O presente trabalho buscou uma aproximação com a trajetória-obra de Ivan Illich entre os anos de 1926-1967. Esse recorte temporal obedece um caminho, que optamos por percorrer, para demonstrar uma característica fundamental do autor: sua produção escrita fortemente atrelada às situações concretas da vida. Esse engajamento de Ivan Illich, que produziu durante esses anos que analisamos ao menos dez textos importantes, foi o eixo estrutural da nossa dissertação. Tratamos de três aspectos simultâneos: lugar na cultura científica, sua trajetória e obra. O primeiro aspecto, aparece no primeiro capítulo na forma de uma análise de prefácios, feitos por intelectuais, para os livros do, ou sobre, Ivan Illich. O leitor encontrará elementos que ajudam na identificação da crítica illichiana. O segundo e terceiro aspectos foram analisados conjuntamente, ou seja, não separamos o autor de sua obra. Isso pode ser encontrado no segundo e terceiro capítulo. Trata-se de uma crítica a institucionalização na sua forma da escolarização da sociedade, na qual o pano de fundo desse processo é a Aliança para o Progresso. Mas também, trata da questão da linguagem como uma forma de crítica da modernidade industrial. / The present work sought an approximation with the trajectory-work of Ivan Illich between the years of 1926-1967. This temporal cut follows a path we have chosen to follow, to demonstrate a fundamental characteristic of the author: his written production strongly tied to the concrete situations of life. This engagement of Ivan Illich, who produced during those years that we analyzed at least ten important texts, was the structural axis of our dissertation. We deal with three simultaneous aspects: place in scientific culture, its trajectory and work. The first aspect appears in the first chapter in the form of an analysis of prefaces, made by intellectuals, for the books of, or about, Ivan Illich. The reader will find elements that help in identifying the Illichian critique. The second and third aspects were analyzed together, that is, we did not separate the author from his work. This can be found in the second and third chapters. It is a critique of institutionalization in its form of schooling of society, in which the background of this process is the Alliance for Progress. But it also deals with the question of language as a form of criticism of industrial modernity.

This thesis asks what effects concepts of resilience may have on political action and the ongoing ecological crises we see developing throughout the world. Specifically, it addresses disruptions in wild salmon migration, spawning, and fisheries brought about by industrial aquaculture in the so-called Broughton Archipelago in unceded Kwakwaka’wakw territories on the north east coast of Vancouver Island. These disruptions will be looked at as examples of resilience thinking in action. Through this example this thesis will examine the relationship between manifestations of resilience thinking and the emergence of metabolic rifts between nature and society that bring with them ecological crises. This thesis will begin by tracing the genealogy of resilience thinking from its origins in systems ecology to its depoliticizing formation in political-economic development. Through this it will show where resilience has been split from its origins as a socio-ecological concept, into purely social and ecological formations that interact in a zero-sum relationship. As a depoliticizing force, resilience works through the aforementioned cleavage to atomize individuals and distance them from their connections to socio-ecological communities, favouring instead marketized relations that reinforce capitalism, colonialism, and the state form. Following this, this thesis will argue that this cleavage and resilience thinking more broadly also generate sites of metabolic rifts within and between nature and society and are factors in their reproduction and geographic spread. Resilience however need not be a fully depoliticizing force. Taking up from the work of Roberto Esposito on relational community and immunization, this thesis ends with an exploration of how resilience thinking can return to its socio-ecological roots and be used in emancipatory, decolonial, and ecologically sound ways that will help in the reconstituting of the metabolic cycles within and between nature and society disrupted by rifts. Understanding how resilience thinking plays a role in depoliticization and the generation and reproduction of metabolic rifts makes space for turning this mentality on its head. Reconstructing a more holistic socio-ecological form of resilience helps to provide the necessary political tools to challenge underlying structures of domination and exploitation that put our socio-ecosystems at risk. / Graduate

This thesis analyzes contemporary political ecologies of pig farming in the People's Republic of China, as well as emergent discourses of “meatification” and the industrialization of Chinese agriculture more broadly. Situated within these extensive, heterogenous, and dynamic assemblages, which I contextualize in historical-geographical terms throughout Chapter I, I narrow my argument to three relatively neglected problematics that occupy subsequent chapters: the role of pigs in the affective construction of modernity, the microbiological zones of insecurity intertwined with industrial pig production, and the re-valorization of urban food waste through peri-urban pig farming, including so-called “garbage pigs.” Animated by broad political, ethical, ontological, and epistemological concerns about society and ecology, culture and technology, and food and the mass-production of commodified organisms, this research helps demonstrate how fraught relationships between pigs, people, and place participate in the politics of "modernity" in the People's Republic of China. / 10000-01-01

