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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

Measuring magnetic fields in galaxies

Montgomery, Jordan Daniel 03 August 2018 (has links)
The magnetic (B) field in the disk of a galaxy may play an important role in the dynamics and evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). The process by which the interstellar B-field is generated and maintained is not well understood, but the general expectation is that the generated B-field will be toroidal (parallel to the disk of the galaxy). The large-scale B-field threading the cold ISM of external galaxies can be probed via optical and near-infrared (NIR) polarimetric observations. However, scattered light can introduce false-positive B-field detections into these observations and is a source of contamination. This dissertation sets a context for observations of the Milky Way B-field by assessing the degree to which scattered light affects NIR polarimetry and reporting measurements of the B-fields in the disks of several external galaxies. The polarization properties of scattered light were investigated in order to better understand the degree to which scattered light may be a source of contamination in studies of the cold ISM B-field of external galaxies. The optical and NIR polarization of three, nearby, reflection nebulae was observed, and the wavelength dependence of the polarization percentage was measured. This wavelength dependence was found to be related to the characteristics of the scattering dust grain population with the general conclusion that the total amount of polarized, scattered light decreases with increasing wavelength. This analysis was repeated for the scattering-dominated galaxy M82 to test if similar results obtained for galaxies outside the Milky Way. Observations of this object indicate that the total amount of contamination from scattered light in this object is also less at NIR wavelengths than at optical wavelengths, and they confirm that B-field generated polarization can be detected in external galaxies. A sample of edge-on galaxies was observed for NIR polarization to measure the cold ISM B-field there. These observations indicate the likely presence of non-toroidal B-fields, localized, coherent B-field structures, and spiral disk structure detectable via NIR polarimetry. A comparison of the B-fields threading the cold and hot components of the ISM suggests that these B-fields may be dynamically distinct under certain conditions.
322

Hybrid photonic systems consisting of dielectric photonic crystals and plasmonic meta-atoms for nanoscale light manipulation / 誘電体フォトニック結晶とプラズモニックメタ原子結合系におけるナノスケール光制御

Lee, Yoonsik 24 March 2014 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18284号 / 工博第3876号 / 新制||工||1595(附属図書館) / 31142 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 野田 進, 教授 川上 養一, 教授 藤田 静雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM
323

Image Contrast Enhancement Using Biomolecular Photonic Contrast Agents and Polarimetric Imaging Principles

Paturi, Sriram Atreya 12 May 2008 (has links)
No description available.
324

Low Cost Electronically Steered Phase Arrays for Weather Applications

Sanchez-Barbetty, Mauricio 01 February 2011 (has links)
The Electronically Steered Phased Array is one of the most versatile antennas used in radars applications. Some of the advantages of electronic steering are faster scan, no moving parts and higher reliability. However, the cost of phased arrays has always been prohibitive - in the order of $1M per square meter. The cost of a phased array is largely impacted by the cost of the high frequency electronics at each element and the cost of packaging. Advances in IC integration will allow incorporating multiple elements such as low noise amplifier, power amplifier, phase shifters and up/down-conversion into one or two ICs. Even though the cost for large quantities of ICs (both Silicon and GaAs) has lowered, the high cost of IC packaging and the array backplane still make the use of phase arrays for radar applications costly. The focus of this research is on techniques that reduce the packaging and the backplane cost of large electronically steered arrays. These techniques are based on simplified signal distributions schemes, reduction of layers in the backplane and use of inexpensive materials. Two architectures designed based on these techniques, as well as a novel BGA active antenna package for dual polarized phased arrays are presented. The first architecture, called the series fed row-column architecture, focuses on the reduction of phase shifters and control signals used in the backplane of the array. The second architecture, called the parallel plate feed architecture, is based on a simplified scheme for distribution of the local oscillator signal. A prototype making use of each one of these architectures is presented. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of each of these architectures is described. The necessity of cost reduction is a factor that can possibly impact the polarization performance of the antenna. This factor is a motivation to study and develop calibration techniques that reduce the cross-polarization of electronically steered phased arrays. Advances on Interleaving Sparse Arrays, a beam forming technique for polarization improvement/correction in phased arrays, are also presented.
325

A Captured and Divided Civil Society : A Study of Democracy and Civil Society in Central Eastern Europe

