Pesquisas relacionadas ao radônio são necessárias devido ao potencial carcinogênico dessde gás, e os limites de referência são objeto de recomendações. Neste estudo, foram medidas concentrações de radônio no interior e no exterior de duas casas pré-fabricadas, contruídas em um ambiente experimental, na UTFPR/Ecoville. Uma das casas foi construída com materiais da República Tcheca (1) e a outra (2) com materiais do Brasil. Para tal, detectores CR-39 foram usados. A concentração média para a casa (1) foi de 10,1±1,3 Bq/m³, para a casa (2) foi de 7,8±1,1 Bq/m³ e para o exterior foi de 11,5±2,9 Bq/m³. Os valores ficaram abaixo de 300 Bq/m³, então, nenhuma medida mitigadora se fez necessária. Além disso, foram feitas medidas do número de traços de partículas alfa advindas de corpos de prova de pasta de cimento comum e com adição de areia com alta atividade de radônio, com o intuito de identificar o valor da camada emissora. Para os corpos de prova de pasta de cimento comum, de espessuras de 1,5, 2,6, 3,8 e 4,6 cm, o número de traços foi de 762±25, 799±51, 814±31, 791±45 e 798±27, respectivamente. A análise mostrou que não há diferença estatística entre os dados, o que indica que a espessura de 1,5 cm já se configura como um limite para a exalação de radônio. Já para os corpos de prova de areia ativa, de espessuras 1,4, 2,3, 2,9, 3,5 e 4,2 cm, o número de traços doi de 380±18, 322±15, 298±5, 548±25 e 446±83, respectivamente. Em uma análise geral, concluiu-se que não há aumento expressivo da exalação com o aumento da espessura, de maneira que a espessura de 1,4 cm já se configura como um limite para a exalação de radônio. Com o objetivo de se determinar a concentração de radônio exalada pelos corpos de prova feitos de pasta de cimento comum e de areia ativa, foram analisados corpos de prova em frascos nos quais o equilíbrio secular já havia ocorrido. Os resultados mostraram que, para os corpos de prova de pasta de cimento comum, os valores não configuram um crescimento expressivo. Já para os corpos de prova com alta atividade de radônio, verificou-se um aumento na exalação com aumento da espessura. Para determinar qual a contribuição das concentrações indoor, foi realizada a medição do fluxo de exalação de radônio. Os resultados extrapolados para um cômodo padrão variaram de 15 a 60 Bq/m³. Essa contribuição pode ser considerada expressiva, mas não preocupante, de forma que os resultados foram considerados próximos da normalidade. / Radon-related research is required because of the carcinogenic potential of this gas, and the reference limits are subject of recommendations. For this research, radon concentrations were measured inside and outside of two prefabricated houses, built in an experimental environment, in UTFPR/Ecoville. One of these houses was built with building materials from the Czech Republic (1) and the other (2) with materials from Brazil. Whith this proposal, 40 CR-39 detectors were used. The average concentration for house (1) was 10,1±1,3 Bq/m³, for house (2) was 7,8±1,1 Bq/m³ and for the exterior was 11,5±2,9 Bq/m³. The values obtained were below 300 Bq/m³, thus, no mitigating measures were necessary. Besides, measurements were made of the number of thacks of alpha particles coming from common cement paste samples and from sand with high radon activity samples in order to identify the value of the emitting layer. For common cement paste samples of 1.5, 2.6, 3.8 and 4.6 cm of thickness, the number os tracks was 762±25, 799±51, 814±31, 791±45 e 798±27, respectively. The analysis showed that there ir no statistical difference between the data, which indicates that the thickness of 1.5 cm is already configured as a limit for a randon exhalation. For the active sand samples of 1.4, 2.3, 2.9, 3.5 and 4.2 cm, the number of tracks was 380±18, 322±15, 298±5, 548±25 e 446±83, respectively. In a general analysis, it was concluded that there is no expressive increase of the exhalation with the increase of the thickness, só that the thickness of 1.4 cm is already configured as a limit for the exhalation of radon. In order to determine the concentration of radon exhaled by the samples made of common cement past and active sand, were analyzed samples in flasks where the secular equilibrium had already occured. The results showed that, for common cement past samples, the values do not represent and expressive growth. However, for the test samples with high radon activity and increase in the concentration with increasing the thickness was observed. To determine the contribution of the concentrations in an indoor environment, radon exhalation flux measurement was performed. These results were extrapolated to the standard room and varies from 15 to 60 Bq/m³. This contribution can be considered expressive, but not of concern, só the results were considered close to normality.

