The design of power amplifiers within a circuit simulator requires a good non-linear model that accurately predicts the electormagnetic behaviour of the power transistor. In recent years, a certain class of large signal frequency-dependent black-box behavioural modeling techniques known as Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) models has been devised to mimic the non-linear unmatched RF transistor. These models promise a good prediction of the device behaviour under multi-harmonic periodic continuous wave inputs. This thesis describes the capabilities of the PHD modeling framework and the theoretical type of behaviour that it is capable of predicting. Specifically, the PHD framework cannot necessarily predict the response of a broadband aperiodic signal. This analysis will be performed by deriving the PHD modeling framework as a simplification of the Volterra series kernel functions under the assumption that the power transistor is operating under continuous periodic multi-harmonic voltage and current signals in a stable circuit. A PHD model will be seen as a set of describing functions that predict the response of the Device Under Test (DUT) for any given non-linear periodic continuous-wave inputs that have a specific fundamental frequency. Two popular implementations of PHD models that can be found in the literature are the X-parameter and Cardiff models. Each model formulates the describing functions of the general PHD model differently. The mathematical formulation of the X-parameter and Cardiff models will be discussed in order to provide a theoretical ground for comparing their robustness. The X-parameter model will be seen as the first-order Taylor series approximation of the PHD model describing functions around a Large Signal Operating Point (LSOP) of the device under test. The Cardiff large-signal model uses Fourier series coefficient functions that vary with the magnitude of the large signal(s) as the PHD model describing functions. This thesis will provide a breakdown of the measurement procedure required for the extraction of these models, the challenges involved in the measurement, as well as the mathematical extraction of the model coe cients from measurement data. As each of these models contain have extended versions that enhance the predictive capability of the model under stronger nonlinear modes of operation, a comparison is used to represent the cost of increasing model accuracy as a function of the increasing model complexity for each model. The order of complexity of each model can manifest itself in terms of the mathematical formulation, the number of parameters required and the measurement time that is required to extract each model for a given DUT. This comparison will fairly assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of each model.

Au cours des dernières années, la faisabilité des émetteurs-récepteurs millimétriques entièrement intégrés a été largement démontrée en technologies silicium CMOS et BiCMOS. Deux axes sont actuellement très porteurs dans ce domaine : (1) l’amélioration des performances à travers des boucles d’asservissement intégrées (ALC : Automatique Level Control), (2) le développement de solutions de caractérisation sur silicium des composants millimétriques (BIT : Built In Test). L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer les blocsde base (détecteurs de puissance et baluns) pour répondre aux besoins actuels des applications ALC et BIT. Les circuits réalisés combinent l’avantage de composants actifs de la technologie BiCMOS 55 nm, de STMicroelectronics, avec l’avantage des structures passives à ondes lentes développées à l’IMEP-LAHC. Ce travail permet un développement plus rapide et robuste pour la future génération de systèmes millimétriques. / In the past few years, the feasibility of high performance millimeter-wave(mmWave) fully-integrated transceivers has been widely demonstrated in both CMOS andBiCMOS silicon technologies. Nowadays, automatic level control (ALC) solutions and in-situtesting (BIT: Built in Testing) and characterization of mmWave components, constitute themajor research interest in mmWave domain. This work focus on the development of the mainbuilding blocks (power detectors and baluns) that meet the requirement of the today’smmWave ALC and BIT applications. The developed prototypes take advantage of the highperformances transistors offered by the BiCMOS 55 nm technology, from STMicroelectronics, aswell as the high performances of the slow-wave based passive components developed by theIMEP-LAHC laboratory. Several prototypes were developed as a proof of concept for thedesignated applications. This work helps future generation millimeter-wave systems to havefaster development and better robustness.

