Bien que l'enfance soit «une donnée anthropologique universelle» (E. Deschavanne, P.H. Tavoillot, Philosophie des âges de la vie), l'historien français Philippe Ariès, dans L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous l'ancien Régime (1960), affirmait l'absence de sentiment de l'enfance au Moyen Âge et au début des Temps Modernes et l'invention de l'enfance à partir des XVI°, mais surtout XVIl0 et XVIll0 siècles. Invalidée par les historiens mais encore reprise aujourd'hui par certains historiens d'art, cette thèse était essentiellement fondée sur une étude des représentations picturales. Les images d'enfants abondent dans la peinture italienne de la Renaissance du XIV au XVIe siècles en Italie du Nord et Italie centrale. Mais elles méritaient une approche neuve, venant apporter un nouvel éclairage non seulement sur les enfants de la Renaissance, mais sur les manières selon lesquelles ils étaient perçus et représentés. Était alors nécessaire une analyse précise des représentations visuelles, des conditions de leur genèse, ainsi que de leur destination. Une telle étude trouva naturellement sa structure dans la division des âges de la vie en vigueur à la Renaissance : l’infanzia (naissance - sept ans), la puerizia (sept - quatorze ans) et l’adolescenza (à partir de quatorze ans) étaient les périodes de l'enfance, au sein desquelles se mouvait un être en constante évolution. Dépassant le postulat de l'enfant comme simple objet pictural décoratif, une telle recherche permet de comprendre les rôles des représentations d'enfants, selon le genre de l'œuvre, son histoire, mais également selon l'âge, le sexe ou le statut de l'enfant représenté. / Although childhood is "a universal anthropological conception" (E. Deschavanne, P.H. Tavoillot, Philosophie des âges de la vie), the French historian Philippe Ariès, in Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (1962), proposed that the recognition of childhood as a distinct stage of life, what he calls the "sentiment de l'enfance," did not exist during the Middle Ages and early modern period, but was rather the invention of the 16th- and especially the 17th and 18th centuries. Disproved by historians, but still considered valid by some art historians, this theory is founded upon a study of pictorial representations of children. Images of children are numerous in Northern- and Central Italian Renaissance painting, but they require a new approach on how children were perceived and pictured. A precise analysis of these visual representations, of their genesis, condition, and their destination(s) is necessary. Such a study naturally finds its structure in the traditional "stages of life" and "periods of childhood" in use during the Renaissance. These categories are: infanzia (from birth to seven years old), puerizia (from seven to approximately twelve to fourteen years) and adolescenza (from twelve to fourteen), during all of which the child was in constant evolution. Beyond simply seeing children as decorative pictorial motifs, by exploring the genre of the work studied, its backstory, and also the age, the gender, or the social status of the child pictured, this tack (approach?) enables us to better understand the purposes of children's pictorial representation.

This Master of Fine Arts submission, consisting of a thesis titled ‘Political Grey: Areas of Ambiguity and Contradiction’ accompanied by an exhibition titled ‘Positions’, encompasses the concept of leadership while uncovering and expressing its ‘grey areas’ in a contemporary and undefined moment in South Africa. The concept of leadership has been complicated throughout the thesis in terms of how it is conceptualised in a traditional royal African art context as well as how Leader-Figures have been and are portrayed in both Western and African portrait genres. The notion that the new is built upon the old is continued throughout my thesis and is evident in the accompanying body of work. This notion is expressed on a number of levels: by the re-contextualisation of the print medium; the creative processes described as ‘postproduction’ which I use in my work; as well as that which is described as a ‘post-transitional’ moment. The recent political history of the country is considered, with reference made to the anti-apartheid movement and resistance art produced. Printmaking, viewed as an archetypal medium for resistance, is discussed, with reference made to its socio-political role during the 1980s as well as to the extent to which it continues to be used by contemporary artists in a different realm of conflict and change. This is demonstrated by the shift from the medium as a tool for protest to the medium as an instrument of political irony and pointed commentary.

