Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isamara_ Godoi.pdf: 2059512 bytes, checksum: c7f04b4bfb9d29047a6d89e02a8418e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Researches concerning the use of biomass lignocellulosic composition for second-generation ethanol production have received special attention as a possible contribution to energy sustainability. Although such activity has mainly used waste from the agricultural industry, it also generates other impactful solid and liquid wastes to the environment because they contain high concentrations of acids, alkaline and toxic elements. Thus, this trial aimed registering chemical characterization and recovering wastes generated in order to obtain a second-generation ethanol, particularly the precipitate produced during detoxification process by overliming hydrolyzed hemicellulose from sugarcane bagasse and liquid waste produced during cellulignin delignification phase in the pre-treatment to make the process of enzymatic saccharification of cellulose easier. Initially, the solid residue was submitted to physical and chemical analyses such as granulometric, analysis of metal compounds, content of inhibitory compounds to microbial activity such as acetic acid, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and phenols, sugars and moisture content. Waste potential determination as corrective of soil acidity was carried out by analyzing the attributes of corrective quality in soil (PN, PRNT), Ca and Mg and granulometry). Solid residue was also evaluated for its influence on bacterial communities by traditional microbiological techniques, bioassays with worms and lettuce seed germination. Liquid waste was characterized based on its metal contents present and inhibitory compounds. The lignin present in such liquor was precipitated with sulfuric acid and, after its characterization by infrared spectroscopy, was used as a biosorbent on lead ions adsorption in aqueous solution. The results have suggested that the waste generated during second-generation ethanol obtainment have some potential to become by-products to be applied in agricultural and environmental area. Lastly, the present trial has contributed to the production of bioethanol to be implemented in industry according to lignocellulosic biorefinery concept from an integrated model for a full biomass use in a sustainable management and correct disposal of the generated waste. / Pesquisas sobre o aproveitamento de biomassas de composição lignocelulósica para produção de etanol de segunda geração têm recebido atenção especial como possível contribuição para a sustentabilidade energética. Embora tal atividade utilize principalmente resíduos da agroindústria, gera outros resíduos sólidos e líquidos impactantes para o meio ambiente por conterem alta concentração de elementos ácidos, alcalinos e tóxicos. Por conseguinte, este trabalho visou à caracterização química e ao aproveitamento dos resíduos gerados na obtenção de etanol de segunda geração, em particular o precipitado formado no processo de destoxificação por overliming do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e o resíduo líquido gerado na etapa de deslignificação da celulignina durante o pré-tratamento para facilitar o processo de sacarificação enzimática da celulose. Inicialmente o resíduo sólido foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, granulométrica, análise de metais, ao teor de compostos inibidores para a atividade microbiana, tais como ácido acético, furfural, hidroximetilfurfural e fenóis, açúcares e teor de umidade. A determinação do potencial do resíduo como corretivo da acidez do solo foi realizada através da análise dos atributos da qualidade dos corretivos do solo (PN, PRNT, teores de Ca e Mg e granulometria). O resíduo sólido foi também avaliado quanto à sua influência nas comunidades bacterianas através de técnicas microbiológicas tradicionais, bioensaios com minhocas e testes de germinação de sementes de alface. O resíduo líquido foi caracterizado quanto aos teores de metais presentes e compostos inibidores. A lignina presente no licor foi precipitada com ácido sulfúrico e, após caracterização por espectrometria de infravermelho, utilizada como biossorvente na adsorção de íons chumbo em solução aquosa. Os resultados indicam que os resíduos gerados na obtenção de etanol de segunda geração possuem potencial para se tornarem subprodutos com aplicação na área agrícola e ambiental. Desta forma, o presente trabalho vem a contribuir para a implementação industrial da produção de bioetanol dentro do conceito de biorrefinaria lignocelulósica, a partir de um modelo integrado para completo aproveitamento da biomassa, de forma sustentável e com adequada destinação dos resíduos gerados.

