In view of levelling the playing field between foreign and local employers in the host country, the European Commission proposed in March 2016 to revise the Posting of Workers Directive (PWD) 96/71/EC. The amended PWD (EU) 2018/957, that was adopted mid-2018, introduces some significant changes in order to combat the shortcomings resulting from the original PWD, strengthening the importance of ensuring fair competition (between local and foreign employers) and improving the protection of workers. In a nutshell, the PWD aims at promoting the principle of equal pay for equal work in the same place, especially by extending the so-called hard nucleus of working conditions and introducing a provision for long-term postings. This new legislation will be implemented throughout the EU as of mid-2020. The following article aims to investigate the extent to which the changes demand national implementation from an Austrian point-of-view; the latter could serve as a guidance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Lopez Villasenor.pdf: 2961728 bytes, checksum: 14c4c78a691970b02ee01fc9cc8bd655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has as its object of study and research analyzing people with no religious belief in the cyberspace through the virtual communities, mainly within Orkut, for being the social network used by most Brazilians as a means of disseminating ideas and defend these ones in virtual space. The research questions are: How does the changing from Brazilian religious hegemony to pluralism happen and develop? What are its causes and effects? Is the current religious situation a crisis or a new institutional enhancement? How is cyberspace used by a non-institutional religion? What is God s interface on the Orkut social network? What comprehension can we have about the postings of no religious Internet users on Orkut? The main hypothesis shows that people with no religious belief are a heterogeneous group but not necessarily marked by disbelief, these ones can be classified as: No religion syncretic people, people who move from one church to another, skeptic people about the institution, the agnostics and the atheists. The cyberspace enables a social, cultural and religious reconfiguration of the same ones with a religious breaking within the traditional and no institutional religious system, but the religiosity is still maintained. The first part of thesis analyses the Brazilian religious changes that led to the emerging of people who have no religious belief, that is, the transition of the religious hegemony to the pluralism. Religious changes were worked, which led from the catholic supremacy to the religious pluralism until the emerging of people who have no religious belief in the postmodernity situation process. The second of thesis research part studies people who have no religious belief in the virtual communities, as Orkut in a special way, to understand the action of this social network / Esta tese tem como objeto de pesquisa avaliar os depoimentos dos "sem religião" no ciberespaço, através das comunidades virtuais, especificamente dentro do Orkut, por ter sido a rede digital social mais usada pelos brasileiros, como meio de difundir ideias e defender teses no espaço virtual. As questões da pesquisa são: Como acontece e se desenvolve a passagem da hegemonia religiosa brasileira ao pluralismo, suas causas e efeitos? A encruzilhada religiosa atual é crise ou nova vitalidade institucional? Como o ciberespaço é usado pela religião desinstitucionalizada? Como funcionam as comunidades virtuais na rede social Orkut? Quais são as interfaces de Deus reveladas nas comunidades virtuais dos "sem religião" na rede social Orkut? Que interpretação podemos dar às postagens dos internautas "sem religião" no Orkut? O trabalho mostra que os "sem religião" são categoria heterogênea mas não necessariamente marcada pela descrença. Os depoimentos postados foram agrupados em: "sem religião" sincréticos; "sem religião" em mobilidade e transito religioso; "sem religião" céticos da instituição; "sem religião" agnósticos; "sem religião" ateus. O ciberespaço possibilita uma reconfiguração social, cultural e religiosa evidenciado uma religiosidade de ruptura com os sistemas religiosos tradicionais e institucionais e ao mesmo tempo ratificando manifestações de religiosidade. A primeira parte da tese analisa as transformações socioculturais e religiosas brasileiras que levaram ao surgimento dos "sem religião" e à passagem da hegemonia religiosa para o pluralismo. Trabalhamos as mudanças religiosas, que levaram da supremacia católica para o pluralismo religioso até o aparecimento dos "sem religião" no processo da encruzilhada do paradigma da pósmodernidade. A segunda parte da tese apresenta os "sem religião" nas comunidades virtuais do Orkut. Procuramos entender o funcionamento desta rede social. Analisamos a partir das postagens as crenças, práticas e procedência dos "sem religião" e nos deparamos com sua diversidade de crenças

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Lopez Villasenor.pdf: 2961728 bytes, checksum: 14c4c78a691970b02ee01fc9cc8bd655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has as its object of study and research analyzing people with no religious belief in the cyberspace through the virtual communities, mainly within Orkut, for being the social network used by most Brazilians as a means of disseminating ideas and defend these ones in virtual space. The research questions are: How does the changing from Brazilian religious hegemony to pluralism happen and develop? What are its causes and effects? Is the current religious situation a crisis or a new institutional enhancement? How is cyberspace used by a non-institutional religion? What is God s interface on the Orkut social network? What comprehension can we have about the postings of no religious Internet users on Orkut? The main hypothesis shows that people with no religious belief are a heterogeneous group but not necessarily marked by disbelief, these ones can be classified as: No religion syncretic people, people who move from one church to another, skeptic people about the institution, the agnostics and the atheists. The cyberspace