A presente pesquisa partiu de uma etnografia realizada na região conhecida como Cracolândia no centro de São Paulo, considerada a mais famosa territorialidade de uso de crack no país. Alvo de intervenções estatais desde seu surgimento, nos anos 1990, essa territorialidade continua no centro de muitos programas e instituições. Em 2012, com o conflito erguido em torno da Operação Sufoco, há, no entanto, uma mudança nas formas de gestão desse espaço: de uma racionalidade de dispersão, que visava impedir o agrupamento de usuários de crack por meio do uso da força, para uma lógica de governo que precisa desse espaço concentrado para executar seus programas. Minha hipótese é que a fixação territorial combinada a essa malha concentrada de programas e instituições assistenciais acabou por construir um campo de gravitação em torno da Cracolândia, de modo a atrair pessoas com trajetórias muito diferentes mas que se encontram ali por terem uma vida errante. A partir do percurso de uma jovem que conheci durante a pesquisa, argumento que o Estado produz espaços e territorialidades como a Cracolândia, ao induzir e condicionar o movimento de diversos sujeitos. Como a personagem dessa pesquisa evidencia, sua circulação é incessante e ilegível, como na imagem do labirinto, mas guiada por uma racionalidade de buscar um local seguro das investidas policiais para estabelecer suas malocas e modos de vida, e onde há concentração de recursos e possibilidades. Dessa forma, a Cracolândia só faz sentido dentro de uma experiência urbana mais ampla, o que envolve outros espaços não contingentes territorialmente. / This research started from an ethnography in the region known as Cracolândia in downtown of São Paulo, considered the most famous crack use of territoriality in the country. Target of state interventions since its inception in the 1990s, this territoriality remains at the heart of many programs and institutions. In 2012, the conflict erected around the operation Suffocation, there is, however, a change in the forms of management of this space: a rationality dispersion, which was intended to prevent the grouping of crack users through the use of force, to a logic of government that needs this concentrated space to run their programs. My hypothesis is that the territorial fixation combined with this concentrated mesh programs and charitable institutions eventually build a gravitational field around the Cracolândia in order to attract people with very different paths but they are there to have a wandering life. From the journey of a young man I met during the research, I argue that the state produces spaces and territoriality as Cracolândia, to induce and influence the movement of various subjects. As the character of this research shows, their movement is unceasing and unreadable, as the labyrinth image, but guided by a rationality to seek a safe place police invested to establish their \"huts\" and ways of life, and where there is a concentration of resources and possibilities. Thus, Cracolândia only makes sense within a broader urban experience, which involves other spaces not contingent territorially.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-28T13:48:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNMM.pdf: 4059605 bytes, checksum: d8a2cad491f3287a362773b9771f2623 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-05T20:05:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNMM.pdf: 4059605 bytes, checksum: d8a2cad491f3287a362773b9771f2623 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-05T20:05:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNMM.pdf: 4059605 bytes, checksum: d8a2cad491f3287a362773b9771f2623 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T20:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNMM.pdf: 4059605 bytes, checksum: d8a2cad491f3287a362773b9771f2623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Outra / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Innumerous City Halls all over Brazil promote periodic campaigns using slogans such as: “Do not spare money: give citizenship and future”, or “Do not spare money. Refer to Assistance services”. Based on these assumptions, we intend to investigate the strategies followed by São Carlos (SP) government in order to manage this population and to keep these people under institutional control. São Carlos was one of the first non-metropolitan cities where homeless population issues were articulated to the establishment of Municipal-Level Public Policies. Having these aspects in mind, some research questions can emerge: Which is this population that is considered as a target by the government? What is the Institutions’ role in the management of homeless people? Methodologically, we observe some practices promoted by the institutions which manage this population, analyzing them through the theories created by Das and Poole in their work State and its Margins: comparative ethnographies (2008). The margins, in our study, cover, thus, Governmental and Non-governmental Organizations; they also cover these organizations’ employees, target public and individuals who are helped by their assistance. Our research mainly investigates the Centro POP (a National Social Assistance Policy Unit administrated by the City Hall) as well as the Hostel (a philanthropic institution which supports and donates tickets to travellers) and the Religious Community (a volunteer work that assists homeless people). To develop this research, we collected in two newspapers from São Carlos dated from 2007 to 2013, as well as the Centro POP’s documentation. We interviewed several people who work at Centro POP and observed their routine as well. Our investigation also based its