L’évolution des différentes générations de systèmes de télécommunications cellulaires a entraîné une complexité du frontal des terminaux mobiles caractérisés notamment par la multiplication des chaînes RF qui le constituent. Chaque chaîne est dédiée à un standard, ce qui n’est pas optimale ni du point de vue du coût, ni de l’encombrement. Afin d’optimiser les performances et la consommation du transmetteur radiofréquence, l’approche retenue dans cette thèse consiste à concevoir de façon globale différents blocs afin de partager les contraintes. Dans cette thèse, l’approche globale de la co-conception est organisée en deux sous études. Celles-ci sont destinées à terme à être intégrées dans un même frontal RF entièrement configurable.La première étude aborde la problématique de la conception conjointe entre une antenne et un amplificateur de puissance (PA) qui sont traditionnellement conçus séparément. Nous avons tout d’abord déterminé les spécifications de l’antenne permettant de maximiser le transfert d’énergie entre ces deux blocs. Ensuite, nous avons conçu l’antenne en partageant les contraintes d’impédance à la fois dans la bande utile et aux harmoniques entre cette dernière et le PA afin de relâcher les spécifications sur le réseau d’adaptation d’impédance. Cette approche permet de maintenir la linéarité du PA à des niveaux de puissances supérieures par rapport au cas où l’antenne est adaptée sur 50 Ω.La seconde étude s’intéresse à la conception conjointe d’antennes et de composants agiles. Nous avons réparti l’effort de miniaturisation et les pertes ohmiques associées entre la structure d’antenne et le composant agile (capacité commutable numériquement). Les développements présentés se sont appuyés sur des simulations électromagnétiques, des modélisations, des caractérisations système (linéarité et temps de commutation) et des mesures en rayonnement (efficacité) de prototypes d’antennes miniatures dans les bandes basses 4G. Nos études ont abouti à la conception d’une antenne fente reconfigurable fonctionnant sur la bande instantanée maximale autorisée par la 4G. Pour une intégration sur smartphone, l’élément rayonnant n’occupe que 18 x 3 mm2 de surface soit λ_0/30×λ_0/180 à 560 MHz. La fréquence de résonance de l’antenne varie entre 560 MHz et 1.03 GHz et l’efficacité totale varie entre 50% et 4%. Un banc de mesure de la linéarité a été implémenté afin d’évaluer la linéarité des antennes agiles. La spécification de linéarité exigée par le standard est maintenu jusqu’à une puissance de 22 dBm. / The recent development of cellular communication standards has led to an increasing RF front-end complexity due to the ever increasing number of RF needed paths. Each RF path is dedicated to a frequency bands group which might not be optimal for cost and occupied space area. Consequently, in order to optimize the RF performances and energy consumption, the approach used in this thesis is to share the constraints between the PA and the antenna of the front-end: this is called co-design. In this thesis, the considered co-design approach is twofold and in near future both results should be simultaneously considered and integrated into one fully reconfigurable RF front-end design.The first study addresses the co-design of an antenna and its associated power amplifier (PA), which are traditionally designed separately. We first determine the antenna impedance specifications to maximize the tradeoff between the energy transfer and PA linearity. Then, we propose to remove the impedance matching network between antenna and PA, while demonstrating that a low impedance antenna can maintain the RF performances. Contrarily to the classical approach where the antenna is matched to 50 Ω, the proposed co-design shows the possibility to keep the linearity of the PA even for high power levels (> 20 dBm).The second study focuses on the co-design of an antenna and tunable components. We are sharing the miniaturization effort and the resistive losses between the antenna structure and the tunable capacitor (DTC). The achieved developments are based on electromagnetic simulations, modeling, system characterization (linearity and switching time) and radiation measurements (efficiency) of miniature reconfigurable antenna prototypes in the 4G low bands. The considered studies have led to the design of a frequency reconfigurable antenna addressing the maximum instantaneous available bandwidth authorized by 4G. The radiator occupies only 18 x 3 mm2 (λ0/30 x λ0/180 at 560 MHz), and thus it is extremely suitable for a possible integration onto smartphones. The antenna resonance frequency is tuned between 560 MHz and 1030 MHz and the total efficiency varies between 50% and 4%. For the first time, the impact of SOI DTC implemented on the antenna radiating structure on linearity is measured with a dedicated test bench. The linearity specified by 4G is maintained up to 22 dBm of transmitted power.

