A presente pesquisa analisou a acurácia posicional horizontal das bases do Bing Maps, Google Maps e da World Imagery da Esri quando utilizadas como referência espacial on-line em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica no Município de São Paulo (MSP). A metodologia adotada foi a baseada no Decreto Federal no 89.817/84 e na Análise Estatística proposta por Merchant (1982). A análise da acurácia foi desenvolvida a partir das diferenças entre as coordenadas de 240 pontos nas cartas 1:1.000 do Mapa Digital da Cidade de São Paulo (MDC) em relação às coordenadas homólogas nas três bases, considerando separadamente as coordenadas do eixo Norte e Este. A base do Google Maps para o MSP foi dividida em duas (mosaico de ortofotos na área central e mosaico de imagens de satélite nas regiões periféricas), devido à grande diferença de acurácia entre os dois produtos. Para classificar cada base a partir do Decreto 89.817 foi definida a escala na qual somente 10% das discrepâncias tivessem seu valor superior ao PEC, e a escala na qual o Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) da amostra das discrepâncias fosse igual a 60,8% do PEC. A escala final selecionada foi a menor (menos detalhada) entre as definidas em cada um dos processos. A Análise Estatística foi baseada nos testes de tendência e precisão. Como as três bases apresentaram tendência, a escala definida pelo teste de precisão não foi considerada no cômputo final das escalas, devido à dificuldade de se eliminar a tendência nessas bases quando utilizadas no SIG. As escalas finais obtidas, relativas à classe A, foram: Google Maps (imagens de satélite): 1:12.400; Google Maps (ortofotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 e Word Imagery da ESRI: 1:8.420. Concluiu-se que os três produtos com escalas próximas a 1:10.000 apresentam acurácia para serem utilizados como bases em SIGs nos estudos para planejamento urbano e que o Google Maps (ortofotos, com escala próxima a 1:4.000) pode ser igualmente utilizada para planejamento, mas em função de sua acurácia maior, pode servir também para a gestão de serviços urbanos. A principal limitação encontrada para as bases no uso como referência espacial em SIGs foi a inclinação das feições distantes do nadir da imagem ou da ortofoto e o consequente recobrimento de áreas adjacentes a essas feições. Entretanto, essa limitação se mostrou quase desprezível para as escalas definidas para as bases na análise da acurácia. / This research has analyzed the horizontal positional accuracy of basemaps Bing Maps, Google Maps and ESRIs World Imagery when used as an online spatial reference within a Geographic Information System for the municipality of São Paulo. The methodology was based on criteria defined by Brazil Federal Decree 89817/84 and in the analysis proposed by Merchant (1982). The accuracy analysis was developed observing the discrepancies between coordinates of selected 240 points from the 1:1000 digital map of São Paulo compared to corresponding points in the three basemaps, (coordinate directions North and East were considered separately). The Google Maps basemap for the city of São Paulo was divided in two (ortophoto mosaic for the central area and satellite images mosaic in the remainder peripheral areas), due to the considerable differences in their accuracy patterns. In order to classify each basemap as per Federal Decree 89.817, we have defined a scale in which only 10% of discrepancies were above the LMAS90 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the discrepancies sample was equal to 60,8% of LMAS90. The final selected scale was the smallest (less detailed) of those obtained in each of the processes. The statistical analysis was based on the test of bias error and by a test of precision. Because the three basemaps have presented biases, the final scales defined by the precision test were not considered in the results, for it is difficult to eliminate biases in these basemaps when used in a GIS. We have obtained the following final scales to class A of the Brazilian Decree: Google Maps (area covered by satellite images): 1:12.400; Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 and ESRIs Word Imagery: 1:8.420. In conclusion, (a) the three products with scales around a 1:10.000 present accuracy to be used as basemap in GIS for urban planning studies and (b) Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos, scale around 1:4.000) can be equally used for planning studies, as well as urban services manager, due to its greater accuracy. The key limitations for the use of such basemaps as spatial references in GIS was the inclination of features which are distant from the image or ortophoto nadir (off-nadir effects) and the consequent shadowing of adjoining areas. However, this limitation is almost irrelevant to the scales defined for the basemaps in the accuracy analysis.