analysis on the verification of volunteer work promoted by a religious group on a City Center Square and on visits to Assistance Institutions, such as a Hostel and a Religious Community (House of Prayer), related to charity and shelter. We verify these data under Foucault’s (1992, 1999, 2006, 2008) perspectives. According to them, power permeates all kinds of relationships, shaping a microphysics which combines technology and power mechanisms to develop a population that may be managed, articulating some disciplines which, in turn, dominate individuals’ bodies and souls. The results show that a homeless population local Policy may be considered as a device, in which homeless people are connected to social representation, to institutional rules, to philanthropic and state institutions, their specialized professionals, according to a labyrinth of population management. / Dans de nombreuses villes du Brésil, des campagnes publicitaires périodiques utilisent des slogans interpelant les gens en ces termes: «Ne faites pas l’aumône, donnez de la citoyenneté» ou encore «Ne donnez pas d’argent par charité. Reportez-vous à nos services». À partir de cette contatation, une enquête a été ménée à São Carlos-SP, où la question de la population vivant dans la rue a articulé la mise en place des politiques publiques au niveau municipal. L'objectif est comprendre la façon dont le gouvernement cherche à gérer cette population en la soummetant à la maîtrise des cadres institutionnels. Puis, de nombreuses questions de recherche peuvent être posées: quelle est cette population considérée la cible de la gestion? Quelle est la place des institutions d'aide sociale dans le domaine de la gestion d'une population de personnes qui vivent dans la rue? Afin de prendre l'observation des pratiques inscrites aux formes institutionnelles gestionnaires, je me suis proposée à une ethnographie des marges d'État – selon la perspective de Das et Poole (2008). La marge, dans cette étude, couvrira les institutions de l'Etat et aussi celles non-gouvernamentales. L'enquête porte notamment sur le Centro POP – l'établissement de la Politique Nationale de l'Assistance Sociale administré par la Mairie -, également sur le Centre d'hébergement – institution philanthropique d'abri – sur le travail bénévole et, finalement, la Maison de Prière – une Communauté Religieuse qui fournissent des soins aux personnes vivant à la rue. Pour développer la recherche, premièremente, une collecte des articles a été prise dans deux journaux de São Carlos-SP, entre 2007 à 2013; en suite, des documents officiels du Centro POP ont été recuillis, aussi des entretiens avec les travailleurs des institutions et l'observation de la routine au Centro POP ont été ménées. Pour accomplir le terrain d'enquête, des observations du travail bénévole et des visites aux autres institutions ont été également prises. L'analyse est basée sur la théorie de Foucault (1992, 1999, 2006, 2008), dans laquelle le pouvoir imprègne toutes les relations et met en forme une microphysique dont le tissage de la technologie de pouvoir et ses mécanismes crée une population à gérer conformément à certaines disciplines du corps et de l'âmes des individus. À la fin, la politique pour la population vivant dans la rue est comprise en tant qu'un dispositif dans lequel les assistés sont enchevêtrés, soit au sein des institutions philanthropiques soit de l'Etat, à des représentations sociales, règles institutionnelles, en façonnant un labyrinthe de gestion de la population. / Inúmeras prefeituras pelo Brasil fazem campanhas periódicas utilizando slogans que dizem à população “Não dê esmola, dê cidadania”, ou ainda, “Não dê dinheiro como esmola. Encaminhe para nossos serviços”. Partindo dessa observação, busco investigar em São Carlos-SP como o governo municipal procura gerir esta população a fim de trazê-la para o controle das tramas institucionais locais. São Carlos foi uma das primeiras cidades não metropolitanas onde a questão da população em situação de rua articulou o estabelecimento de uma política pública em nível municipal. A partir disso, vários questionamentos podem ser feitos: que população é essa que tomada como alvo do governo? Qual o lugar das instituições assistenciais no âmbito dessa gestão da população de rua? A fim de observar as práticas inseridas em formas institucionais que gestionam tal população, considero a perspectiva de Das e Poole (2008) ao proporem uma etnografia das margens do Estado. A margem, nesse estudo, abarcará, portanto, instituições do Estado e também de fora dele; abarcará ainda funcionários das instituições, a população e indivíduos atendidos por elas. O estudo se volta principalmente a investigar o Centro POP – unidade da Política Nacional de Assistência Social e administrado pela Prefeitura Municipal-, mas também o Albergue – instituição filantrópica de abrigamento e doação de passagem para itinerantes – trabalho voluntário e Comunidade Religiosa que também prestam atendimento a pessoas que vivem nas ruas. Para desenvolver a pesquisa empreendi coleta de notícias de jornais da cidade de São Carlos entre 2007 a 2013, assim como documentos do Centro POP, entrevistas com diversos trabalhadores deste e observação da rotina de atendimento. Também foram realizadas observações ao trabalho voluntário de um grupo religioso em uma praça central da cidade e visitas às demais instituições assistenciais que atuam com esse mesmo público, sendo elas, o Albergue e Comunidade Religiosa – ambas instituições filantrópicas de abrigamento. Conduzo a análise a partir da perspectiva de Foucault (1992, 1999, 2006, 2008), para a qual, o poder perpassa todas as relações conformando uma microfísica, tecendo tecnologia e mecanismos de poder capazes de criar uma população a ser gerida conformando disciplinas para os corpos e almas de indivíduos. Tem-se, como resultado, que uma política municipal para a população vivendo nas ruas pode ser entendida conforme um dispositivo, no qual pessoas que vivem nas ruas se enredem a representações sociais e regras institucionais, instituições filantrópicas e estatais, conformando um labirinto da gestão populacional. / FAPESP: 2013/00260-2 / FAPESP: BEPE 2014/22670-0