Matérias-primas cerâmicas são tecnologicamente muito importantes, pois são aplicadas desde a indústria de base, como isolamento térmico dos fornos siderúrgicos feito pelas cerâmicas refratárias, por exemplo; até a produção de materiais para a construção civil, componentes eletrônicos, entre outros. Devido a essa ampla aplicação, muitos estudos se desenvolveram com o intuito de conhecer as propriedades desses materiais, bem como suas interações com o processamento. Tais propriedades são determinantes para as aplicações e também para as rotas de produção que podem ser empregadas. A principal técnica de processamento cerâmico para consolidação das peças e ganho de propriedades mecânicas é a sinterização. Este processo sofre grande influência das propriedades físicas das partículas que compõem as matérias-primas. O presente estudo se propõe a investigar e monitorar, através de modificações estruturais controladas, quais as características das partículas que mais afetam esta etapa do processamento. Para tal estudo escolheu-se o sistema Al2O3-SiO2 em proporção estequiométrica (3:2) para obtenção de Mulita. Dentre as matérias-primas componentes do sistema, a sílica (SiO2) é a que mais sofre modificações estruturais em uma faixa de temperatura relativamente baixa; logo, foi selecionada para ter suas propriedades modificadas mediante tratamentos térmicos variados, de 700°C, 900°C e 1100°C. As modificações causadas nas propriedades físicas e seus efeitos foram monitorados. Avaliou-se a influência causada na obtenção de mulita estequiométrica, as alterações nas propriedades mecânicas dos corpos de prova sinterizados em temperaturas diferentes (1100°C, 1300°C e 1500°C) durante 3 horas, e a estabilidade dimensional. A sílica aplicada no estudo foi uma sílica amorfa precipitada, disponível comercialmente. Os resultados mostraram que a sílica teve sua área superficial específica (ASE) variando de cerca de 150 m²/g até valores próximos de 0,5 m²/g. Ficou evidente ainda que a variação da ASE das partículas foi responsável por grandes interferências na sinterização ou densificação das estruturas. Este processo depende da movimentação dos átomos para regiões da superfície onde ocorrerá o contato entre as partículas e sua junção. Com a redução da ASE, a sinterização se torna menos efetiva e a estabilidade dimensional é favorecida. Por outro lado, quando a sinterização das partículas é proeminente, a densificação das estruturas dá origem a componentes com boas propriedades mecânicas, aplicáveis em situações estruturais. Os resultados mostraram ainda que é possível obter estruturas com propriedades mecânicas semelhantes, como resistência à ruptura e módulo elástico, mesmo tendo partido de matérias-primas muito diferentes, permitindo o nivelamento e adequação dessas propriedades às aplicações desejadas. / Ceramic raw-materials are technologically very important, once they are applied since basic industry, such as thermal insulating for steel furnace made by refractory ceramics until the production of materials for construction, electronics compounds and others. Due to its wide hall of applications, many studies were developed for understand these materials\' properties and its interaction with processing. Such properties are application and processing route determinant. The main processing technique for consolidating and gaining of mechanical properties is sintering. This process is highly influenced by particles\' physical properties. This very study is proposed to investigate and monitor, by controlled structure modifications, which particles\' characteristics affects sintering more intensely. For such objective, the system Al2O3-SiO2 on stoichiometric proportion (3:2) for mullite obtaining was chosen. Among system\'s raw-material, silica (SiO2) is easier to be modified by temperature in a relatively low range, so it was selected to have its properties changed by different thermal treatment of 700°C, 900°C and 1100°C. Physical properties\' modifications and its effects were monitored. The influence on stoichiometric mullite obtaining, variations on mechanical properties of 3 hours long sintered samples (1100°C, 1300°C and 1500°C), and dimensional stability were measured. Market-available precipitate amorphous silica was employed. Results showed that thermal treatment of silica was able to vary its specific surface area (SSA) from 150 m2g-1 to values near of 0,5 m2g-1. It was also clear that SSA variation was responsible for interfering on sintering. This process depends on atoms movement to surface regions where will occur contact and particles bonding. With SSA reduction, sintering is less effective and dimensional stability is favored. On the other hand, when particles\' sintering is more effective structure densification will end on components with good mechanical properties, finding uses on structural application. Results also showed that is possible to obtain similar mechanical properties structures even when raw-materials exhibit different characteristics.

