During the past 10 years Sweden has updated its penal code for sexual crimes twice. Despite this few are convicted for the crime of rape in Sweden. As the majority of perpetrators being male, this is a problem concerning women’s rights to respect for their bodies and personal integrity. A possible explanation, and this study’s point of departure is a potential discrepancy between the intention of the law and the interpretation of the same as the Swedish legal system rests on a foundation of legal positivism. Hence focus of this study has been the motives behind the definition of rape in the law and the interpretation of the same. The purpose has been to establish the development of the rape law and its political motives, how the judicial system has interpreted the legal text in actual cases and if this is in alignment. As to explain why so few are convicted for the crime of rape and to critically examine how this affects women’s rights as well as how the interpretation of the definition of rape can be carried out in a more legally secure way for the victims. This has been done firstly by examining the states public investigations and state bills before the update of the penal codes definition of rape in 2005 and 2013. Secondly by an analysis of arguments used by the Swedish courts, mainly the district courts, in two rape convictions and three verdicts of acquittal. Arguments used by the courts have then been compared to the motives behind the legal definition of rape to see if the perceived discrepancy between the intended meaning of the law and the interpretation of the same existed. Thirdly, the judicial systems legal basis for interpretation was criticised from the two theoretical perspectives of the study; a criticism to legal positivism and a gender hierarchical perspective.   The analysis shows that the updates of the rape law are clearly morally motivated and women’s rights based. In contrast to the legal positivistic judicial system interpretations, avoiding morally based argumentation relying on the systems foundation solely. The critical investigation shows that both a the perceived gender neutral system as well as legal positivistic tradition of sidestepping moral argumentation in courts result in lack of questioning the system and how it comes to its decisions.  Hence the discrepancy between the two systems can be a part of the explanation why women’s rights are not secured in Sweden.

Thesis-Zürich. / Without thesis statement. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 170-172.

Issued also as inaugural dissertation, Zürich. / "Literatur-Verzeichnis": p. [127]-129.

Thesis-Zürich. / Without thesis statement. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 170-172.

Legal positivism posits that the observation of how officials and citizens treat the legal system’s rules combine to constitute law’s existence. This is not an understanding verified by cases such as Nigeria’s legal system. Using historical evidence from the UK National Archives, and examples of recent court cases, I attempt to show that although such legal systems do, in fact, exist, they defy positivism’s conceptualization. They suggest that while the legal legitimacy of law is one thing, it does not account for obedience; and neither is the social fact of obedience necessary in defining legal validity. This thesis aims to suggest that far from being an outlying case, Nigeria provides interesting philosophical illumination about what positivism does not explain about legal systems in general—namely, what determines obedience. This thesis uses the political philosophies of Aristotle and Rousseau to construct a philosophical understanding of the basis for obedience to law. It suggests that it is by participation in the function of a legal system, that law is shown to a given population to have a specific purpose that is tied to the moral nature of the state. This thesis asserts that participation serves to illuminate law’s moral legitimacy as an especial type of legitimacy that is, in a sense, prior to its legal legitimacy and as what explains obedience separately from law’s legal validity, which simply explains its plain existence. This thesis further uses a field experiment centred on a transportation system in Lagos, Nigeria to test, empirically, the hypotheses generated by its theoretical investigations that: 1: the greater a people’s direct participation in creating their laws, the greater they perceive of the law’s moral legitimacy. and 2: The greater the people’s belief in the law’s moral legitimacy, the greater their free obedience to the law. The results suggest that the manner in which citizens are allowed to participate on the formulation and enactment of rules affects the extent to which they go on to obey those rules. These results, further, give empirical grounds for the thesis’ theoretical combination of an Aristotelian understanding of law’s authority with a reformulation of Rousseau’s argument that participation is necessary for, and derived from, freedom.