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como tema central a mobilização políticoecológica de Decrescimento na França. Com o argumento de que o crescimento econômico destrói o meio ambiente, militantes do decrescimento acionam uma diversidade de coletivos, ações e ideias para construir uma mobilização política em forma de nebulosa. Diferente de um movimento social, de um partido político ou de um grupo com contornos bem estabelecidos, uma nebulosa é uma mobilização descentrada e aberta, que coloca em relação iniciativas distribuídas pelo território francês com a preocupação de garantir a autonomia e a particularidade de cada grupo local. A fim de discutir as implicações dessa forma de fazer política que é frequentemente considerada inovadora, esta dissertação toma como ponto de partida a nouvelle gauche, nascida em meados dos anos 1950 na França. Por meio do levantamento de algumas questões que aparecem nessa nova esquerda, discute-se as implicações do aparecimento de novas maneiras de conceber o social e agir politicamente em detrimento do marxismo, da contradição de classes e da noção de exploração por meio do trabalho. Diante da problematização do conjunto de ideias e práticas que tomava corpo naquele período, parte-se para uma discussão das continuidades e descontinuidades instauradas pelo decrescimento com relação aos movimentos precedentes, através da descrição etnográfica das relações estabelecidas pelos militantes franceses. Por fim, as novas formas de fazer política desenvolvidas pelo decrescimento são problematizadas na medida em que são aproximadas das novas formas do capitalismo. Muitas análises sugerem que a crítica tornou-se o motor do capitalismo por meio da incorporação de formas de organização social e ideológica que tem profundas afinidades com o movimento decrescimento. Dessa forma, são discutidas as contradições de um movimento que tenta colocar o crescimento em xeque. / The aim of this thesis is to discuss the degrowth movement in France. Considering that economic growth leads to environmental damages, degrowth activists state that it is necessary to create new forms of political action. Thus, many informal collectives, practices and ideas are mobilized in order to built what is called nebula of degrowth. Different from a social movement, a political party or a well defined group, a nebula is a non-centered and opened mobilization, that establishes many relations between collectives and groups spread all over the French territory. While the connections are created, many efforts are made to guarantee the differences and autonomy of the groups joined together. To discuss the implications of the nebula form of degrowth, this thesis goes back to the emergency of the nouvelle gauche, during the 1950s. Some issues that usually have shown up in this moment allows us to discuss how society and political action was reconceptualized, for example by the expulsion of marxist ideas such as class struggle and labor exploitation. The mapping of the main points of the new left in France leads us to discuss the continuities and discontinuities introduced by degrowth movement in the political scenery. After an ethnographic presentation of degrowth nebula, the conclusion is that there are many contradictions in the form the movement states social criticism. To explain what are the meanings of such contradictions, a final topic is presented: the contradictions of the contemporary capitalism. By bringing capitalism and degrowth movement aside, it is possible to see that both have similar but opposite forms.

The surveillance and control of introduced species has become an increasingly important, yet often controversial, form of environmental management. I investigate why and how introduced species management is initiated; whether, why and how it is contested; and what relations and outcomes emerge ‘in practice’. I examine how introduced species management is being done in the United Kingdom through detailed social scientific analyses of the processes, practices, and disputes involved in a series of management case studies. First, I demonstrate how some established approaches to the design and delivery of management initiatives can render them conflict-prone, ineffective and potentially unjust. Then, examining a disputesurrounding a state-initiated eradication of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), I show why and how ‘parakeet protectors’ opposed the initiative. I identify the significance of divergent evaluations of the risks posed by introduced wildlife; personal and community attachments between people and parakeets; and campaigners’ dissatisfaction with central government’s approach to the issue. By following the story of an unauthorised (re)introduction of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) to England, I show how adiverse collective has, at least temporarily, been united and empowered by a shared understanding of beavers as ‘belonging’ in the UK. I consider how nonhuman citizenship is socio-politically negotiated, and how the beavers have become enrolled in a ‘wild experiment’. Finally, through a multi- sited study of grey squirrel (Sciuruscarolinensis) control initiatives, I find important variations in management practitioners’ approaches to killing squirrels, and identify several ‘modes of killing’ that comprise different primary motivations, moral principles, ultimate aims, and practical methods. I identify multiple ways in which people respond and relate to introduced wildlife, and demonstrate how this multiplicity produces both socio-political tensions and accords. Furthermore, throughout this thesis I make a series of propositions for re-configuring the management of introduced species in ways that explicitly incorporate inclusive, constructive, and context-appropriate socio-political deliberations into its design and implementation.