Land disposal of solid waste is a vital component of any solid waste management system. Design, operation and closure of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are required by regulations to control leachate and gases generated during the life, closure,and post-closure of the facility. Clogging of leachate drainage and removal systems in landfills is a common phenomenon and has been acknowledged in several landfills throughout the United States and abroad. This project was conducted in two phases. Phase I was completed in February of 2005 and Phase II was completed in August of 2006. Leachate characteristics data obtained in Phase I was processed and analyzed, along with supplementary data obtained in Phase II on liquid and solid phase testing. Leachate samples from the landfill and lysimeters indicated the presence of iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These bacteria are known to facilitate biologically induced precipitate formation.The mechanism by which biologically ind uced precipitate may form begins with oxidizing acetate by iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria, reducing sulfate to sulfide and ferric iron to ferrous, and then forming calcium carbonate, iron sulfate, and possibly dolomite and other minerals.The results show that the clogging mechanism is driven by two major processes: transformation of volatile acids to substrates by iron and sulfate-reducing bacteria causing local pH and total carbonate to increase, which accelerate calcium carbonate precipitation, and thermodynamically favored reactions in supersaturated conditions based on saturation indices of calcium, sulfide, iron, and other species with respect to minerals. For each 1 mg of consumed volatile acids there were 1.7 mg of calcium, 0.28 mg of sulfate, and 0.03 mg of iron removed. Field and lysimeter precipitate samples were analyzed (using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron microscopy, and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy) and correlated with geochemical modeling of leachate const ituents. Precipitate analyses showed the presence of calcium carbonate, brushite (calcium phosphate),and dolomite, where as geochemical modeling showed that calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite (complex of calcium phosphate), dolomite, pyrite, and siderite may be formed from field and lysimeter leachate constituents. The results also showed that submerged and stagnant conditions in the leachate collction systems accelerate the precipitation process.

Due to the extreme operating conditions present in the combustion sections of gas turbines, designers have relied heavily on specialized engineering materials. For blades, which must retain substantial strength and resistance to fatigue, creep, and corrosion at high temperatures, directionally-solidified (DS) nickel-base superalloys have been used extensively. Complex thermomechanical loading histories makes life prediction for such components difficult and subjective. Costly product inspection and refurbishment, as well as capital expense required in turbine forced outage situations, are significant drains on the resources of turbine producers. This places a premium on accurate endurance prediction as the foundation of viable long-term service contracts with customers. In working towards that end, this work characterizes the behavior of the blade material CM247LC DS subjected to a variety of in-phase (IP) and out-of phase (OP) loading cycles in the presence of notch stress concentrations. The material response to multiaxial notch effects, highly anisotropic material behavior, time-dependent deformation, and waveform and temperature cycle characteristics is presented. The active damage mechanisms influencing crack initiation are identified through extensive microscopy as a function of these parameters. This study consisted of an experimental phase as well as a numerical modeling phase. The first involved conducting high temperature thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests on both smooth and notched round-bar specimens to compile experimental results. Tests were conducted on longitudinal and transverse material grain orientations. Damage is characterized and conclusions drawn in light of fractography and microscopy. The influences of microstructure morphology and environmental effects on crack initiation are discussed. The modeling phase utilized various finite element (FE) simulations. These included an anisotropic-elastic model to capture the purely elastic notch response, and a continuum-based crystal visco-plastic model developed specifically to compute the material response of a DS Ni-base superalloy based on microstructure and orientation dependencies. These FE simulations were performed to predict and validate experimental results, as well as identify the manifestation of damage mechanisms resulting from thermomechanical fatigue. Finally, life predictions using simple and complex analytical modeling methods are discussed for predicting component life at various stages of the design process.