enables a social, cultural and religious reconfiguration of the same ones with a religious breaking within the traditional and no institutional religious system, but the religiosity is still maintained. The first part of thesis analyses the Brazilian religious changes that led to the emerging of people who have no religious belief, that is, the transition of the religious hegemony to the pluralism. Religious changes were worked, which led from the catholic supremacy to the religious pluralism until the emerging of people who have no religious belief in the postmodernity situation process. The second of thesis research part studies people who have no religious belief in the virtual communities, as Orkut in a special way, to understand the action of this social network / Esta tese tem como objeto de pesquisa avaliar os depoimentos dos "sem religião" no ciberespaço, através das comunidades virtuais, especificamente dentro do Orkut, por ter sido a rede digital social mais usada pelos brasileiros, como meio de difundir ideias e defender teses no espaço virtual. As questões da pesquisa são: Como acontece e se desenvolve a passagem da hegemonia religiosa brasileira ao pluralismo, suas causas e efeitos? A encruzilhada religiosa atual é crise ou nova vitalidade institucional? Como o ciberespaço é usado pela religião desinstitucionalizada? Como funcionam as comunidades virtuais na rede social Orkut? Quais são as interfaces de Deus reveladas nas comunidades virtuais dos "sem religião" na rede social Orkut? Que interpretação podemos dar às postagens dos internautas "sem religião" no Orkut? O trabalho mostra que os "sem religião" são categoria heterogênea mas não necessariamente marcada pela descrença. Os depoimentos postados foram agrupados em: "sem religião" sincréticos; "sem religião" em mobilidade e transito religioso; "sem religião" céticos da instituição; "sem religião" agnósticos; "sem religião" ateus. O ciberespaço possibilita uma reconfiguração social, cultural e religiosa evidenciado uma religiosidade de ruptura com os sistemas religiosos tradicionais e institucionais e ao mesmo tempo ratificando manifestações de religiosidade. A primeira parte da tese analisa as transformações socioculturais e religiosas brasileiras que levaram ao surgimento dos "sem religião" e à passagem da hegemonia religiosa para o pluralismo. Trabalhamos as mudanças religiosas, que levaram da supremacia católica para o pluralismo religioso até o aparecimento dos "sem religião" no processo da encruzilhada do paradigma da pósmodernidade. A segunda parte da tese apresenta os "sem religião" nas comunidades virtuais do Orkut. Procuramos entender o funcionamento desta rede social. Analisamos a partir das postagens as crenças, práticas e procedência dos "sem religião" e nos deparamos com sua diversidade de crenças

Studiens primära syfte är att undersöka hur målgruppen potentiellt framtida kvinnliga arbetssökande upplever det språkliga tilltalet i nätbanken Nordnets platsannonser. Hypotesen att det språkliga tilltalet i Nordnets platsannonser bär spår av manliga drag och attraherar män i högre utsträckning än kvinnor är en central utgångspunkt för undersökningen som görs. Ett sekundärt syfte med studien är även att ur språkvetenskapligt perspektiv undersöka hur de relationsskapande strategierna ser ut i fem slumpmässigt utvalda platsannonser från Nordnet. Studien utgår från frågeställningar som berör attityder till det språkliga tilltalet och hur platsannonsernas relationsskapande strategier associeras med manligt eller kvinnligt språk. Frågeställningarna besvaras med hjälp av två kvantitativa metoder: en enkätundersökning samt en textanalys, vars resultat legat till grund för enkätundersökningens utformning. 39 respondenter deltog i enkätundersökningen, varav 22 kvinnor och en kontrollgrupp på 17 män. Till grund för textanalysen låg fem slumpmässigt utvalda platsannonser från Nordnet. Studien har en sociolingvistisk ansats och bygger vidare på Gaucher, Friesen & Kays (2011) forskning om effekterna av könsbundna ord i platsannonser samt Xiaoli Fus (2012) forskning om platsannonsens kontaktskapande strategier. Resultaten från textanalyserna visar att de kontaktskapande strategierna i Nordnets platsannonser stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning samt att användningen av olika attitydmarkörer och läsarinkluderande pronomen har en gynnsam effekt på målgruppen. Vidare talar resultaten för hypotesens förkastande - åtminstone vad gäller den undersökta gruppen - då merparten av de undersökta kvinnorna uppger sig vara lockade att söka en tjänst hos Nordnet och även upplever platsannonsens kontaktskapande strategier på ett positivt sätt. Inte heller uppgav de kvinnliga respondenterna att de associerade det språkliga tilltalet med manligt språk; tvärtom skattade männen i kontrollgruppen valda delar av platsannonsens språkliga tilltal som mera maskulint än kvinnorna. / The objective of this study is to investigate how a specific target group; potential, future female applicants, perceive the language in Nordnet’s job postings. The hypothesis that the language used in Nordnet’s job postings attracts men to a greater extent than women is a central starting point for the investigation. A secondary objective for the study is also to examine how the interactional metadiscourse, e.g. relationship building strategies, look like in five randomly selected job postings from Nordnet. The study is based on questions that apply to attitudes towards linguistic traits in the job postings and how the relationship building strategies is associated with masculinity or femininity. These questions are answered by two quantitative methods : a survey and a text analysis, the results of which formed the basis of the questionnaire survey design. 39 respondents participated in the survey, including 22 women and a control group of 17 men. The basis for text analysis were five randomly selected job postings from Nordnet. The study has a sociolinguistic approach and builds on Gaucher, Friesen & Kay's (2012) research on the effects of gendered wording in job postings and Xiaoli Fu's (2011) research on interactional metadiscourse in job postings. The results from the text analysis shows that the relationship building strategies of Nordnet’s job postings are consistent with previous research and the use of different attitude markers and reader-inclusive pronouns has a beneficial effect on the target audience. Furthermore, the results speak for hypothesis rejection - at least for the group studied – since most of the female participants claimed to be attracted to apply for a position within Nordnet and also experienced the job posting’s strategies in a positive way. Neither did the female participants associate the language with masculinity; on the contrary, instead the male participants rated selected parts of the job postings interactional metadiscourse as more masculine than the women did.