The tension inherent in the Anthropocene is the tension between what is rendered (in)visible, and what attempts to be made visible. It is, in this sense, a conflict of ontology and aesthetics: ghosts flutter around us, in and out of our dimension (Bourriaud, 2016; Morton, 2013), and, as Poe would say, “man” is being driven mad by the heartbeats heard through the floorboards. This study addresses two main ideas: (a) that it is the modern subject that is the anthropos of the Anthropocene, and (b) that we must further conceptualise claims about the ‘end of the world’ (Morton, 2013). Ultimately, however, both these claims are intimately linked: the ‘subject’ and the ‘world’ in modernity cannot be separated from each other, and are indeed part of the same process (Mbembe, 2003). Thus, the central argument herein is that the Anthropocene should be viewed as a threshold (Clark, 2016; Haraway, 2015) to an epoch (namely, modernity) rather than the start of a new one. To this end, what is at its ‘end’ or threshold then, is the modern subject, and the ‘world’ that it inhabited. We are faced with the utter abyss of the negative (Sinnerbrink, 2016). The sixth extinction is imminent, and a whole host of morbid repercussions of making-world (Mbembe, 2003) are creeping towards us (Morton, 2013). Ultimately, we must reckon with absence. But what does this mean? How are we to perceive and think about this lack? This study aims to address this problem, arguing that we now face the presence of absence, rather than the absence of presence. Indeed, we must seek a new aesthetics of absence. / Graduate

Notions of connectivity and relationality increasingly pervade theories, discourses and practices of environmental governance. Recently, the concept of the 'resource nexus' has emerged as an important new framework that emphasises the interconnections, tensions and synergies between sectors that have traditionally been managed separately. Part of a broader trend towards integrated environmental governance, nexus thinking rests on the premise that the challenges facing water, energy, food and other resources are inexorably connected and contingent. Although presenting itself as a radically new framework, the nexus discourse in current form is techno-managerial in character, profoundly de-politicising, and reinforces neoliberal approaches to environmental governance. At the same time, the 'material turn' in social science research has re-engaged ideas of social, political and material relationality to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the socio-natural condition in the twenty-first century. Although theoretically and ontologically diverse, the fields of political ecology, assemblage thinking and infrastructure studies all critically interrogate the politics of relationality. Mobilising an urban political ecology framework, and drawing on notions of emergence and distributed agency from assemblage thinking, this research examines the politics of the water-energy nexus through a critical analysis of the extraordinary emergence of seawater desalination as a significant new urban water supply for Southern California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico. Research was conducted in the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan region, where a large desalting facility has recently been completed to supply San Diego with purified ocean water, and a larger 'binational' facility is planned in Mexico to supply both sides of the border. The research makes three broad contributions. First, to understand desalination as emerging from the historical coproduction and urbanisation of water and energy in the American West. Second, to examine the transitioning environmental politics concomitant with calls for greater understanding of interrelationality. And third, to interrogate the efficacy of technology in reconfiguring the co-constitution of water, energy and society.