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo B dos Santos.pdf: 1267827 bytes, checksum: f354b0481fa98cc42dc6bd27b04ea92b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / The high consumption of fish has caused concern in the environmental sector due to the large amount of waste generated, as example the scales. These consist mainly of organic matter, collagen, and an inorganic matrix, called hydroxyapatite which can be natural source of calcium. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineral composition, the quantification of calcium hydroxyapatite and develop a protocol for precipitation and characterization of calcium carbonate from the Nile tilapia scales (Oreochromis niloticus), from the fish processing industry. For quantification of mineral composition of crude scales, used a technique of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source, brand, model Shimadzu ICPE-9000®. The quantification of calcium hydroxyapatite was held by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), EDX-7000® model. In the protocol of precipitation evaluated the best concentration of Na2CO3 and ideal pH, using a factorial (3 x 4), were the CaCO3 concentrations in 1, 5 and 10% (m/v) and pH values (7. 0; 8.0; 9.0 and 10.0) in constant temperature to 25°C with ten repetitions, in 95% confidence interval. For the characterization of the precipitate the analytical parameters were determination of the solubility and mineral makeup. The mineral composition of the gross mass of the precipitate was determined by XRF then held the stoichiometric calculation for the quantification of CaCO3 content. Assigned to different conditions of precipitation when used 1% Na2CO3 and pH 9.0 (P1), 1% Na2CO3 and pH 10.0 (P2), 5% of Na2CO3 and pH 9.0 (P3), 5% of Na2CO3 and pH 10.0 (P4). Crude scales submitted mostly in its composition the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the respective values of 116.85 and 60.93g kg-1. The average grade calculated as hydroxyapatite in crude scales was 98.81%. In the determination of the mass of the precipitate, there was no interaction between the levels of Na2CO3 and pH values (P = 0.73). The different concentrations of Na2CO3 influenced (P ˂ 0.01) in the formation of the gross mass of the precipitate, thus the formation of the crude precipitate was higher when used the levels 1 and 5% than 10%. The pH also presented significant differences between them (P ˂ 0.001), showing greater effect in obtaining the precipitate at pH 9.0 and 10.0 gross when compared to pH 7.0 and 8.0. In the solubility of Ca2+ concentration in pH 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0 and 6.0 were respectively 58.910; 13.401; 1.589; 0.995; 0.778g L-1 what means soluble in acid medium. On the mineral composition of the gross precipitate the predominant elements are the calcium and phosphorus. There was significant difference (P = 0.003) between the precipitation conditions P1, P2, P3 and P4. Contents of CaCO3 were superior in P3 and P4, with respective average values 77.53 and 84.94% compared to P1 and P2. This protocol enabled the precipitation of CaCO3 crude obtained from scales of Nile tilapia, as prospect of source of raw material in the making of toothpastes and calcium repositories relevant to the pharmaceutical industry. / O elevado consumo de pescado tem causado preocupação no setor ambiental devido a grande quantidade de resíduos gerados, como exemplo as escamas. Estas são constituídas basicamente por matéria orgânica, o colágeno, e uma matriz inorgânica, denominada hidroxiapatita que pode ser fonte natural de cálcio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição mineral, a quantificação da hidroxiapatita de cálcio e desenvolver um protocolo para precipitação e caracterização do carbonato de cálcio a partir das escamas de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), provindas da indústria de beneficiamento de pescado. Para quantificação da composição mineral das escamas brutas, utilizou-se a técnica de espectrometria de emissão atômica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado, da marca Shimadzu, modelo ICPE-9000®. A quantificação da hidroxiapatita de cálcio foi realizada por fluorescência de raios X (XRF), modelo EDX-7000®. Na elaboração do precipitado avaliou-se a melhor concentração do Na2CO3 e ideal pH, utilizando um modelo fatorial (3x4) no qual a variável dependente foi a massa do precipitado bruto e as variáveis independentes foram as concentrações de Na2CO3 em 1, 5 e 10% (m/v) e pH nos valores (7,0; 8,0; 9,0 e 10,0) a 25˚C, com dez repetições, há um nível de confiança de 95%. Para a caracterização do precipitado os parâmetros analíticos foram a determinação da solubilidade e a composição mineral. Na determinação da solubilidade avaliou-se a concentração de cálcio após a dissolução da massa do precipitado bruto em solução aquosa nos diferentes valores de pH. A