élevés ont été retrouvés sur une accession témoin sensible dont les plants sont par contre très majoritairement morts ou en dépérissement. Considérés globalement, nos résultats montrent que la stratégie de résistance basée sur la muscadine apparaît durable. Cette stratégie ciblée sur le nématode vecteur contribuera à réduire significativement l’impact du GFLV transmis par X. index. / The ban of most nematicides renders urgent control alternatives against plant-parasitic nematodes and breeding for resistant plant varieties is promising. In vineyards, the nematode Xiphinema index has a high economical impact by transmitting Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the main virus of ‘Court-noué’ disease and the first grapevine viral disease worldwide. Resistant rootstocks are being selected in grapevine, using Muscadinia rotundifolia (muscadine) as a resistance source to the vector, in order to arrest or delay GFLV transmission. In this crop, a previous study had shown that this meiotic parthenogenetic nematode is able to reproduce sexually (rarely) in the field. A preliminary phylogenetic work had allowed to reveal the predominant diversity groups and to select representative populations for the creation of single-female lines. Resistance durability is a real challenge that must consider the key information of the nematode diversity. In this context, the PhD project first completed and deepened our phylogeographical approach using an extended geographic coverage of the worldwide nematode distribution. Our results allow proposing strong hypotheses to locate the native area of X. index in the Middle-East and trace its dissemination routes from the Antiquity. They also highlight the close link since this epoch between dissemination of the nematode and domesticated grapevine by man. The second part of the PhD project has then evaluated the durability of muscadine-derived rootstock material in greenhouse (non viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 3 to 6 years) and field (viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 16 years) conditions. In the greenhouse, F1 and BC1 resistant accessions, previously obtained from both in vitro and hardwood-cutting propagation, were inoculated with 4 mixed representative X. index lines, traceable each with microsatellite markers. We showed that nematodes from plants obtained from in vitro progressively overcame the resistance while the material obtained from cuttings displayed a durable resistance. Nematode progressive multiplication in resistant accessions obtained only from in vitro removes a priori the hypothesis of a nematode genetic adaptation and appears linked to a different architecture of the root system in this propagation type. This type may have induced discrete but durable physiological changes in apical root tissues from where nematodes feed. Nematode microsatellite genotyping allowed detecting a low but increasing rate of hybrid individuals from 4 to 6 years, which confirms data from the vineyard. As the hybrid occurrence appears independent from the propagation type and the resistance status of the plant, our data discard hybridization as the mode of adaptation of the nematode underlying resistance breakdown from in vitro plants. In field conditions, after 16 years, nematodes were almost undetectable on the resistant BC1 accession, also almost unaffected by the viral attacks, while higher numbers were detected on a susceptible control accession, whose plants were by contrast in high majority dead or poorly vigorous. Taken all together, our results show that the muscadine-derived resistance strategy appears durable. This strategy focused on vector control will significantly contribute to reduce the impact of GFLV transmitted by X. index.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis modulates plant‐herbivore interactions. Still, how it shapes the overall plant defence strategy and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigated how AM symbiosis simultaneously modulates plant resistance and tolerance to a shoot herbivore, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Bioassays with Medicago truncatula plants were used to study the effect of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on plant resistance and tolerance to Spodoptera exigua herbivory. By performing molecular and chemical analyses, we assessed the impact of AM symbiosis on herbivore‐triggered phosphate (Pi)‐ and jasmonate (JA)‐related responses. Upon herbivory, AM symbiosis led to an increased leaf Pi content by boosting the mycorrhizal Pi‐uptake pathway. This enhanced both plant tolerance and herbivore performance. AM symbiosis counteracted the herbivore‐triggered JA burst, reducing plant resistance. To disentangle the role of the mycorrhizal Pi‐uptake pathway in the plant's response to herbivory, we used the mutant line ha1‐2, impaired in the H+‐ATPase gene HA1, which is essential for Piuptake via the mycorrhizal pathway. We found that mycorrhiza‐triggered enhancement of herbivore performance was compromised in ha1‐2 plants. AM symbiosis thus affects the defence pattern of M. truncatula by altering resistance and tolerance simultaneously. We propose that the mycorrhizal Pi‐uptake pathway is involved in the modulation of the plant defence strategy.