O arquiteto deve ser o primeiro profissional a ser chamado ao se pensar em edificar uma fábrica. Dotado de visão humanista e técnica, possui ferramentas para coordenar a equipe interdisciplinar que é necessária na maior parte dos casos desse tipo de projeto. Quando corretamente estabelecidas as competências de cada profissional, o trabalho resultará não somente em um edifício funcional, que atenda ao programa, mas também em uma arquitetura com adequada inserção histórica, espacial, e adaptabilidade a situações futuras. O projeto da fábrica envolve questões diversas e complexas que devem ser estudadas em cada caso, com o devido embasamento técnico e teórico pertinentes em cada tipologia. Tal esforço pode se tornar dificultoso, já que a fábrica destina-se a múltiplos propósitos, tal é a pertinência de um trabalho de sistematização do processo de projeto industrial. Para tal, o arquiteto deve conhecer os problemas específicos deste ramo da Arquitetura: sua história e evolução, novos requisitos de desempenho, novos materiais e as novas correntes de estudo da humanização dos espaços de trabalho. Algumas questões, como por exemplo, a flexibilidade e a expansibilidade, não muito presentes em outros tipos de projeto, vêm à tona com toda a força na arquitetura industrial. Geram um contexto que faz com que o edifício seja, na maior parte dos casos, indissociável de um alto grau de pré-fabricação dos elementos. A Arquitetura Industrial é um dos principais campos para novas soluções estruturais e formais na Arquitetura, e o arquiteto deverá ser um profissional generalista para conhecer a fundo cada um dos métodos de produção. O intuito deste trabalho, assim, é a apresentação da problemática que envolve o projeto industrial, com a perspectiva da sistematização dos elementos comuns a esse tipo de tema, nas suas mais variadas aplicações. / The architect must be the first professional to be called as for the intent of building an Industry. Because of his humanist and technical knowledge, he is prepared with important tools to deal with the multidisciplinary context, which is necessary in most cases. When each professional task is properly established, the result is not only a simple functional architectural building, but a construction with its historical and spatial relations well defined, as well as its sustainability. Projecting an Industry involves various and complex questions, which must be analyzed in each case, with the proper technical basis, concerning each destination. Such effort can be exhaustive, since the industry can respond to multiple purposes, that is why an organization of procedures in industrial projects proves to be pertinent. For this work, the architect must know the specific problems of this Field in Architecture: its History and Development; the new performance requirements; new materials; and the recent studies of humanization of workplaces. Some themes like, for instance, flexibility and expansibility, not much present in other kind of projects in Architecture, are of extreme importance in industrial architecture, producing a context where prefabrication is absolute required. The Industry is one of the most motivating fields for new structural and formal solutions in architecture, and the architect must be a generalist professional to know in detail each method of production. The goal of this work is the presentation of the industry case in architecture, with the perspective of a systematization of the elements that compose this kind of project, and its multiple applications.