Pour limiter l'impact des activités humaines sur la biodiversité, les populations animales sont gérées dans de nombreux contextes. La gestion des populations animales comprend la conservation des espèces menacées, comme l’exploitation/régulation des espèces gibiers ou considérées nuisibles. Elle consiste à modifier la dynamique des populations soit en favorisant leur croissance, soit en réduisant leur abondance. Face à l’urgence d’agir dans un contexte de ressources financières limitées, une gestion efficiente des populations animales requiert une bonne compréhension de leur dynamique en réponse aux actions mises en œuvre. Durant mon doctorat, j’ai travaillé en partenariat avec des gestionnaires agissant sur deux systèmes biologiques : la conservation de rapaces méditerranéens (aigles de Bonelli et vautours percnoptères) et la régulation des densités de renards en paysage rural. Pour chaque système, mon travail a consisté i) en l’analyse des suivis de populations qui sont réalisés pour ii) évaluer l’effet de la gestion sur la dynamique des espèces gérées. Dans les deux contextes, j’ai pu iii) mettre en évidence la contribution de l’immigration à la croissance des populations menacées, comme à l’atténuation des effets de la régulation. Après iv) avoir extrait des recommandations pouvant améliorer l’efficience de la gestion en tenant compte de ces processus d’immigration, mon travail s’est conclu par v) une réflexion en retour sur l’optimisation des suivis de populations, afin qu’ils génèrent le plus d’informations pour un investissement moindre. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail aboutit à une réflexion sur les moyens favorisant une gestion efficiente des populations animales. / Due to the multiple interactions linking species together, human activities and animal species influence each other. Animal populations are therefore managed to favour long-term cohabitation. Wildlife management includes the conservation of endangered species, the harvest of game species and the control of species considered as pest. It consists in impacting population dynamics (density variation in a territory) either by favouring or limiting population growth. Faced with the complexity of ecological processes and the urgent need for acting in a context of decreasing allocated resources, an efficient management requires a precious understanding of population dynamics in response to actions. During my PhD, I collaborated with managers supervising two contrasted biological systems: the conservation of endangered Mediterranean raptors (Bonelli’s eagles and Egyptian vultures) and the control of fox densities in French rural landscapes. For each case of study, my work consisted in i) analysing data from population monitoring designed to ii) evaluate the management impact on population dynamics. In both systems, I highlighted iii) the crucial importance of immigration either in boosting endangered population or compensating for fox regulation. After having iv) derived concrete guidelines to improve management facing with immigration. I concluded my PhD by v) searching in turn for cost-effective designs of population monitoring. Overall, I questioned the contrasted systems I studied to understand pitfalls and solutions favouring an efficient management of animal populations.

No description available.

Abstract The Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, Mitchell) is an anadromous species that spawns in tidal freshwater rivers from Canada to Florida. Overfishing, river sedimentation and alteration of the river bottom have decreased Atlantic Sturgeon populations, and NOAA lists the species as endangered. Ecologists sometimes find it difficult to locate individuals of a species that is rare, endangered or invasive. The need for methods less invasive that can create more resolution of cryptic species presence is necessary. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a non-invasive means of detecting rare, endangered, or invasive species by isolating nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the water column. We evaluated the potential of eDNA to document the presence of Atlantic Sturgeon in the James River, Virginia. Genetic primers targeted the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I gene, and a restriction enzyme assay (DraIII) was developed. Positive control mesocosm and James River samples revealed a nonspecific sequence—mostly bacteria commonly seen in environmental waters. Methods more stringent to a single species was necessary. Novel qPCR primers were derived from a second region of Cytochrome Oxydase II, and subject to quantitative PCR. This technique correctly identified Atlantic Sturgeon DNA and differentiated among other fish taxa commonly occurring in the lower James River, Virginia. Quantitative PCR had a biomass detection limit of 32.3 ug/L and subsequent analysis of catchment of Atlantic Sturgeon from the Lower James River, Virginia from the fall of 2013 provided estimates of 264.2 ug/L Atlantic Sturgeon biomass. Quantitative PCR sensitivity analysis and incorporation of studies of the hydrology of the James River should be done to further define habitat utilization by local Atlantic Sturgeon populations. IACUC: AD20127