Thesis (MA (Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / The survival of an organisation in a global competitive business environment depends on its survival skills (e.g. adaptability, flexibility and innovativeness), which is situated within its human resources. Hence, the recruitment function’s role is critical, since it is responsible for the procurement of key intellectual capital that could equip the organisation with a competitive advantage. However, against the accelerated growth of the Internet combined with global competition, traditional recruitment methods are increasingly failing to rise to the challenge of securing key intellectual capital, due to being too time consuming and expensive. Consequently, organisations are progressively turning to online recruitment (which does not refer to one specific technique, but rather several different Internet tools that can be employed as a recruitment method, such as organisational websites, specialised job sites, media websites or newsgroups). However, the presence of an organisational website that advertises vacancies is not sufficient to guarantee its success as a recruitment method. Hence, it is vital to gain an understanding of website recruitment, as well as how to maximise the website’s effectiveness and ability to facilitate successful online applicant behaviour (SOAB), in order to harness its full potential as a recruitment method, able to secure key intellectual capital. For the purpose of this study, SOAB refers to potential applicants (i.e. job seekers entering an organisational website in search of employment opportunities) being able to browse the website without any difficulty and obtain relevant and sufficient information concerning the organisation and its listed vacancies. In addition to enabling potential applicants to assess whether he/she will be able to fit, perform and accelerate in the work climate and culture of the organisation (i.e. decide whether he/she would like to work for the organisation), a website that facilitates SOAB, should also enable potential applicants to contact the organisation to address additional information needs. In essence, this study comprises of three phases and centres on the identification of website content- and usability design benchmarks that should contribute to a website’s ability to facilitate SOAB. By means of a comprehensive literature review, it is argued that the content- and usability design are vital contributing factors to a website’s ability to facilitate SOAB. It is also proposed that the effectiveness of the website as a recruitment method is, to a certain degree, linked to the effectiveness of the alignment of an organisation’s online recruitment strategy with the five stages of potential applicants’ job decision-making process (i.e. the recognition of an employment need, search for career related information, evaluation of career alternatives, identification and acceptance of employment and post-choice evaluation). Phase one, entails the identification of website content- and usability design benchmarks and culminates with the development of the Website Benchmarks Checklist. Phase two, which constitutes the overall purpose of this study, entails an audit of the sample of the ‘best’ SA employers’ (drawn from a survey conducted by the Corporate Research Foundation, 2005) websites. The primary aim is to determine the extent to which the sample’s website design incorporates the identified benchmarks. However, the quality of potential applicants’ interaction with a website (i.e. informative content being communicated in an effective, efficient and satisfactory manner), greatly influences their perception of the organisation’s image, its attractiveness as an employer, as well as their intention to pursue employment within the organisation. Hence, the third phase of the study entails the subjective evaluation of three websites (selected from the audited sample), by a sample of potential applicants. Throughout the study, the empirical tests conducted were descriptive in nature and utilised survey research methods to acquire the required data, related to the specified goals and objectives that encapsulate the aim and purpose of this study. The results obtained provided valuable insight into website design benchmarks that should assist potential applicants in their job decision-making process, increase a website’s ability to facilitate SOAB and maximise its effectiveness as a recruitment method responsible for securing key intellectual capital. In addition to revealing that the majority of the sample employs its website as a recruitment method, the audit results also indicated that although a high level of adherence existed concerning the sample’s incorporation of the usability design benchmarks. However, a notable difference that ranged from very little to relatively high existed with regards to the extent to which the sample’s website design adhered to the content design benchmarks. The subjective evaluation of the three websites by potential applicants revealed that in addition to being critical contributors to the quality of their interaction with a website, the content- and usability design also had a profound impact on their assessment of the websites. Finally, the results also showed that a similarity existed between potential applicants’ subjective evaluation and the extent to which the design of the three websites adhered to the recommended benchmarks (audit results).