Essa pesquisa estabelece a relação entre políticas públicas e a política. Especificamente, investiga a influência que têm para a disseminação de conflitos entre agentes por posições nos espaços políticos, gerando condições para manifestação do fenômeno denominado antagonismo posicional. Concentra-se na agenda de políticas públicas redistributivas de Reforma do Estado e de reestruturação da base econômica do Rio Grande do Sul, encaminhadas no governo de Antônio Britto Filho do PMDB, cujos efeitos se estenderam ao governo de Olívio de Oliveira Dutra do PT. Nos programas que têm origem nestas políticas (de Demissão Voluntária, privatizações, concessões rodoviárias, FUNDOPEM-RS e os casos de GM e Ford), investiga as condições para a manifestação do fenômeno analisado através (i) dos resultados obtidos (ii) dos impactos na agenda pública e (iii) da influência destes sobre as articulações e sobre o comportamento eleitoral. Ao final, através da reflexão sobre fatos passados vinte (20) agentes políticos que tiveram agência sobre essas políticas públicas apontam suas motivações e razões para que o fenômeno tenha ocorrido. A explicação é a de as políticas públicas importaram mais para articular a manutenção ou reforços das posições nos espaços políticos do que pelos resultados socioeconômicos produzidos. / This research establishes the relationship between public policy and politics. Specifically, it investigates the influence they have on the conflict between agents for positions on political spaces, creating conditions for the phenomenon so-called positional antagonism. It focuses on the redistributive public policy agenda of both state reform and restructuring of the economic base of Rio Grande do Sul, directed by the governor Antonio Britto Filho from the PMDB party, whose effects extended to the governor Olívio Dutra de Oliveira from the PT party. In programs that originate in these policies (Voluntary Dismissal, privatization, highway concessions, FUNDOPEM-RS and the cases of GM and Ford), investigates the conditions for the manifestation of the phenomenon analyzed by (i) the results obtained (ii) the impact on the public agenda and (iii) the influence of these on the joints and on voting behavior. Finally, through the analysis of past events, twenty (20) political agents who had agency on those policies indicate their motivations and reasons for the phenomenon occurrence. The explanation is that public policies imported more to maintain or reinforce positions in the political space than by socioeconomic results.

No description available.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), characterized by a history of brief attacks of intense positional vertigo and rotary nystagmus, results from otoconial migration into the semicircular canals, making the sensory structures in the canal gravity sensitive. Treatment methods include positioning maneuvers, which return the otoconia back into the otolith, and typically include a variety of activity limitations for the subsequent 24-48 hours. Previous studies suggest BPPV treatment can be successful without any limitations of the patient post- therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the necessity of post-maneuver restrictions on BPPV patients treated with the Canalith Repositioning Maneuver. Twenty participants were identified as having BPPV of the posterior canal and treated with the Canalith Repositioning Maneuver. During post-maneuver instruction, the ten participants assigned to the restricted group were provided with typical instructions. Ten participants assigned to the non-restricted group were given no post-maneuver restrictions. At the one-week post-treatment follow-up, all patients were free of vertigo and/or nystagmus. Results indicated that given two groups of subjects matched for age, gender, and symptoms, post-maneuver restrictions are not necessary for successful outcome using the CRM to treat posterior-canal BPPV.

Cancer remains one of the most feared diseases affecting the modern world. Second to heart disease, it is the largest cause of deaths, affecting one in three persons. Cancer cells are formed when normal, healthy cells become damage, losing their normal regulatory mechanism that control cell growth. There are many different types and progression of these cancer cells that determine the type of treatment a patient receives. The primary focus of this dissertation is to propose three studies of anticancer agents. In Chapter one, a CpG-lytic peptide conjugate was designed to target receptors on the cell membrane to concentrate the lytic peptide around the cells to cause triggered cell death, in the treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). This conjugate act like monoclonal antibodies in that the molecular size is too large to enter the cell, therefore it targets the TLR9 receptors expressed extracellularly in precancer cells in MDS. Chapter two, focuses on the screening of anticancer agents used in targeted therapy. It provides a general scheme applied to the synthesis of a combinatorial library of primary amines used as small-molecule drugs coupled unto a solid support bead (Positional Scanning Library Method) to screen for biological effects on various types of cancers. Chapter three address the issue of radiotherapy treatments, one of the most widely used treatment of cancer. To improve the efficacy of conventional radiation therapy and reduce the cytotoxicity of healthy tissue, High-Dose Rate brachytherapy (HDR) may be used as a stand-alone treatment or after surgery to prevent the recurrence of cancer cells. To design and provide studies of these brachytherapy beads, a model was developed by coupling a chelating agent DOTA onto the surface of macrobeads that coordinated to Europium (III) in efforts to mimic the radiolabeling with a radioactive metal. These brachytherapy beads will be used to conduct in vitro studies in the treatment of local cancers with massive concentrations of radiation without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