No description available.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a demonstração e a sedimentação da força de norma que possuem os princípios constitucionais; ou seja, a aptidão, a capacidade e, sobretudo, a necessidade que estes possuem para a concentração final do direito materializado nas decisões judiciais. De início, pretendemos fundamentar na filosofia acerca da importância desta espécie normativa e nas suas diversas vertentes fundamentadoras, bem como da sua indispensabilidade no enriquecimento da interpretação, solução e justiça dos casos confiados a judiciário. Não somente isso, entendemos necessária a demonstração de uma moderna atividade interpretativa, no sentido de se conferir maior racionalidade e efetividade para esse mister. Por fim, a inclusão ao estudo de um caso concreto (caso difícil), para que se visualize, na prática, a realização de toda essa idéia. No enfrentamento da ADI 3.510 - que operou ponderações diversas a respeito da preservação do direito a vida embrionária, em conflito com outros direitos igualmente fundamentais como a saúde e dignidade da vida dos já cidadãos, por exemplo -, restou histórico julgamento, onde valores diversos de todo o conhecimento humano concluíram numa decisão controvertida, com forte conteúdo moral e político, porém juridicamente bem sedimentada. / [en] This paper aims to demonstrate the strength and sedimentation that have the rule of constitutional principles; i.e., the ability, capacity, and above all the need they have for the final concentration of law embodied in judicial decisions. Initially, we intend to support the philosophy of the existence of this species rules, and its indispensability in enriching the interpretation, settlement and justice of cases entrusted to the judiciary. Not only that, we believe it necessary to demonstrate a modern interpretive activity, in order to bring greater rationality and effectiveness for this task. Finally, the inclusion to the study of a case (hard case) for you to view, in practice, the realization of this whole idea.

This event revolves around the change inside the teaching law, as well as the relationship between this and other social and economics phenomena like the market. In this way, the reader will be introduced in the changes that teaching law has experienced in the last years. / El presente evento gira en torno al cambio de paradigmas dentro de la enseñanza del Derecho, así como la relación que existe entre esta y otros fenómenos sociales y económicos como el mercado. De esta manera el lector se introducirá de lleno en los cambios que experimenta la educación legal en los últimos años.

Inside the field of Law, the usual question about the meaning of a determined concept or the question towards what it makes reference to has alwaysbeen complicated. In the last years, different events have produced that philosophical trends reconsider the understanding of the legal system.In the present article, the author does a presentation of what new constitutionalism means and its opinion towards it. The author also makes a critical analysis of the positivist and jusnaturalist visions, connecting them with the understandingof Law and the legal system, making an emphasis on Administrative Law. / En el campo del Derecho, la pregunta sobre qué significa o a qué hace referencia determinado concepto siempre ha sido complicada. En los últimos años diversos acontecimientos han ocasionado que corrientes filosóficas replanteen la forma de entender el orden jurídico.En el presente artículo, el autor hace una presentación de qué se entiende por nuevo constitucionalismo y su opinión sobre el mismo. Asimismo, realiza un análisis crítico de los planteamientos positivistas e iusnaturalistas, conectando los mismos con el entendimiento del Derecho y del orden jurídico, poniendo énfasis en la rama del Derecho Administrativo.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T19:45:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira.pdf: 555403 bytes, checksum: 415a33e6fa2d4378c8624be142b20365 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira.pdf: 555403 bytes, checksum: 415a33e6fa2d4378c8624be142b20365 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira.pdf: 555403 bytes, checksum: 415a33e6fa2d4378c8624be142b20365 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo delinear o papel do discurso jurídico no pós-positivismo, utilizando-se de análise de acórdãos selecionados do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O pós-positivismo surge no berço da pós-modernidade com uma exigência das múltiplas facetas sociais contemporâneas e se estabelece como superação do paradigma positivista para afirmação de uma nova forma de interpretar e aplicar o direito. Considera uma perspectiva mais valorativa, inserindo no processo decisório elementos além da letra da lei, a exemplo dos princípios, dos precedentes judiciais e de informações técnicas pertinentes aos fatos levados à decomposição do juiz, tudo em busca de uma decisão mais justa e razoável. Neste cenário ingressa o discurso jurídico como instrumento materializador dessa nova ótica do direito, através da construção argumentativa que possibilita ao julgador ligar o sistema de regras e princípios aos procedimentos, mais especificamente, o processo judicial. Para comprovação da hipótese levantada na pesquisa, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica que forma o lastro teórico, com base nos autores Robert Alexy, Theodor Viehweg, Chaim Perelman e Neil MacCormick, bem como, foram analisados três acórdãos intencionalmente selecionados, para uma abordagem prática da questão central. Concluiu-se que o papel do discurso jurídico no direito pós-positivista é funcionar como facilitador de uma lógica diferenciada de raciocínio e legitimador de decisões judiciais. / Salvador