Aussagen über "die Jugend" werden der Vielfältigkeit und Differenziertheit jugendlicher Lebensstile nicht gerecht. Denn Jugend ist nur im Plural zu verstehen: was herkömmlich als "die Jugend" bezeichnet wird, umfaßt vielmehr vier deutlich voneinander zu unterscheidende Handlungstypen. Dieses Buch stellt in den Porträts von acht Jugendlichen, je vier Mädchen und Jungen, diese jugendlichen Handlungstypen anschaulich dar: den familienorientierten, den hedonistisch-orientierten, den maskulin-orientierten (den es auch bei Mädchen gibt) und den subjekt-orientierten Typus. Eine kurzweilige Lektüre garantiert die Darstellungsweise: die Jugendlichen kommen selbst ausführlich zu Wort.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse porte sur Sainte-Beuve et ses Causeries du Lundi, et notamment sur les annotations effectuées sur certains de ces textes. Dans l'introduction à ces annotations, nous avons développé plusieurs points qui aideront à mieux comprendre qui était Sainte-Beuve, et son immense travail critique. Considéré comme le plus grand critique du XIXe siècle, Sainte-Beuve a développé minutieusement, une méthode critique bien à lui. Un des éléments importants du travail critique de Sainte-Beuve est la littérature qu'il a accordée aux femmes, que ce soient des figures célèbres ou bien des personnes peu connues. C'est dans les salons littéraires auxquels il était convié que Sainte-Beuve a trouvé une grande partie de son inspiration, ce qui lui a permis de fonder son discours sur l'oral, la conversation et l'observation sur le terrain, cela a dû largement contribuer à l'élaboration de sa méthode critique. Les salons littéraires étaient devenus pour Sainte-Beuve tel un laboratoire scientifique, un espace dynamique de travail interactif. Une des caractéristiques principales de cette méthode est de ne pas séparer l'écrivain de son œuvre littéraire, afin de le saisir dans son actualité, dans sa contemporanéité. Sa méthode est dotée d'un caractère naturel, dans la mesure où il part de l'écrivain et de l'œuvre. Sainte-Beuve, dans son travail de critique, avait aussi un rôle social. Il a tenté de décrire, à travers ses portraits, les rapports sociaux entre les individus de son temps ou d'une époque passée. Il était un personnage très sensible, écrivant avec une grande liberté d'esprit. / This thesis deals with the Causeries du Lundi of Sainte-Beuve, and in particular with the annotations made on some of these texts. In the introduction to these annotations, we have developed several points that will help to better understand who Sainte-Beuve was, and his immense critical work. Considered the greatest critic of the nineteenth century, Sainte-Beuve has developed a unique critical method. One of the important elements of Sainte-Beuve's critical work is the literature he has dedicated to women, be they famous figures or not. It was in the literary salons to which he was invited that Sainte-Beuve took much of his inspiration, allowing him to base his speech on the oral language, conversations and field observation, which has contributed greatly to the elaboration of his critical method. For Sainte-Beuve, literary salons had become a scientific laboratory, a dynamic space of interactive work. One of the main features of this method is not to separate the writer from his literary work. His method has a natural character, insofar as it starts from the writer and the work. Sainte-Beuve, in his critical work, also had a social role. He has attempted to describe, through his portraits, the social relations between individuals of his time or those of a bygone era. He was a very sensitive character, writing with great freedom of mind.