Le vocabulaire tient toujours une place importante dans l’enseignement supérieur du français à titre de spécialité en Chine. Afin de connaître les apports des recherches scientifiques dans le domaine de l’enseignement/apprentissage du vocabulaire d’une langue étrangère et de trouver les assises théoriques pour notre travail, nous avons dressé un état des lieux en privilégiant des données essentielles sur l’aspect combinatoire des mots. Pour savoir quels seraient des acquis et problèmes relatifs au vocabulaire dans l’enseignement du français à titre de spécialité universitaire en Chine, nous avons analysé la pratique de l’enseignement du vocabulaire de deux professeurs chinois de français dans leurs cours de français élémentaire dont nous avons enregistré plusieurs séances. Les analyses montrent que l’importance particulière attachée à l’étude structurale des mots contribue à la forte compétence lexicale en compréhension orale et écrite des étudiants chinois de français et que la dominance de la méthode de traduction et la négligence des collocations ou des unités lexicales préfabriquées sont deux causes principales des difficultés que les étudiants chinois de français ont à mobiliser leurs ressources lexicales pour s’exprimer de manière appropriée. Pour renforcer la compétence lexicale en production des étudiants chinois de français, nous proposons donc, dans l’enseignement du vocabulaire au cours de français élémentaire, d’adopter une notion large de vocabulaire et de sensibiliser nos étudiants à la notion de collocation et aux unités lexicales préfabriquées. / Vocabulary, which is an essential component of a language, holds an important place in the higher education of French major in China. Within the framework of the lexicology, foreign language vocabulary learning / acquisition and foreign language vocabulary didactics, this research is particularly interested in vocabulary teaching in fundamental French course in higher education in China.Firstly, we summarize the scientific researches in the field of foreign language vocabulary teaching and learning, especially on combinatorial aspect of words. Secondly, by analysing French vocabulary teaching practice of two Chinese professors in their fundamental French course, we find that teacher’s emphasis on the structural study of words develops lexical competence in comprehension of the Chinese students of French major. Meanwhile, we also realize that the dominance of translation method, and the negligence of collocations and lexical prefabricated items, result in difficulties of the Chinese students in mobilizing their lexical resources to express freely and precisely. As a solution, to strengten lexical competence in production of the Chinese students, we suggest a wide notion of vocabulary should be applied in vocabulary teaching, and sensitivity to the notion of collocation and lexical prefabricated items should be improved. / 词汇是语言的主要组成成分之一。在中国高等学校法语本科专业法语教学中, 词汇历来占据重要地位。本论文在词汇学 、二语词汇习得以及外语词汇教学的理论框架下, 研究中国大学法语本科专业基础阶段基础法语课上词汇教学的现状和问题。论文首先综述了二语词汇习得和词汇教学理论研究现状以及成果, 着重强调词项搭配方面的分析 ; 然后, 论文对收集到的两名大学基础法语课教师的课堂教学实践数据进行分析, 阐明中国大学法语专业基础法语课词汇教学拥有的经验和存在的问题, 分析指出教师注重词汇结构性学习, 有利于丰富学生的词汇量, 提高学生的阅读能力, 但过于注重翻译法, 忽视词项搭配和预制语块, 很可能会导致学生法语产出词汇能力相对薄弱, 用法语表达时的正确性和流利性都有待改善。 因此, 论文最后建议在基础法语课的词汇教学中, 教师应采取一种广义的词汇概念, 加强学生词汇搭配和预制语块的意识, 从而提高法语表达能力。