Submitted by Wagner Henrique Rabelo (wagner144@bol.com.br) on 2018-07-26T20:18:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MESTRADO - WAGNER RABELO - VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 3489307 bytes, checksum: 98e6a7b1b48eed69e255358e3a62fdd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-07-30T12:45:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rabelo_mh_me_bauru.pdf: 3537069 bytes, checksum: 6434660c8d96cc051a92066c85136ebc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T12:45:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rabelo_mh_me_bauru.pdf: 3537069 bytes, checksum: 6434660c8d96cc051a92066c85136ebc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / O avanço das técnicas de deposição de filmes finos sobre as superfícies dos materiais tem permitido agregar valor e dar novas funcionalidades aos produtos. Atualmente, os filmes finos de óxido de estanho dopado com índio (ITO) têm encontrado grande aplicação no mercado. Entretanto, devido à pouca disponibilidade do índio na natureza e aos altos custos envolvidos na sua aquisição, elementos alternativos estão sendo estudados para sua substituição. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o óxido de zinco dopado com alumínio (AZO) como um promissor substituto, devido às características de elevada transmissividade, baixa resistividade e band gap da ordem de 3,37 eV, que permitem sua aplicação na síntese de filmes finos semicondutores. Com base no exposto, neste trabalho, foi projetado e desenvolvido o protótipo de uma fonte amplificadora de potência (FAP) de corrente alternada (AC) em baixa frequência, operando entre 15 a 40 kHz, responsável por iniciar e sustentar o campo elétrico utilizado para a geração do plasma. Esta FAP foi utilizada para a deposição de filmes finos de (AZO) por meio da técnica de magnetron sputtering. A análise das características morfológicas, ópticas e elétricas dos filmes de AZO produzidos neste estudo resultaram em uma transmitância superior a 80%, energia de band gap de 3,82 eV, e resistividade de 1,46.10-3 .cm, permitindo concluir que o filme produzido se comporta como um TCO (óxido transparente condutivo). A comparação desses resultados com trabalhos disponíveis na literatura, permite concluir que a fonte amplificadora de potência desenvolvida nesta dissertação possibilita a obtenção de filmes finos de AZO com condutividade e transparência superiores àqueles produzidos com fontes operando em radiofrequência, técnica atualmente disponível e amplamente utilizada no mercado. / The development of thin films deposition techniques allows to increase value and give new features to the materials. Currently, indium doped zinc oxide (ITO) is widely used in the market. However, due to the low availability of the indium in the nature and the high costs involved on its acquisition, alternative elements are being studied for its replacement. Aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) stands out as a promising substitute, mainly because of its characteristics, such as high transmissivity, low resistivity and band gap value of 3.37 eV. That allow the application of AZO in the synthesis of thin films semiconductors. In this work, it was developed a prototype of a plasma power source amplifier (FAP) to operate in alternating current (AC) and low frequency (15 - 40 kHz), responsible for initiating and sustaining the electric field used for plasma generation. This FAP was used to deposit AZO thin films by the technique of magnetron sputtering. The analysis of the morphological, optical and electrical characteristics of the AZO films produced in this study resulted in more than 80% transmittance, band gap energy value of 3,82eV, and resistivity of 1,46.10-3 .cm. The thin films synthetized was classified as transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The comparison of these results with the characteristics of similar films avaiable in the bibliography, allows to conclude that the power amplifier source developed in this dissertation makes it possible to obtain thin films of AZO with conductivity and transparency superior to those produced with RF magnetron sputtering, technique currently available and widely used in the market.

L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est l'étude, la réalisation et la caractérisation d'un amplificateur de puissance à base de verres spéciaux devant être inséré dans un dispositif laser impulsionnel à cohérence élevée opérant a la longueur d'onde de 1550 nm en configuration MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier). Il aura pour fonction d'amplifier le signal provenant d'un laser source afin de pouvoir le propager sur des distances élevées sans pour autant dégrader ses caractéristiques spectrales ou sa cohérence. Le dispositif ainsi obtenu sera utilisé comme source laser pour des systèmes LIDAR compact pouvant soit être embarqués à bord d'avions ou de voitures; soit être utilisés dans des stations météorologiques ou des aéroports. Un tel projet représente une innovation majeure dans le domaine des capteurs laser fonctionnant en espace libre. Il s'agit en effet de réaliser des dispositifs compacts qui n'existent pour l'instant pas aussi bien de façon commerciale que des les laboratoires de recherche. / The objective of the present research is the study, fabrication and characterization of a power amplifier based on special glasses to be implemented as an embedded module inside a pulsed laser device with high coherence working at 1550 nm wavelength. The optical amplifier represents the second module of a laser in configuration MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier). The device must amplify the signal proceeding from a seed laser and allow the propagation of the signal at high distances while maintaining the spectral characteristics of the high coherent source. The device obtained with this approach will be employed as a source for a monitoring LIDAR system, which will be installed in train monitoring portals. The results can be extended to other applications as well, such as aeroplanes, meteorological stations or airports. The current research work is intended to contribute to the fabrication of compact devices that seems not be still available even in laboratories. / Lo scopo della presente ricerca `e lo studio, la realizzazione e la caratter-izzazione di un amplificatore di potenza a base di vetri speciali da utiliz-zare come modulo da implementare all’interno di un dispositivo laser adimpulsi ad elevata coerenza operante alla lunghezza d’onda di 1550 nm.L’amplificatore ottico rappresenta il secondo modulo di un laser in configu-razione MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier): esso ha la funzione diamplificare il segnale proveniente da un laser “seed” e permette di propa-gare il suo segnale ad elevate distanze, mantenendo tuttavia le caratteris-tiche spettrali di elevata coerenza della sorgente. Il dispositivo cos`ı ottenutosar`a utilizzato come sorgente per un sistema LIDAR di rilevazione a bordodi aerei, autoveicoli e stazioni meteorologiche o aeroporti. Questi sistemisembrano non essere ancora disponibili neanche a livello dei laboratori diricerca.