Si les membres des « Ordres du roi », expression désignant, sous l’Ancien Régime, l’Ordre de Saint Michel créé en 1469 par Louis XI, et l’Ordre du Saint-Esprit créé en 1578 par Henri III, sont connus et précisément recensés, l’histoire de l’art, en l’occurrence l’examen des toiles, gravures ou sculptures produits entre les XVe et XVIIIe siècles, et en particulier des portraits peints et gravés de chevaliers, permet de progresser dans la compréhension de la fonction et du fonctionnement de ces deux institutions. L’invention et le recours aux ordres de chevalerie par des puissances étatiques centralisatrices ne peuvent être dissociés du processus qui vit en Europe, du Moyen Âge à nos jours, l’affirmation et l’ascension progressive de l’individu, sinon de l’individualisme, face à la collectivité, aux corporations, aux « castes » d’un « vieux monde » solidement organisé. Loin de servir cette vaste émancipation, comme on le conçoit a priori, les ordres de chevalerie agissent à son encontre en permettant certes aux chevaliers décorés d’assouvir leur désir de distinction, mais uniquement de façon superficielle – en leur offrant la possibilité de ressembler au roi –, sans conséquence sur l’ordonnancement des affaires de l’État. À partir de l’étude du don du cordon bleu aux fils de France, des insignes accaparés et des signes que l’on prend pour des insignes alors qu’ils n’en sont pas et de l’altération, par accident, par intention ou par incompréhension des motifs visuels des Ordres du roi, il s’agit de démontrer comment ces derniers constituent des outils de neutralisation d’ordre esthétique, par le pouvoir, des ambitions aristocratiques. / If the members of the "Orders of the King", which refer, under the Ancien Régime, to the Order of Saint Michael created in 1469 by Louis XI of France, and the Order of the Holy Spirit created in 1578 by Henry III of France, are well known and precisely identified, history of art, through the examination of canvases, engravings or sculptures produced between the 15th and the 18th centuries, and in particular painted and engraved portraits of knights, paves the way to a better understanding of the Orders in terms of roles and operation. The invention and the use of chivalric orders by a centralized state is intimately linked to the process that led in Europe, from the Middle Ages to present days, to the rise of the individual, if not the rise of individualism itself, in a strong society made up of corporations and “castes”. These orders were not founded to strengthen this dynamics of emancipation, as one could think. Even if the knights were given the right to stand out from the crowd, thanks to insignias that give them the illusion to look like the king, it was only in a superficial way, without affecting the affairs of the state. Our thesis, which consists in demonstrating how the “Orders of the King” were used as a tool of aesthetic neutralization, by the King, of aristocratic ambitions, relies on the study of the Sons of France’s Cordons Bleus – the ribbon from which the Cross of the Holy Spirit was hung was blue –, insignias that are not precisely insignias of the Orders of the King, and the modification by accident, intent or misconception of the Orders of the King’s symbols and representations.

Uppsatsen undersöker Vera Nilssons liv och konstnärskaputifrån hennes sociala position som kvinna och ensamstående mor. Nilsson föddes 1888 och debuterade som konstnär 1917. 1921 föder hon dottern Catharina, även kallad Ginga. Under en fjortonårsperiod avporträtteras dottern frekvent och Nilssons barnporträtt får stor uppmärksamhet. Studien har en historigrafisk ansats och undersöker kvinnors villkor inom det konstnärliga fältet. / The thesis examines Vera Nilsson's life and artistry from her social position as a woman and single mother. Nilsson was born 1888 and debutated as an artist 1917. 1924 she gives bearth to her daughter Catharina, also called Ginga. During a period of fourteen years the daughter is often seen in her work and Nilsson's portraits of children gets a lot of attention.The study has an historiographical approach and investigates women's condition within the artistic field.