With the proliferation of 21st century educational technologies, science teaching and learning with digitally acclimatized learners in secondary science education can be realized through an online Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE)-based issues approach. STSE-based programs can be interpreted as the exploration of socially-embedded initiatives in science (e.g., use of genetically modified foods) to promote the development of critical cognitive processes and to empower learners with responsible decision-making skills. This dissertation presents a case study examining the online environment of a grade 11 physics class in an all-girls’ school, and the outcomes from those online discursive opportunities with STSE materials. The limited in-class discussion opportunities are often perceived as low-quality discussions in traditional classrooms because they originate from an inadequate introduction and facilitation of socially relevant issues in science programs. Hence, this research suggests that the science curriculum should be inclusive of STSE-based issue discussions. This study also examines the nature of students’ online discourse and, their perceived benefits and challenges of learning about STSE-based issues through an online environment. Analysis of interviews, offline classroom events and online threaded discussion transcripts draws from the theoretical foundations of critical reflective thinking delineated in the Practical Inquiry (P.I.) Model. The PI model of Cognitive Presence is situated within the Community of Inquiry framework,encompassing two other core elements, Teacher Presence and Social Presence. In studying Cognitive Presence, the online STSE-based discourses were examined according to the four phases of the P.I. Model. The online discussions were measured at macro-levels to reveal patterns in student STSE-based discussions and content analysis of threaded discussions. These analyses indicated that 87% of the students participated in higher quality STSE-based discussions via an online forum as compared to in-class. The micro-level analysis revealed students to attain higher cognitive interactions with STSE issues. Sixteen percent of the students’ threaded postings were identified in the Resolution Phase 4 when the teacher intervened with a focused teaching strategy. This research provides a significant theoretical and pedagogical contribution to blended approach to STSE-based secondary science education. It presents a framework for teachers to facilitate students’ online discussions and to support learners in exploring STSE-based topics.

With the proliferation of 21st century educational technologies, science teaching and learning with digitally acclimatized learners in secondary science education can be realized through an online Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE)-based issues approach. STSE-based programs can be interpreted as the exploration of socially-embedded initiatives in science (e.g., use of genetically modified foods) to promote the development of critical cognitive processes and to empower learners with responsible decision-making skills. This dissertation presents a case study examining the online environment of a grade 11 physics class in an all-girls’ school, and the outcomes from those online discursive opportunities with STSE materials. The limited in-class discussion opportunities are often perceived as low-quality discussions in traditional classrooms because they originate from an inadequate introduction and facilitation of socially relevant issues in science programs. Hence, this research suggests that the science curriculum should be inclusive of STSE-based issue discussions. This study also examines the nature of students’ online discourse and, their perceived benefits and challenges of learning about STSE-based issues through an online environment. Analysis of interviews, offline classroom events and online threaded discussion transcripts draws from the theoretical foundations of critical reflective thinking delineated in the Practical Inquiry (P.I.) Model. The PI model of Cognitive Presence is situated within the Community of Inquiry framework,encompassing two other core elements, Teacher Presence and Social Presence. In studying Cognitive Presence, the online STSE-based discourses were examined according to the four phases of the P.I. Model. The online discussions were measured at macro-levels to reveal patterns in student STSE-based discussions and content analysis of threaded discussions. These analyses indicated that 87% of the students participated in higher quality STSE-based discussions via an online forum as compared to in-class. The micro-level analysis revealed students to attain higher cognitive interactions with STSE issues. Sixteen percent of the students’ threaded postings were identified in the Resolution Phase 4 when the teacher intervened with a focused teaching strategy. This research provides a significant theoretical and pedagogical contribution to blended approach to STSE-based secondary science education. It presents a framework for teachers to facilitate students’ online discussions and to support learners in exploring STSE-based topics.