Ce travail porte sur l'étude d'un oscillateur de puissance contrôlé en tension en ondes millimétriques. L'objectif de la thèse est de concevoir cet oscillateur pour la bande de fréquence utilisée dans les standards IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad et ECMA TC48, à savoir 56GHz-65GHz. Le principe de l'oscillateur de puissance est développé autour d'un amplificateur de puissance rebouclé pour engendrer un système oscillant. L'amplificateur de puissance développé est un amplicateur à deux étages. Celui de puissance est de classe E et le driver est de classe F. La boucle de retour est basée sur un vecteur-modulateur. Les circuits ont été fabriqués en technologie CMOS 65nm de STMicroelectronics. / This PhD thesis deals with a Power Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) in millimeter waves. The aim is to design this Power VCO in the frequency band used in the standards IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad and ECMA TC48, meaning from 56GHz to 65GHz. The principle of this oscillator is developed around a power amplifier in a loop, generating an oscillating system. The power amplifier is developed in a two-stage topology. The power stage is composed with a 60GHz class E cascoded amplifier and the driver stage is composed of a 60GHz class F amplifier. The feedback of the loop is based on a vector-modulator. The circuits have been realised in 65nm CMOS technology from STMicroelectronics.

Les systèmes de transmission de l’information sans fil connaissent un essor considérable et sont intégrés dans la plupart des systèmes électroniques modernes. De manière plus spécifique, la consommation énergétique de la fonction amplification de puissance RF, qui constitue le cœur de ce travail de recherche, est un enjeu économique et écologique de premier plan. Dans ce sens, ce travail présente une architecture de polarisation de drain dynamique permettant de maintenir un rendement énergétique élevé sur une large dynamique de puissance de sortie. La conception et la réalisation d’un amplificateur de puissance RF large bande, d’un modulateur de polarisation de drain haute fréquence et d’un pilote de grille en technologie GaN sont présentés. L’architecture proposée démontre une amélioration du rendement énergétique global. Une focalisation sur la problématique de couplage non-linéaire entre l’amplificateur de puissance RF et le module d’alimentation agile met en évidence les répercussions de cette méthode sur l’intégrité du signal. Une étroite impulsion de polarisation de grille est appliquée afin d'atténuer l’impact de la polarisation dynamique de drain sur les formes d'onde de l'enveloppe du signal RF amplifié. Une validation expérimentale du démonstrateur proposée est effectuée pour un signal impulsionnel RF multi-niveaux de test. Cette méthode permet de maintenir un facteur de forme de l’enveloppe du signal de sortie RF quasi-rectangulaire sans impact majeur sur les performances globales énergétiques. / Wireless communications are experiencing tremendous growth and are integrated into most modern electronic systems. More precisely, saving energy consumption of RF power amplifier is the core of this thesis work. This work presents a dynamic drain bias architecture used to keep a high efficiency over a large output power range. Design and implementation of a wideband RF power amplifier, a drain supply modulator and a gate driver circuit in GaN technology are presented. The built-in prototype demonstrates an overall efficiency improvement. A specific focus on non-linear interaction between the RF power amplifier and the drain supply modulator highlights the effects of this technique on the output envelope signal shape. A narrow pulse gate bias peaking preceding drain bias voltage variations is applied in order to mitigate drain bias current, voltage overshoot and power droop, thus improving pulse envelope waveforms of the RF output signal. An experimental validation of the proposed demonstrator is performed for a RF pulsed test sequence having different power levels. This way enables to keep rectangular pulse envelope shape at the RF output signal without any major impact on overall efficiency performances.