Hedkvist, Ida January 2024 (has links)
This paper investigates the interplay between pernicious polarization, autonomy of civil society - here called civil society capture, and liberal democracy in Central and Eastern Europe from 2006 to 2020. In the absence of prior time-series data on pernicious polarization and civil society capture, this study built and analysed a dataset of these variables across the region, testing six hypotheses. The findings confirm that both pernicious polarization and civil society capture exhibited an increase during the study period across most CEE countries, the findings also confirm hypotheses linking polarization/civil society capture with democracy, revealing a negative correlation between these variables and liberal democracy. Moreover, a qualitative analysis conducted on four countries highlighted mechanisms through which polarization might contribute to democratic decline. Factors such as the depth of polarization, divisive rhetoric, and sociocultural divides emerged as crucial elements in potentially fuelling democratic backsliding.
326

Half-wave Plates for the Spider Cosmic Microwave Background Polarimeter

Bryan, Sean Alan 11 June 2014 (has links)
No description available.
327

Global Polarization of the Lamba/Anti-Lambda System in the STAR BES

Upsal, Isaac 10 August 2018 (has links)
No description available.
328

Engineering of Complex Optical Fields and Its Applications

Han, Wei 30 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
329

Political Polarization and Independent Voters in American Politics

Hong, Jung-Min 15 October 2015 (has links)
No description available.
330

Is anybody following? : elite polarization and how masses react to it

Çakır, Mehmet Ali Semih 02 1900 (has links)
Il y a une préoccupation croissante parmi les experts en ce qui a trait à la polarisation idéologique des élites politiques en raison de son potentiel à pousser les masses vers les extrêmes et à exacerber la polarisation affective. Ces préoccupations sont-elles justifiées? Cette thèse comprend trois articles distincts mais liés, chacun contribuant à apporter une réponse à cette question. Le premier chapitre empirique (chapitre 2) examine si la polarisation idéologique des élites a augmenté au fil du temps en Europe de l’Ouest. Pour ce faire, ce chapitre se concentre sur la polarisation des partis politiques (c’est-à-dire la polarisation idéologique des élites) sur trois dimensions (économique, sociale et sur la question de l’intégration européenne) simultanément, car la transformation post-industrielle de l’espace politique européen a entraîné une politique multidimensionnelle qui n’est pas toujours alignée avec l’une et l’autre. De plus, le chapitre 2 compare ces tendances à celles fondées sur la dimension traditionnelle gauche-droite. En utilisant les jugements d’experts du Chapel Hill Expert Survey comme indicateur des positions des partis, la polarisation des parties est mesurée en fonction de leur dispersion moyenne des partis par rapport au centre relatif du système politique. Ce chapitre montre une tendance vers une plus grande polarisation des partis sur la dimension gauche-droite ainsi que sur les dimensions économique et sociale, mais pas sur la dimension d’integration européenne. Les partis prennent de plus en plus de positions distinctes sur les questions économique et sociales, et le "menu" idéologique servi aux citoyens est devenu plus diversifié u fil du temps. De plus, il montre que la polarisation des partis sur les dimensions économique, sociales et d’intégration européenne est modérément corrélée à celle de la dimension gauche-droite traditionnelle, tandis que les corrélations de la polarisation des partis sur ces dimensions entre elles sont plutôt faibles. Bien que la dimension gauche-droite agisse comme une position super-thématique qui absorbe les positions des partis sur d’autres dimensions, elles ne sont pas nécessairement alignées les unes sur les autres. Ayant établi que la polarisation idéologique des élites est en hausse en Europe de l’Ouest, le deuxième chapitre empirique (chapitre 3) examine comment les masses réagissent à l’augmentation de la polarisation idéologiques des élites. Plus précisément, la question est de savoir si la polarisation idéologique des élites conduit à une polarisation idéologique des masses. En d'autres termes, lorsque des propositions de politique plus extrêmes sont disponibles pour les citoyens, adoptent-ils également des préférences de politique plus extrêmes? Ce chapitre avance que les masses se polarisent suivant deux mécanismes. En vertu de la théorie de l’identité sociale, les partisans devraient suivre leur parti et adopter une position idéologique plus extrême, tandis que les non-partisans devraient réagir à l'opposé. De plus, ce chapitre soutient que si les partisans se polarisent en fonction des changements qui surviennent à l'interieur de leur parti dépend de leur position spatiale par rapport à ce même parti sur l’échelle idéologique. Par exemple, seuls ceux qui sont parfaitement alignée avec leur parti ou plus à droite que leur parti devraient se conformer aux mouvements des élites. Ce