Le projet de doctorat vise à présenter une nouvelle approche intégrée en support des opérateurs dans la gestion du processus de conception d'interventions de rénovation énergétique et architecturale du patrimoine bâti récent, grâce à l'emploie de solutions technologiques d'enveloppe innovantes. La recherche se fonde sur la collection d'un répertoire sélectionné des solutions architecturales et constructives d'enveloppe, nécessaire pour constituer une base valide sur laquelle étudier des solutions technologiques novatrices pour la réhabilitation énergétique des écoles dans l'après-guerre, en béton armé, généralement préfabriquées. Le projet identifie des processus constructifs éco-durables pour la conception des composants de façade “active”, adaptable et efficace, à assembler à sec, en conformité avec les exigences de performance requises par la réglementation actuelle. La recherche est finalisée à la gestion de l'ensemble du processus, soutenu par des systèmes de relevé géométrique, connectés aux logiciels de programmation paramétrique pour la modélisation des surfaces capables de s'adapter aux différentes morphologies du patrimoine existant. Ces outils informatisés CAO-FAO sont reliés aux machines à contrôle numérique CNC pour la fabrication des éléments de façade “sur mesure”. À démonstration de l'approche innovante proposée, deux possibles solutions d'enveloppes ont présentées, dans la ligne droit des principes de durabilité, comprise comme modularité, rapidité de mise en œuvre, réversibilité, récupération et réutilise des matériaux. En particulier, les solutions innovantes sont réunies par l'application d'une technique basée sur l'assemblage d'éléments préfabriqués, l'adoption d'un pavage hexagonal pour le dessin de la nouvelle surface d'enveloppe, et l'utilisation du même matériau isolant thermique, plastique et inorganique, recyclé, éco-durable, à faible impact environnemental (AAM - Alkali Activated Materials).Les solutions proposées, développées dans les sièges de cotutelle (Université de Bologne, Université Paris-Est) sont envisagées selon un protocole scientifique qui prévoit: conception du système constructif, analyse mécanique et thermique, expérimentation constructive, validation des techniques de mise en œuvre et des performances / The research is aimed at presenting a new integrated approach to aid operators and designers to manage the design process as a whole in refurbishment interventions of recent existing building stock, through the use of innovative technological envelope solutions. The study requires the acquisition of a selection of typological and constructive envelope solutions, as a starting point for the development of design solutions to be used for architectural renovation of schools built after the Second World War, in reinforced concrete and mostly prefabricated. The project identifies sustainable construction processes for the design of “active”, adaptive, efficient and dry assembled envelope components, in accordance with the performance requirements prescribed by current regulations. The purpose of the research is to manage the whole design process with the support of geometrical survey, connected to parametric programming software for modelling surfaces which can be adapted to the morphology of existing buildings. These computerized CAD-CAM tools are connected to CNC machines for “customized” industrialized production. To illustrate this innovative approach, two envelope solutions are proposed, according to the research paradigms and the principles of sustainability, meant as modularity, speed of setup, reversibility, recycling and reuse of materials with low environmental impact. In particular, the innovative solutions have in common the application of a technique based on the assembly of prefabricated components, the adoption of hexagonal patterns for the tessellation of the new surface of the façade, and the use of the same plastic and inorganic, recycled and sustainable, thermal insulation material (AAM-Alkali Activated Materials).The design solutions proposed are developed at the two sites involved in the joint

Syfte: Miljömedvetet och prisvärt byggande har länge varit två uttryck som använts ibyggbranschen. Betong har använts och är väl beprövat. Trä och framförallt KL-trä ärdäremot ett material som växt fram det senaste decenniet. Frågan är, när är det bäst attbygga med de olika materialen och vad är materialens respektive klimatavtryck? Målet med denna rapport är att jämföra två bjälklagssystem, ett i KL-trä och ett i betong, utifrån ett sammanvägt kostnads-, dimensions- och miljöperspektiv och hur de förhåller sig mellan spännvidderna fyra, sex och åtta meter. ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella kostnadsskillnaden mellan dessa bjälklagssystem? ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella skillnaden i koldioxidutsläpp under produktionen avdessa bjälklagssystem ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella dimensionsskillnaden mellan dessa bjälklagssystem? ▪ Vilket bjälklagssystem är det bästa valet utifrån en multikriterieanalys? Metod: Studien består av flera experiment för att få ut empiri till en kvotmätning.Denna metod användes för att få fram primärdata till arbetet.Sekundärdata samlades in via dokumentstudier av lagar och krav för byggnation inombrand, ljud och dimensionering. Resultat: Studien visar resultaten av en jämförelse mellan bjälklagssystem med olikamaterial och spännvidder. En multikriterieanalys används för att rangordna resultatenför att visa det mest fördelaktiga alternativet. Konsekvenser: Vid användning av KL-trä bör dimensionering tas i beaktande dådimensionerna blir relativt stora jämfört med betong. Kostnaden av materialen skiljersig markant. Detta speglar dock inte totalkostnad då produktion, leveranser, montering,etcetera ej är medräknat. Att använda en multikriterieanalys vid jämförelser ger entydlig bild på fördelaktigt alternativ samt hur stor skillnad det är mellan alternativen. Begränsningar: Då det endast är en del i totalkostnaden som berörs speglar interesultatet rättvis kostnadsbild och kan därför inte användas som referenspunkt. Resultatfungerar endast som ett hjälpmedel vid delberäkning av totalkostnad. Nyckelord: Betong, KL-trä, Plattbärlag, Plattbjälklag, Kassettbjälklag,Multikriterieanalys, Dimensionering, Kostnad, Koldioxidutsläpp / Purpose: Environmental and affordable construction has long been two terms used in theconstruction industry. Concrete has been used and is well proven. Wood and especiallyCLT wood, on the other hand, is a material that has emerged in the last decade. The questionis, when is it best to build with the different materials and what are their respective climatefootprints? The aim of this report is to compare two structural floor systems, one in CLT wood and onein concrete, based on a balanced cost, dimension and environmental perspective and howthey relate between the spans of four, six and eight meters. ▪ What is the percentage cost difference between these structural floor systems? ▪ What is the percentage difference in carbon dioxide emissions during theproduction of these structural floor systems? ▪ What is the percentage dimensional difference between these structural floorsystems? ▪ Which structural floor system is the best choice based on a multi-criteria decisionanalysis? Method: The study consists of several experiments to obtain empirical data for a quotameasurement. This method was used to obtain primary data for the work. To obtain secondary data consisting of standards, calculation models and requirements, adocument study was used. Secondary data were collected via document studies of laws and requirements forconstruction in fire, acoustics and dimensioning. Findings: The study shows the results of a comparison between structural floor systemswith different materials and spans. A multi-criteria decision analysis is used to rank theresults to show the most advantageous alternative. Implications: When using CLT-wood, dimensioning should be taken into account as thedimensions will be relatively large compared to concrete. The cost of the materials differsmarkedly. However, this does not reflect the total cost as production, deliveries, assembly,etcetera are not included. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis in comparisons gives aclear picture of a favorable alternative and how large a difference there is between thealternatives. Limitations: As only a part of the total cost is affected, the result does not reflect a faircost picture and can therefore not be used as a reference point. The results only serve as anaid in the partial calculation of total cost. Keywords: Concrete, CLT-wood, Prefabricated Concrete Slab Joist, CLT Flat Joist,Rib Elements, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Cost, Carbon Dioxide Emissions