The thesis concerns representations of Roman women of the imperial period depicted in the guise of a divinity. Portraits of women of all social levels have been included as have representations in any media excluding numismatic evidence. The latter, with its specific contextual characteristics, is only included and discussed as comparanda for the main body of material. The juxtaposition of a recognisable reality and a heightened reality in these representations raises a variety of interpretative questions: whether it is possible to establish a correlation between the mythological interpretation of a goddess and the socio-personal interpretation of an image of a mortal woman; the nature of the message being communicated through the choice of a particular deity; and whether the choice of deity for association in some way may be seen to conform to established ideals or topoi for women. The work examines Roman portraiture as a vehicle for self-expression and the transmission of ideals. Various aspects of the 'mechanics' for achieving this (idealisation, imitation, etc.) are investigated. Though, of particular importance to the argument is the relationship between image and spectator: the perception of portraits and the various factors contributing to forming an interpretation. Thus portraiture is established as a medium which within its contextual framework also includes the spectator - and the spectator's cultural reference points. The main body of the thesis centres on a dual examination of the range of deities with which Roman women were associated and the women presented in the divine guises, respectively proposing avenues of interpretations for the divine allusions and offering suggestions for methods of interpreting their use. The examination of the various deities in whose guises Roman women appear is also juxtaposed with the distinctions and attributes used to characterise women in literary and epigraphic sources. The correlation between these helps to elucidate the values represented in the images of women under discussion, and how they fit within a framework of ideals and virtues, and with the social personae of Roman women. Similarly, affinities between social status and mythological depiction are juxtaposed with a discussion of the role of the mythological representations themselves - exploring especially the relationship between mythological narrative and the tradition of exempla in Roman literature. It is further argued that interpretation is influenced also by viewer response - encouraged through empathetic identification and social emulation - and that the images of women in divine guises therefore may be perceived both as revealing intrinsic personal characteristics and as a costume symbolically articulating aspirational values. The inherent duality in these representations does in other words not so much concern degrees of reality as interacting realities: the individual"as a social participant, the public persona evidencing personal virtues. The images of Roman women presented therefore contain equally a reconfiguring response to the world and a socialising affirmation of identity.

It has been over a century since the maternal side of my family has resided in the natal land of our cultural heritage and religious proclivities – Punjab, India, where Sikhism was established. As an American I continue this extension of our roots from their source. Through the process of shifting location, cultural confluence, and passing time the experiences of the women in each successive generation of my family have altered significantly through our diasporic existence. However, even in the aftermath of colonization and immigration, the enduring responsibility of women is reliant upon their relation to family. This ideology is imbued through the words of the Sikh holy text, the Guru Granth Sahib, as well as broader Indian cultural norms regarding gender roles. Implicit in the religious tradition of locating family in female members lies the practice of making women emblematic of cultural survival. Thus, within their role of sustaining physical life women also sustain culture. This becomes increasingly important when culture is extracted from its source. Despite dispersion across the world, the women in my family have continued to fulfill the responsibility of the safekeeping of culture and traditions. My series of three portraits, Daughter, Wife, Mother, illustrates the primary familial ties that determine an Indian woman’s identity throughout her life, and evokes the duty of cultural preservation that is associated with each of them. These oil paintings are based off of photos of me, my mother, and my grandmother from our family archive. Daughter, Wife, Mother lacks any indications of time period or specific location, thus asserting that this gendered life journey has persisted throughout my family’s diaspora.

This thesis examines funerary iconography for evidence of Roman attitudes towards children, childhood and the family. Based on 690 portrait monuments drawn from select areas of the Western Empire, its central hypothesis is that the commemorations are best read as highly artificial constructs which reveal more about the social preoccupations of the commissioners than the lives of the children whom they represent. The first of the seven chapters defines the parameters of the accompanying catalogue and discusses the benefits of studying a diverse range of monuments (rather than isolated "show-pieces"). The methodological section which follows assesses the cultural limitations and identification problems inherent to funerary material and considers how the terms "child" and "portrait" are best defined in this medium. The four subsequent chapters analyse the following key areas: the ages, genders and attributes of children; the presentation and composition of the family; the iconography of surrogate and extended relationships; and the archaeological context of funerary display. In each case any emotional interpretations which surround the material are discussed and then countered with alternative, and better supported, social readings. It is argued that previous research has been based on samples which are too limited in terms of size, genre and geographical scope and influenced too heavily by a desire to prove parental benevolence and the existence of "love" and "affection" within the Roman household. By exposing demographic biases and iconographic problems, it is shown that commissioners were actually using the image of the child for overtly social purposes, with some of the results being subject to substantial, and hitherto unacknowledged, regional variation. The conclusion then reassesses a well-known example to show that while Roman parents did attach importance to their children, funerary evidence can only prove it to be of a social, rather than an emotional, nature.