chapitre teste ces attentes dans un cadre réel en s’appuyant sur un design quasi-expérimentale. Le chapitre exploite une augmentation subite de la polarisation idéologique de l’élite qui s’est produite lorsque le Parti travailliste au Royaume-Uni a subi une changement de position soudain avec l’élection de Jeremy Corbyn à titre de nouveau chef. À l’aide des données du British Election Study Internet Panel, ce chapitre ne trouve que des éléments de preuves limitées supportant l'hypothèse que la polarisation de l’élite entraîne une polarisation idéologique de masse : ni les partisans du Parti travailliste ni les autres partisans ne sont devenus plus polarisés à la suite du changement de position du Parti travailliste. Seule une petite minorité de partisans travaillistes situés à droite du parti ont suivi le parti en adoptant une position plus à gauche sur le plan idéologique. De plus, contrairement aux attentes, la plupart des partisans et des non-partisans ont modéré leurs positions. Ce chapitre examine les raisons potentielles de cet effet inattendu. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats améliorent nos connaissances sur la manière dont les masses réagissent à la polarisation de l’élite et contribuent à dissiper les préoccupations des experts selon lesquelles les masses deviendraient elles-mêmes idéologiquement polarisées lorsque les partis politiques se polarisent. Le troisième chapitre empirique (chapitre 4) étend l’étude aux réactions affectives des citoyens. Les masses deviennent-elles affectivement plus polarisées lorsque la polarisation idéologique de l’élite augmente ? En se basant sur le contexte britannique, qui a connu une montée de la polarisation idéologique de l’élite en raison du virage à gauche du Parti travailliste et du conflit du Brexit en cours, ce chapitre constate qu’une augmentation de la polarisation idéologique de l’élite conduit à une polarisation affective plus élevée des masses, même parmi les partisans de l’opposition et ceux qui ne sont pas attachés à un parti (c’est-à-dire les indépendants). Les résultats montrent que l’effet de la polarisation de l’élite sur la polarisation affective des masses est davantage influencé par les sentiments envers le parti avec lequels identifient les individus que par les sentiments que ceux-ci entretiennent envers le parti opposé. Ces résultats suggèrent que la polarisation affective ne reflète pas nécessairement de l’animosité envers le parti opposé, mais peut fluctuer en raison des changements dans le niveau d’enthousiasme à l'égard de son propre parti. Ce chapitre constate également une relation causale bidirectionnelle entre la perception par des citoyens de la polarisation idéologique de l’élite et leur polarisation affective. Cela signifie que la polarisation affective est enracinée à la fois dans l’identité et l’idéologie. Les résultats suggèrent que la polarisation affective peut être tempérée dans une certaine mesure par une position modérée des partis, mais que certains niveaux de polarisation affective sont inhérents aux systems démocratiques. Les analyses présentées dans cette thèse permettent d'apporter une réponse claire mais nuancée concernant les préoccupations des experts concernant sur l’augmentation de la polarisation idéologique et ses effets potentiellement néfastes. La polarisation idéologique des élites a augmenté en Europe de l’Ouest. Cependant, l’augmentation de la polarisation idéologique des élites ne conduit pas nécessairement à une polarisation idéologique accrue des masses, bien qu’elle conduise à une polarisation affective accrue parmi les citoyens. Dans la mesure où des niveaux excessifs de polarisation affective peuvent compromettre les démocraties représentatives, il peut être raisonnable pour les experts de s’inquiéter de l’augmentation des niveaux de polarisation idéologique des élites. Cependant, si la polarisation affective ne représente pas une menace pour les démocraties représentatives et ne conduit pas au délitement du tissu social, il peut ne pas être nécessaire de s’inquiéter immédiatement de l’impact de la polarisation idéologique des élites sur ce phénomène. / There is a growing concern among experts and policymakers about the increasing elite ideological polarization due to its potential to push the masses to the extremes and exacerbate affective polarization. Are these concerns warranted? This dissertation has 3 standalone articles, each of which contributes to providing an answer to this overarching question. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 2) examines whether elite ideological polarization has increased over time in Western Europe. To do so, it focuses on party polarization (i.e., elite ideological polarization) on three dimensions (the economic, social, and European integration dimensions) simultaneously, as the post-industrialization transformation of the European political space has resulted in multi-dimensional politics that are not always aligned with each other. Additionally, it compares these trends to those based on the traditional left-right dimension. Using mean expert judgments from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey as an indicator of party positions, party polarization is measured based on the average dispersion of parties from the relative center of the political system. This chapter finds a trend towards more party polarization on the left-right, economic, and social dimensions, but not on the European integration dimension. Parties increasingly take more distinct positions from each other on economic and social issues, and the available ideological menu available to citizens has become more diverse over time. Moreover, it shows that party polarization on economic, social, and European integration dimensions moderately correlates with that on traditional left-right dimension while the correlations of party polarization on these dimensions are relatively weak. While left-right acts like a super-issue position that absorbs party positions on other dimensions, they are not necessarily aligned with each other. Having established that elite ideological polarization is on the rise in Western Europe, second empirical chapter (Chapter 3) turns to how the masses react to the increasing elite ideological polarization. Specifically, the question is whether elite ideological polarization leads to mass ideological polarization. When more extreme policy proposals are available to citizens, do they also adopt more extreme policy preferences? This chapter argues that masses become polarized through two mechanisms. Based on social identity theory, in-partisans should follow their party and adopt a more extreme ideological stance, while out-partisans should backlash and move in the opposite direction. Additionally, this chapter argues that whether in-partisans become polarized when their party does so depends on their spatial location relative to the party on the ideological scale. For example, only those who are perfectly aligned with the party or more right-wing than the party should follow the party to the left when it moves in that direction. This chapter tests these expectations in a real-world setting by relying on a quasi-experimental design. It leverages a sudden increase in elite ideological polarization that occurred when the Labour Party in the United Kingdom underwent a sudden position change when Jeremy Corbyn was elected as its new leader. Using British Election Study Internet Panel data, this chapter finds limited evidence that elite polarization leads to mass ideological polarization: Neither in-partisans nor out-partisans became more polarized following the change in the Labour Party’s position. Only a small minority of Labour partisans that were located to the right of the Labour Party followed the party by adopting a more left-wing ideological stance. Moreover, contrary to the expectations, I find that most in- and out-partisans moderated their positions. This chapter discusses the potential reasons for this unexpected effect. The third empirical chapter (Chapter 4) extends the investigation to citizens’ affective reactions. Do the masses become affectively more polarized when elite ideological polarization increases? Relying on the British context, which experienced a surge in elite ideological polarization as a result of both the leftward pivot of the Labour Party and the ongoing Brexit conflict, this chapter finds that an increase in elite ideological polarization leads to higher mass affective polarization, even among out-partisans (i.e., those who identify with the out-party) and those who lack partisan attachment (i.e., independents). The results show that the effect of elite polarization on affective mass polarization is driven more by in-party feelings than out-party feelings. These results suggest that affective polarization is not necessarily a reflection of out-party animosity, but can fluctuate due to changes in in-party enthusiasm. This chapter also finds a bidirectional causal relationship between how citizens perceive elite ideological polarization and how affectively polarized they are. This means that affective polarization is rooted both in identity and ideology. The findings suggest that affective polarization can be tamed to some extent by moderate position-taking by parties, but some levels of affective polarization are inherent in democratic systems. Coming back to whether pundits' concerns about growing ideological polarization is warranted, this dissertation provides a clear but a nuanced answer. Elite ideological polarization has increased in Western Europe. However, increasing elite ideological polarization does not necessarily lead to more ideologically polarized masses although it leads to more affectively polarized masses. To the extent that excessive levels of affective polarization can undermine representative democracies, it may be reasonable for pundits to express concern about rising levels of elite ideological polarization. However, if affective polarization does not pose a threat to representative democracies and does not hinder societal coexistence, then there may not be a need for immediate concern regarding the impact of elite ideological polarization on this phenomenon.

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