composição mineral da massa do precipitado bruto foi determinada por XRF e em seguida realizou-se o cálculo estequiométrico para a quantificação do teor médio do CaCO3. Atribuíram-se diferentes condições de precipitação quando utilizado 1% de Na2CO3 e pH 9,0 (P1), 1% de Na2CO3 e pH 10,0 (P2), 5% de Na2CO3 e pH 9,0 (P3), 5% de Na2CO3 e pH 10,0 (P4). As escamas brutas apresentaram majoritariamente em sua composição os teores de cálcio e fósforo nos valores respectivos de 116,85 e 60,93g kg-1. O teor médio calculado da hidroxiapatita em escamas brutas foi de 98,81%. Na determinação da massa do precipitado, não houve interação entre os teores de Na2CO3 e os valores de pH (P = 0,73). As diferentes concentrações de Na2CO3 influenciaram (P ˂ 0,01) na formação da massa do precipitado bruto, assim a formação do precipitado bruto foi maior quando utilizado os teores de 1 e 5% que em 10%. Os valores de pH também apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si (P ˂ 0,001), apresentando maior efeito na obtenção do precipitado bruto em pH 9,0 e 10,0 quando comparado aos valores de pH 7,0 e 8,0. No ensaio de solubilidade a concentração de Ca2+ nos valores de pH 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 foram respectivamente 58,910; 13,401; 1,589; 0,995; 0,778g L-1 o que significa solúvel em meio ácido. Na composição mineral do precipitado bruto os elementos predominantes são cálcio e fósforo. Houve diferença significativa (P = 0,003) entre as condições de precipitação P1, P2, P3 e P4. Os teores de CaCO3 foram superiores em P3 e P4, com valores médios respectivos 77,53 e 84,94%, quando comparados com P1 e P2. Este protocolo possibilitou a precipitação do CaCO3 bruto obtido de escamas de tilápia-do-Nilo, como perspectiva de fonte de matéria-prima na elaboração de cremes dentais e repositores de cálcio pertinentes a indústria farmacêutica.

Nickel-based superalloys, an alloy system bases on nickel as the matrix element with the addition of up to 10 more alloying elements including chromium, aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, and so on. Through the development and improvement of nickel-based superalloys in the past century, they are well proved to show excellent performance at the elevated service temperature. Owing to the combination of extraordinary high-temperature mechanical properties, such as monotonic and cyclic deformation resistance, fatigue crack propagation resistance; and high-temperature chemical properties, such as corrosion and oxidation resistance, phase stability, nickel-based superalloys are widely used in the critical hot-section components in aerospace and energy generation industries. The success of nickel-based superalloy systems attributes to both the well-tailored microstructures with the assistance of carefully doped alloying elements, and the intently developed manufacturing processes. The microstructure of the modern nickel-based superalloys consists of a two-phase configuration: the intermetallic precipitates (Ni,Co)3(Al,Ti,Ta) known as γ′ phase dispersed into the austenite γ matrix, which is firstly introduced in the 1940s.  The recently developed additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, acting as the disruptive manufacturing process, offers a new avenue for producing the nickel-based superalloy components with complicated geometries. However, γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloys always suffer from the micro-cracking during the AM process, which is barely eliminated by the process optimization. On this basis, the new compositions of γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloy adapted to the AM process are of great interest and significance. This study sought to design novel γ′ strengthened nickel-based superalloys readily for AM process with limited cracking susceptibility, based on the understanding of the cracking mechanisms. A two-parameter model is developed to predict the additive manufacturability for any given composition of a nickel-based superalloy. One materials index is derived from the comparison of the deformation-resistant capacity between dendritic and interdendritic regions, while another index is derived from the difference of heat resistant capacity of these two spaces. By plotting the additive manufacturability diagram, the superalloys family can be categorized into the easy-to-weld, fairly-weldable, and non-weldable regime with the good agreement of the existed knowledge. To design a novel superalloy, a Cr-Co-Mo-W-Al-Ti-Ta-Nb-Fe-Ni alloy family is proposed containing 921,600 composition recipes in total. Through the examination of additive manufacturability, undesired phase formation propensity, and the precipitation fraction, one composition of superalloy, MAD542, out of the 921,600 candidates is selected. Validation of additive manufacturability of MAD542 is carried out by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). By optimizing the LPBF process parameters, the crack-free MAD542 part is achieved. In