L'augmentation des performances des futurs systèmes dynamiques nécessite la prise en compte des phénomènes physiques non linéaires. Cette thèse apporte un éclairage et des contributions sur deux sujets complémentaires liés aux phénomènes dynamiques non linéaires. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en deux parties.La première partie porte sur les non-linéarités des amplificateurs de puissance dans le cadre d'applications destinées aux télécommunications ou à la diffusion audio-visuelle. Plusieurs méthodes de modélisation et de linéarisation des amplificateurs de puissance ont été conçues et discutées. Un banc de test a été développé afin d'évaluer les méthodes sur des amplificateurs réels. La robustesse de ces techniques à un mauvais alignement temporel des signaux ainsi que leur capacité à faire face à des artefacts spectraux ont été évaluées. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué une étude théorique sur l'existence et la prise en compte de solutions multiples dans l'approche adaptative par apprentissage indirect. La deuxième partie traite des systèmes dynamiques non linéaires qui présentent des solutions chaotiques. Ces systèmes sont bien connus, mais les techniques d'identification de ces solutions manquent de fiabilité ou nécessitent une puissance de calcul importante. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs méthodes utilisant également le calcul parallèle sont présentées. Les systèmes à commande différentielle fractionnaire sont brièvement discutés. Il est aussi montré, qu'il existe des systèmes liés à des fonctions de transfert non linéaires avec quantification pour lesquels les méthodes d'analyse classiques échouent / In order to achieve better performance of modern communication devices, that have to be operated on its physical limits, the nonlinear phenomena need to be taken into the account. This thesis brings insight into two different subjects related with nonlinear dynamical phenomena. The thesis itself is divided into two parts : the first part is focused on the domain of nonlinear power amplifiers from the system point of view. Several methods for modelization and linearization of power amplifiers have been designed and discussed. A test-bench has been assembled in order to evaluate the proposed methods on real power amplifiers. Then the robustness to time misalignment in the system and the ability to deal with spectral artifacts in the system of presented methods have been evaluated. Also a theoretical study has been conducted on the existence and management of multiple solutions in the frame of adaptive indirect learning approach. The second part deals with nonlinear dynamical systems that are exhibiting chaotic solutions. Such systems are well known, but techniques for identifying reliable such solutions are either missing or are computational intense. In this thesis several methods using also parallel computing are presented. Systems with fractional differential order are briefly discussed. It is as well shown, that there exists systems related with quantified nonlinear transfer functions for which the standard analyzing methods fails

This master’s thesis is dealing with low frequency all valve stereo amplifier unit conception for an electric guitar. The amplifier contains two independent output stages with two power tubes EL34, working in AB class, with 40Watts of power. The apparatus is equipped with two channels, EQ correctors, parallel effects loop, output selection with lowered anode power supply, selection between silicon or tube rectifier. The preamplifier works in mono mode and the stereophony is reached by dividing the signal in an added effects system. This unusual solution differs from both monaural conceptions and binaural power amplifiers which contains no preamp. It offers the possibility of stereophony without the necessity of dividing the guitar signal before the amplifier’s input. The sound that comes from the speaker on one side is effected and on the other side is dry by using monaural effects apparatus. The sound from both speakers is effected by using binaural effect apparatus. The amplifier can be used as power amplifier stage only when the return of the effect loop is used as the amplifier input. Every available possible solution is discussed in case of each block and then the most suitable is chosen. The biggest attention is paid to a proposal and calculation of both power and output transformer, ergonomical lay-out of the stages in need of the best S/N separation. The stages were simulated in Micro-Cap 9.0 and Tonestack 1.3 computer programmes. The construction was carried out with the emphasis on proper shielding and grounding. The overall stability tests were performed after building the amplifier as well as frequency characteristics with the scope and distortion with the distortion meter.

The work is focused on a design of an active loudspeaker system with a bi-amp amplifier and a digital input. There is described the theory of a loudspeaker enclosure design and its practical implementation. Furthermore the work deals with a design and construction of input circuits such as a preamplifier, Baxandall tone control, active crossover, all-pass filter and S/PDIF. On the basis of the amplifier´s theory the optimal construction of amplifiers and their design are selected. The complex design of the loudspeaker box is devised so that it would reach a maximum acoustic power during the preservation of a low distortion.