The diploma thesis deals with the processing of project documentation. Specifically, the parts A, B, C, D.1.1 and D.1.3 of Annex 6 to Regulation No. 499/2006 Coll., On construction documentation, as amended by Decree No. 62/2013 Coll. The documentation refers to Multifunctional building object which contains seven apartments, space for commercial use and collective garages with automatic parking system. The plot is located in the city Hradec Králové. The building has four above ground floors and one underground floor. Apartments in second and third floor are equipped with spacious terraces which are created by decreasing of width of building. Roof is solved as walkable green roof with entrance from the staircase space. Foundations are made as concrete belts. Vertical load bearing structures are created by lime sand blocks and reinforced concrete columns. The structure of ceilings is designed as monolithic reinforced concrete with cantilevered part where thermal insulating prefabricated panels should be placed.

The subject of this diploma thesis is a building construction project for industrial building Rieder Beton in Jihlava. It contains an engineering report, a time schedule, a site equipment report, a design of machine assembly, a technological project together with a quality and test plan for the precast prefabricated frame and an itemized budget.

This thesis deals with inspection and constructionally technical research of reinforced concrete prefabricated construction from the second half of 20th century. In theoretical part, the research of literature, documents and valid standards is performed, with a focus on production and construction of prefabricated elements and also on the metodology of research. In practical part, the detection of reinforcement of individual elements of the construction and concrete properties is performed. The result of this work is the assessment of the state of the construction, static calculation of the ceiling panel and idea proposal for eventual reconstruction.

Master’s thesis describes the structural design and static analysis of selected elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete industrial building, that will be used as storage hall. Purpose of thesis is elaboration of assembly drawings of the project documentation and drawings of formwork and reinforcement assembly of selected elements. Calculations were performed in computer programs for static analysis SCIA Engineer 16, IDEA StatiCa and FIN EC. Drawing were made in programs Allplan 2016 and AutoCad 2015.

Tato diplomová práce představuje určenou část projektové dokumentace ve stupni pro provádění stavby (dle vyhlášky č. 499/2006 Sb. ve znění vyhlášky č. 62/2013 Sb.) zabývající se komplexní rekonstrukcí a vytvořením nástavby stávající budovy školního ubytovacího zařízení ve městě Bzenci. Zároveň dojde ke změně užívání stavby na nájemní dům s byty charakteru sociálního bydlení. V souvislosti s touto skutečností se navržená rekonstrukce snaží zachovat a využít stávající konstrukce v co největším rozsahu, s cílem nezbytně tak nenavyšovat náklady rekonstrukce stavby.