addition, the MAD542 superalloy shows great resistance to the post-processing treatment-induced cracking. During the post-processing treatment, extensive annealing twins are promoted to achieve the recrystallization microstructure, ensuring the rapid reduction of stored energy. After ageing treatment, up to 60-65% volume fraction of γ′ precipitates are developed, indicating the huge potential of γ′ formation. Examined by the high-temperature slow strain rate tensile and constant loading creep testing, the MAD542 superalloy shows superior strength than the LPBF processed and hot isostatic pressed plus heat-treated IN738LC superalloy. While the low ductility of MAD542 is existed, which is expected to be improved by modifying the post-processing treatment scenarios and by the adjusting building direction in the following stages of the Ph.D. research. MAD542 superalloy so far shows both good additive manufacturability and mechanical potentials. Additionally, the results in this study will contribute to a novel paradigm for alloy design and encourage more γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloys tailored for AM processes in the future. / <p>Additional funding agencies: Agora Materiae Graduate School for multidisiplinary PhD students at Linköping University, and Stiftelsen Axel Hultgren.</p>

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloRP_TESE.pdf: 5067014 bytes, checksum: b7746014c5447355f701f5568c4dabae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-28 / Biodiesel production has increased over the last decade because of the benefits associated with this fuel, including renewability, domestic feedstock, lower toxicity, and biodegradability. From 2008, the use of beef tallow as a feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil has increased in significance, representing the second largest source of biodiesel, after soybeans. However, the performance of biodiesel in cold weather conditions is worse than diesel because of deposition of insoluble at low temperatures, accelerating the plugging of fuel filters and injectors of the vehicle engine. Studies have been conducted on beef tallow biodiesel, mostly related to the properties of thermal and oxidative stability. However, few studies have described the nature of the precipitate formed and its influence on product quality. Research suggests that the cause of deposition is related to the nature of saturated esters and monoacylglycerols as inducing agents. This study monitored the levels of mono-, diand triacylglycerols, the oxidation stability and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) in beef tallow biodiesel samples from two commercial producers in Brazil for a period of twelve months. Filtered precipitates were analyzed by comparative techniques of GCFID, HPLC-UV/VIS, HPLC-MS-IT-TOF and TG to verify the nature, using monopalmitin and monostearin as reference standards. The formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoacylglycerols in the beef tallow biodiesel. GC-FID and LCMS- IT-TOF results confirmed the nature of the deposit as saturated monoacylglycerols, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin as the second major component. Moreover the TG analysis of the residue indicated similar thermal decomposition of the reference standards. The precipitate did not affect the oxidation stability of beef tallow biodiesel and the CFPP characteristic of blends up B60. However, the presence of iron reduced significantly the oxidation stability of biodiesel / A produ??o de biodiesel aumentou na ?ltima d?cada em fun??o dos benef?cios associados a este combust?vel, incluindo renovabilidade, mat?rias-primas nacionais, menor toxicidade e biodegradabilidade. Desde 2008, o uso do sebo bovino como mat?ria-prima na produ??o de biodiesel no Brasil tem aumentado em import?ncia, representando a segunda fonte de produ??o, depois da soja No entanto, o desempenho do biodiesel em condi??es de clima frio ? pior que do ?leo diesel devido ? ocorr?ncia de materiais insol?veis a baixas temperaturas, acelerando o entupimento de filtros e injetores de motores de ve?culos. Estudos t?m sido realizados acerca do biodiesel de sebo bovino, em sua maioria relacionados ?s propriedades de estabilidade t?rmica e oxidativa; no entanto, poucos abordam a natureza do precipitado formado e sua influ?ncia na qualidade do biodiesel. Pesquisas sugerem que a causa da deposi??o esteja relacionada ? natureza de ?steres saturados, sendo os monoacilglicer?is prov?veis agentes indutores. Este trabalho apresenta os n?veis de mono-, di- e triacilglicer?is, a estabilidade ? oxida??o e o ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (PEFF) de amostras de biodiesel de sebo bovino de dois produtores comerciais, avaliados por um per?odo de 12 meses. Amostras de precipitados filtrados foram analisadas pelas t?cnicas comparativas de CG-DIC, CLAE-UV/VIS, CLAE-MS-IT-TOF e TG para verificar a composi??o, utilizando monopalmitina e monoestearina como padr?es de refer?ncia. Verificou-se