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Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-24T11:08:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Bethania Gabrielle dos Santos.pdf: 3655883 bytes, checksum: cf0bf4754ec81d7bb1bd6b7791f526b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T11:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Bethania Gabrielle dos Santos.pdf: 3655883 bytes, checksum: cf0bf4754ec81d7bb1bd6b7791f526b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The following dissertation addresses the subordinate sectors? creative resistance in socioenvironmental and political interactions in Milho Verde, a district in the city of Serro, Alto Jequitinhonha-MG. We analyse how the local subalternia with their knowledge and environmental practices, have interacted with the touristic activity and environmental politics, external forces that have been expressed in the internal dynamic of this community. Our results point out that, in the twenty-first century, the convergences of tourism with environmental politics provided the formation of a complex field of sociabilities in Milho Verde that have unfolded into maintenances and transformations in the modes of technical, social and cultural appropriation of its social-ecosystem atmosphere. The tourist economy started to strengthen in the following decades with a provocative force from multiple transformations in its social panoramic and modes of territorial appropriation. The touristic activity still determined the emergence of interactions between native residents, non-natives and tourists, which reveals the modes through which the regional subordinate has creatively resisted these reconfigurations. Integrating itself in individual projects or collective actions developed by the socio-environmental NGO Milho Verde Institution the creative resistance of this community was expressed through the strengthening of identities, subordinate sectors? cultural knowledge and practices, as well as in the reinventions of traditions relative to the local religious festivities. With regards to the environmental politics, Milho Verde is circumscribed inside the limits of an Area of Environmental State Protection (APAE, portuguese abbreviation), created in 1998, and composes a Natural State Monument (MONATE), created in 2011 overriding the V?rzea do Lajeado, a common use territory, where in the twentieth century subordinate sectors simultaneously integrated the practices of the livestock, mining and plant extraction. Reflecting these reconfigurations subordinate subjects of the members of Milho Verde?s community were integrated to the protection of environmental politics as employees of the State Institute of Forests, the managing body of the APAE and of MONATE. Otherwise, the environmental legislation imposed by the state management of territory has marginalized local environmental practices and knowledge, with the prohibition of the use of the natural conditions of Lageado Meadow for livestock and for plant and mineral extractions. The Milhoverdense subalternia has creatively resisted this process of marginalization through subsistence in the present day of knowledge, practices, customary and memorable uses relative to the communitary management of V?rzea?s socioecosystem, as well as through the environmentalization of its discourses. / A presente disserta??o trata da resist?ncia criativa de setores subalternos em intera??es socioambientais e pol?ticas em Milho Verde, distrito da cidade de Serro, localizado no Alto Jequitinhonha-MG. Analisamos como a subalternia milhoverdense ? com seus saberes e pr?ticas ambientais ? tem interagido com a atividade tur?stica e as pol?ticas ambientais, for?as externas que tem se expressado na din?mica interna desta Comunidade. Os procedimentos de pesquisa envolveram o empreendimento de tarefas de campo e an?lises em uma abordagem qualitativa. Nossos resultados apontam que, no s?culo XXI, as converg?ncias da atividade tur?stica e das pol?ticas ambientais propiciaram a forma??o de um campo complexo de sociabilidades em Milho Verde. O qual tem se desdobrado em manuten??es e transforma??es nos modos de apropria??o t?cnica, social e cultural de sua ambi?ncia socioecossist?mica. Milho Verde desde a d?cada de 1970 come?ou a receber turistas e novos moradores. A economia do turismo se consolidou nas d?cadas posteriores como uma for?a provocadora de m?ltiplas transforma??es em seu panorama social e modos de apropria??o territorial. A atividade tur?stica ainda contingenciou a emerg?ncia de intera??es entre moradores nativos, n?o nativos e turistas que revelam os modos pelos quais a subalternia local tem resistido criativamente ? estas reconfigura??es. Se integrando em projetos individuais ou a??es coletivas desenvolvidas pelo Instituto Milho Verde- ONG socioambiental que atua localmente desde o ano 2000- a resist?ncia criativa desta Comunidade se expressou no fortalecimento de identidades, saberes e pr?ticas culturais de setores subalternos, bem como na reinven??o das tradi??es e modos de vida relativos ?s festividades religiosas locais. Quanto ?s pol?ticas ambientais, Milho Verde est? circunscrita dentro dos limites da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental Estadual (APAE) das ?guas Vertentes, criada em 1998. E comp?e o Monumento Natural Estadual (MONATE) V?rzea do Lageado e Serra do Raio, criado em 2011 se sobrepondo ? V?rzea do Lajeado, territ?rio de uso comum, onde no s?culo XX setores subalternos integraram complementar e simultaneamente as pr?ticas da pecu?ria, garimpo, e extrativismo vegetal. Como reflexo das reconfigura??es causadas por esta for?a presente e atuante, sujeitos subalternos da Comunidade de Milho Verde foram integrados ? pol?tica de prote??o da natureza enquanto funcion?rios do Instituto Estadual de Florestas, ?rg?o gestor da APAE e do MONATE. De outro modo, a legisla??o ambiental imposta pela gest?o estatal do territ?rio tem marginalizado pr?ticas e saberes ambientais locais, com a proibi??o do uso das condi??es naturais da V?rzea do Lajeado pela pecu?ria e os extrativismos mineral e vegetal. A subalternia milhoverdense tem resistido criativamente a este processo de marginaliza??o por meio da subsist?ncia no tempo presente de saberes, pr?ticas, usos costumeiros e mem?rias relativas ? gest?o comunit?ria da ambi?ncia socioecossist?mica da V?rzea, bem como atrav?s da ambientaliza??o de seus discursos

Understanding women’s experiences of mangrove forest conservation in the Global South is important because mangrove forests are a crucial defense against climate change, and are also increasingly the targets of global climate change policies. The intervention of postcolonial feminist theory combined with feminist political ecology has the potential to bring forward women’s seldom-heard experiences of climate change in these valuable ecosystems. This work supports previous feminist political ecology scholarship focused on understanding women’s complicated relationships to the environment and the gendered effects of climate change policies, while challenging dominant conservation discourse around women as a monolithic group. This thesis focuses on women living in Madagascar’s largest mangrove, particularly under current mangrove reforestation efforts and emerging blue carbon climate change policies. This project explores how the women in this mangrove forest are situated along axes of power differently, the implications of social divisions for conservation, and the ways in which current mangrove conservation projects reproduce power relations in the mangrove by failing to recognize difference.