<p>Positional cloning is a method to identify genes from their position in the genome without prior knowledge about function. We used this approach to investigate the basis for three distinct genetic disorders; Obesity, Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome and Meniere's disease.</p><p>Obesity appears when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure which leads to an abnormal accumulation of fat in the adipocyte tissue. We have studied a family with a balanced chromosomal translocation t(4;15) segregating with severe obesity. The chromosomal breakpoints create a fusion gene involving the gene for isoform 1 of RAR-related orphan receptor A (<i>RORa1</i>) which is implicated in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism. We hypothesize that the obesity in this family is caused by haploinsufficiency of this gene or a gain of function of the fusion gene.</p><p>Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS) is a rare skin disorder belonging to a group of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. We have mapped the locus for IPS to chromosome 9q34. Within the IPS locus, we identified a core haplotype with a high carrier frequency among affected, which indicate a possible founder mutation for the disease. The minimal shared region in affected patients contains seven genes which are candidates for IPS.</p><p>Meniere's disease (MD) is characterised by spontaneous attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural low frequency hearing loss, aural fullness, and tinnitus. We mapped the MD locus to chromosome 12p13 using three Swedish families. The linked region is 463 kb, containing only one gene, a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (<i>PIK3C2G</i>). Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI-3K) in the intra cellular signalling cascades of cells in mammalian balance epithelia makes this gene a good candidate gene for MD.</p>

<p>Should economists depart from the neoclassical assumption of independent preferences and admit that people do not only care about absolute consumption, but also about relative consumption? Three different motives for relative preferences are explored, an instrumental perspective most often grounded in signalling incentives, a view where people care about identity and self-image and finally a theory based on the information content in consumption. The central concern is positional goods, typically seen as status-goods, of particular relevance in signalling contexts. The consumption patterns arrived at give rise to wasteful competitive consumption; the desire to advertise wealth produce a pareto-inferior outcome with an overconsumption of positional goods. In relation to this, we briefly discuss some policy implications as well as survey the available empirical evidence.</p>

Positional cloning is a method to identify genes from their position in the genome without prior knowledge about function. We used this approach to investigate the basis for three distinct genetic disorders; Obesity, Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome and Meniere's disease. Obesity appears when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure which leads to an abnormal accumulation of fat in the adipocyte tissue. We have studied a family with a balanced chromosomal translocation t(4;15) segregating with severe obesity. The chromosomal breakpoints create a fusion gene involving the gene for isoform 1 of RAR-related orphan receptor A (RORa1) which is implicated in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism. We hypothesize that the obesity in this family is caused by haploinsufficiency of this gene or a gain of function of the fusion gene. Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS) is a rare skin disorder belonging to a group of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. We have mapped the locus for IPS to chromosome 9q34. Within the IPS locus, we identified a core haplotype with a high carrier frequency among affected, which indicate a possible founder mutation for the disease. The minimal shared region in affected patients contains seven genes which are candidates for IPS. Meniere's disease (MD) is characterised by spontaneous attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural low frequency hearing loss, aural fullness, and tinnitus. We mapped the MD locus to chromosome 12p13 using three Swedish families. The linked region is 463 kb, containing only one gene, a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PIK3C2G). Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI-3K) in the intra cellular signalling cascades of cells in mammalian balance epithelia makes this gene a good candidate gene for MD.

Abstrakt Studien behandlar begreppskunskap inom området positionssystemet hos elever i matematiksvårigheter. Undersökningen har gjorts i årskurs 4 och omfattar naturliga tal avseende tiobassystemet. Studien består av en kvantitativ undersökning och en kvalitativ del med intervjuer. Resultatet av studien har organiserats i tre områden som har betydelse för individens utveckling av matematiska begrepp. Talområdet 1-10, talsystemets uppbyggnad samt förståelsen av stora tal. Av resultatet framgår att förståelse av ett begrepp kan vara mer ytlig än den ser ut att vara. Brister i grundläggande begreppsförståelse kan leda till att räknesvårigheter uppstår. Svårigheter är bland annat begreppen talsort och platsvärde, särskilt i stora tal. Sökord: begrepp, matematiksvårigheter, positionssystemet, schema, specialundervisning, tiobassystemet. / Abstract The study deals with the conceptual knowledge in the positional system for pupils with mathematical difficulties. The investigation was conducted in grade four and includes natural numbers for the ten-base system. The study consists of a quantitative survey and a quality part with interviews. The result of the study has been organized into three areas which have importance to the development of mathematical concepts for individuals. The number field 1-10, rules for the building of system of numbers and the understanding of large numbers. The result shows that the understanding of a concept may be more superficial then it appears to be. Deficiency in basic conceptual understanding can lead to numeracy problems. The difficulties included the concepts place-value and magnitude of number, especially in large numbers.   Keywords: concept, mathematical difficulties, positional system, schema, special needs education, ten-base system.

Should economists depart from the neoclassical assumption of independent preferences and admit that people do not only care about absolute consumption, but also about relative consumption? Three different motives for relative preferences are explored, an instrumental perspective most often grounded in signalling incentives, a view where people care about identity and self-image and finally a theory based on the information content in consumption. The central concern is positional goods, typically seen as status-goods, of particular relevance in signalling contexts. The consumption patterns arrived at give rise to wasteful competitive consumption; the desire to advertise wealth produce a pareto-inferior outcome with an overconsumption of positional goods. In relation to this, we briefly discuss some policy implications as well as survey the available empirical evidence.