que a forma??o de precipitado reduziu os n?veis de monoacilglicer?is no biodiesel de sebo bovino. Os resultados cromatogr?ficos confirmaram a natureza do precipitado como monoacilglicer?is saturados, com predomin?ncia de monoestearina e monopalmitina como segundo componente majorit?rio. Al?m disso, a an?lise de TG do precipitado resultou perfil de decomposi??o t?rmica semelhante ao dos padr?es de refer?ncia. O dep?sito formado n?o afetou a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel de sebo bovino e a caracter?stica de PEFF em misturas at? B60. No entanto, a presen?a de ferro reduziu significativamente a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloRP_TESE.pdf: 5284084 bytes, checksum: 2ea3c93a4c25ad32fe7fad362cf7de36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-28 / Biodiesel production has increased over the last decade because of the benefits associated with this fuel, including renewability, domestic feedstock, lower toxicity, and biodegradability. From 2008, the use of beef tallow as a feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil has increased in significance, representing the second largest source of biodiesel, after soybeans. However, the performance of biodiesel in cold weather conditions is worse than diesel because of deposition of insoluble at low temperatures, accelerating the plugging of fuel filters and injectors of the vehicle engine. Studies have been conducted on beef tallow biodiesel, mostly related to the properties of thermal and oxidative stability. However, few studies have described the nature of the precipitate formed and its influence on product quality. Research suggests that the cause of deposition is related to the nature of saturated esters and monoacylglycerols as inducing agents. This study monitored the levels of mono-, diand triacylglycerols, the oxidation stability and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) in beef tallow biodiesel samples from two commercial producers in Brazil for a period of twelve months. Filtered precipitates were analyzed by comparative techniques of GCFID, HPLC-UV/VIS, HPLC-MS-IT-TOF and TG to verify the nature, using monopalmitin and monostearin as reference standards. The formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoacylglycerols in the beef tallow biodiesel. GC-FID and LCMS- IT-TOF results confirmed the nature of the deposit as saturated monoacylglycerols, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin as the second major component. Moreover the TG analysis of the residue indicated similar thermal decomposition of the reference standards. The precipitate did not affect the oxidation stability of beef tallow biodiesel and the CFPP characteristic of blends up B60. However, the presence of iron reduced significantly the oxidation stability of biodiesel / A produ??o de biodiesel aumentou na ?ltima d?cada em fun??o dos benef?cios associados a este combust?vel, incluindo renovabilidade, mat?rias-primas nacionais, menor toxicidade e biodegradabilidade. Desde 2008, o uso do sebo bovino como mat?ria-prima na produ??o de biodiesel no Brasil tem aumentado em import?ncia, representando a segunda fonte de produ??o, depois da soja No entanto, o desempenho do biodiesel em condi??es de clima frio ? pior que do ?leo diesel devido ? ocorr?ncia de materiais insol?veis a baixas temperaturas, acelerando o entupimento de filtros e injetores de motores de ve?culos. Estudos t?m sido realizados acerca do biodiesel de sebo bovino, em sua maioria relacionados ?s propriedades de estabilidade t?rmica e oxidativa; no entanto, poucos abordam a natureza do precipitado formado e sua influ?ncia na qualidade do biodiesel. Pesquisas sugerem que a causa da deposi??o esteja relacionada ? natureza de ?steres saturados, sendo os monoacilglicer?is prov?veis agentes indutores. Este trabalho apresenta os n?veis de mono-, di- e triacilglicer?is, a estabilidade ? oxida??o e o ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (PEFF) de amostras de biodiesel de sebo bovino de dois produtores comerciais, avaliados por um per?odo de 12 meses. Amostras de precipitados filtrados foram analisadas pelas t?cnicas comparativas de CG-DIC, CLAE-UV/VIS, CLAE-MS-IT-TOF e TG para verificar a composi??o, utilizando monopalmitina e monoestearina como padr?es de refer?ncia. Verificou-se que a forma??o de precipitado reduziu os n?veis de monoacilglicer?is no biodiesel de sebo bovino. Os resultados cromatogr?ficos confirmaram a natureza do precipitado como monoacilglicer?is saturados, com predomin?ncia de monoestearina e monopalmitina como segundo componente majorit?rio. Al?m disso, a an?lise de TG do precipitado resultou perfil de decomposi??o t?rmica semelhante ao dos padr?es de refer?ncia. O dep?sito formado n?o afetou a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel de sebo bovino e a caracter?stica de PEFF em misturas at? B60. No entanto, a presen?a de ferro reduziu significativamente a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel