Bakgrund: Det finns höga krav på ambulanssjukvården idag där ambulanssjuksköterskor förväntas bedriva en avancerad akutsjukvård och ta komplexa beslut. Återkoppling kan användas för att minska klyftan mellan nuvarande förståelse för en prestation i relation till målet med prestationen. Idag används återkoppling inom vissa delar av sjukvården i syfte att utvärdera om ett patientomhändertagande är adekvat utfört. Möjligheten till återkoppling skiljer sig dock åt inom den prehospitala akutsjukvården i Sveriges olika regioner. Detta ger skilda förutsättningar för ambulanssjuksköterskor beroende på var i landet de arbetar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelse av återkoppling. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor har genomförts där tio ambulanssjuksköterskor inkluderades. Data analyserades genom en manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Den återkoppling som förekommer idag upplevdes vara begränsad, otillräcklig och otillgänglig. Ambulanssjuksköterskor utnyttjar inte de strukturerade system som finns för återkoppling idag utan använder sig istället av informella sätt för att få återkoppling. Återkoppling anses kunna leda till kompetensutveckling för ambulanssjuksköterskor då de får en förståelse för vad som är rätt och vad som är fel i besluten de tar. Återkoppling leder även till olika känsloyttringar och både förekomsten och frånvaron av återkoppling genererar olika emotionella uttryck. Slutsats: Återkoppling anses kunna bekräfta om en upplevd erfarenhet är sanningsenlig eller inte. I frånvaro av återkoppling sker prehospitalt beslutsfattande till stor del utifrån intuition och egna antaganden baserat på tidigare kunskap och erfarenhet. Framtaget resultat i föreliggande studie motiverar till att nuvarande system för återkoppling inom ambulanssjukvården bör ses över. Framtida forskning bör utforska den kliniska effekten av återkoppling och dess påverkan på yrkesutövning och patientvård. / Background: There’s a high standard of care required of ambulance nurses in the prehospital care setting where they are expected to accomplish an advanced emergency care and make complex decisions. Feedback can be used to bridge the gap between one's understanding of a performance in relation to its goals. Feedback is used in some parts of the healthcare setting with the aim of evaluating if the patient care is adequate. However, the possibility to receive feedback in the prehospital setting differs between the various regions in Sweden today. This gives ambulance nurses different prerequisites depending on where in the country they are employed.   Aim: The aim of this study was to explore ambulance nurses’ experiences of feedback.   Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions was conducted where ten ambulance nurses were included. Data were analyzed through a manifest content analysis with an inductive approach.   Results: The feedback experienced today is viewed as limited, inadequate and inaccessible. Ambulance nurses aren’t using the existing structured system to receive feedback but are instead using informal ways of getting feedback. Feedback is viewed as a means for professional development for ambulance nurses as they get an understanding of what is right and what is wrong in their decision making. Feedback also leads to different emotional expressions with both the presence and absence of feedback generating different emotional displays.  Conclusion: Feedback is considered to confirm if a lived experience is truthful or not. In the absence of feedback the prehospital decision making is largely based on intuition and presumptions grounded in previous knowledge and experiences. The result of this study motivates that the preexisting system for feedback should be reviewed. More research is needed to establish the effect of feedback on performance and patient outcome.

Tidigare forskning visar att ambulanssjuksköterskor upplever bristfällig utbildningsgrund samt känslor av bristande självförtroende och osäkerhet kopplat till vårdsituationer med den vuxna patienten med pågående krampanfall. Den forskning som finns etablerad omkring ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta den vuxna patienten med pågående kramp är dock begränsad. Ambulanssjuksköterskan har i sin yrkesutövning en förväntan på sig att inneha en handlingsberedskap för alla typer av patientärenden, så även för den vuxna patienten med pågående krampanfall. Krampanfall med tonisk-klonisk karaktär innebär ett komplext vårdmöte där ambulanssjuksköterskan måste ta ställning till multipla faktorer, både rörande en kritisk somatik samt patientens omvårdnadsmässiga behov. Studiens syfte är att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelse av att möta vuxna patienter med pågående epileptiskt anfall av tonisk-klonisk karaktär i prehospital miljö. Studien har genomförts som en kvalitativ, semistrukturerad intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Genomförda intervjuer har analyserats utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade slutligen i huvudkategorin Ett vårdande som balanserar mellan trygghet och oförutsägbarhet, med efterföljande kategorier Mångbottnad upplevelse, Vårdrelationen och Prehospitalt vårdande. Resultatet visar på attambulanssjuksköterskor bär på en bred upplevelsegrund när det kommer till vårdmötet med denkrampande patienten, där känslor av osäkerhet och stress är vanlig förekommande. Ambulanssjuksköterskorna upplever även vårdmötet som utmanande i förhållande till faktorer som vårdmiljö, patientomhändertagande samt mötet med anhöriga. Ambulanssjuksköterskorna upplever att det i första hand är yrkeserfarenhet som utgör en trygghetsskapande grund i patientmötet. För att skapa förbättrade grundförutsättningar för vårdandet samt förstärka upplevelsen av trygghet för ambulanssjuksköterskor, bör ämnet lyftas tydligare inom utbildning och arbetsplatsrelaterad fortbildning. / Previous research shows that ambulance nurses experience a deficient educational basis as well as feelings of lack of self-confidence and uncertainty linked to care situations with the adult patient with ongoing seizures. However, the research that has been established about ambulance nurses' experiences of meeting the adult patient with ongoing convulsions is limited. In her professional practice, the ambulance nurse is expected to be ready to act for all types of patient matters, including for the adult patient with an ongoing seizure. Seizures with a tonic-clonic character involve a complex care encounter where the ambulance nurse must take a position on multiple factors, both concerning a critical somatic condition and the patient's nursing needs. The purpose of the study is to describe ambulance nurses' experience of meeting adult patients with ongoing epileptic seizures of tonic-clonic character in a prehospital environment. The study has been conducted as a qualitative, semi-structured interview study with an inductive approach. Conducted interviews have been analyzed based on a qualitative content analysis and finally resulted in the main category Care that balances between safety and unpredictability, with subsequent categories Multi-rooted experience, Care relationship and Pre-hospital care. The results show that ambulance nurses have a broad base of experience when it comes to the care meeting with the convulsing patient, where feelings of uncertainty and stress are common occurrences. The ambulance nurses also experience the care meeting as challenging in relation to factors such as the care environment, patient care and the meeting with relatives. The ambulance nurses feel that it is primarily professional experience that constitutes a security-creating basis in the patient encounter. In order to create improved basic conditions for care and strengthen the experience of security for ambulance nurses, the topic should be highlighted more clearly in education and workplace related continuing education.

Bakgrund: Det är väl känt att personcentrerad vård, både internationellt och nationellt, definieras som framställning av god omvårdnad. I sjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning ingår det att sjuksköterskan ska kunna tillämpa ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Den personcentrerade vården förutsätter att vårdpersonal inom akutsjukvård har förmågan att förstå patientens perspektiv, visa intresse och hänsyn för den enskilde samt för vården. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt inom akutsjukvård. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturöversikt har genomförts. I databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed har 15 kvalitativa vårdvetenskapliga artiklar valts ut och ligger till grund för resultatet. Analysen utfördes utifrån Thomas och Hardens tematiska syntes. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas utifrån fem analytiska kategorier: Personcentrerad vård innebär att sjuksköterskan inom akutsjukvård ser hela människan och inte enbart sjukdomen, sjuksköterskans förmåga att göra patienten och deras anhöriga delaktiga i vårdprocessen anses vara väsentligt för vårdrelationen, sjuksköterskans samverkan med vårdpersonal är betydelsefull för den personcentrerade vården och för patientsäkerheten, sjuksköterskans kompetens och egna intresse har betydelse för hur väl utförd den personcentrerade vården blir och akutmottagningens arbetsmiljö kan vara ett hinder för sjuksköterskan att arbeta personcentrerat. Slutsats: Att etablera en god vårdrelation och att ge kontinuerlig information till patienterna anses vara en fördel för att för att ge patienterna möjlighet att kunna ta ett beslut och vara delaktiga i vårdprocessen. Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård behöver mer kunskap om ämnet personcentrerad vård, men även möjlighet till mer tid i mötet med patienterna för att få så goda förutsättningar som möjligt att kunna utföra personcentrerad vård. / Background: It is well known that person-centered care, both internationally and nationally, is defined as the production of good nursing care. The nurse's competency description includes that the nurse must be able to apply a personcentered approach. Person-centered care requires that the emergency care staff can understand the patient's perspective, show interest and consideration for the individual as well as for the care. Aim: The aim was to investigate nurses' experiences of working with a personcentered approach within emergency healthcare. Method: A structured literature review has been used. In the databases Cinahl and Pubmed, 15 qualitative health science articles have been selected and form the basis of the results. The analysis was carried out based on Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis. Results: The results are reported based on five analytical categories: Personcentered care means that the nurse in emergency care sees the whole person and not just the disease, the nurse's ability to involve the patient and their relatives in the care process is considered essential for the care relationship, the nurse's collaboration with care staff is significant for the person-centered care and for patient safety, the nurse's competence and self-interest are important for how well the person-centered care is carried out and the emergency department's work environment can be an obstacle for the nurse to work person-centered. Conclusion: By establishing a good care relationship and providing continuous information to the patients is important in order to give the patients the opportunity to be able to make a decision and be involved in the care process. Nurses within emergency healthcare need more knowledge about person-centered care, but also the opportunity to spend more time in the encounter with the patient to have the best possible conditions to perform person-centered care.

Den prehospitala vården är en viktig del av den svenska sjukvården, vårdprocessen innefattar all vård patient får utanför sjukhus. Den prehospitala vårdens kvalitet varierar hos olika landsting beroende på deras tekniska utrustningar och arbetsmetoder. Detta arbete utreder hur Region Kronoberg (RK) och Stockholms Läns Landsting (SLL) hanterar IT- och informationssäkerhet inom den prehospitala vården, då framförallt inom ambulanssjukvården.   Arbetet har utförts via litteraturstudie kring lagar och riktlinjer som påverkar den prehospitala vården och sedan utfördes intervjuer för att finna hur RK och SLL hanterar patientjournaler.   Arbetet visar att RK och SLL har jobbat olika länge med att digitalisera den prehospitala vårdprocessen, men att de idag använder lika säkra arbetsmetoder. Anledningen till detta är att bådas lösningar grundas i användandet av det säkra nätverket Sjunet. Vidare visade det sig att RK och SLL har olika grundförutsättningar för journalåtkomst. Avslutningsvis finner detta arbete inga säkerhetsrisker i anslutningen till de digitala journalsystemen, men att användandet av mobila enheter som lagrar journal utgör en säkerhetsrisk. / Prehospital care is an important part of the Swedish health system, the care process is dedicated to any kind of emergency out-of-hospital acute medical care. The quality of prehospital care varies between different counties, depending on their technical equipment and work methods. This essay investigates how Region Kronoberg (RK) and Stockholm’s County Council (SLL) have dealt with IT- and information security questions concerning prehospital care.   The essay is conducted by collecting laws and guidelines related to IT-security. Interviews were later on conducted with intention to collect information about RK’s and SLL’s definition of accessibility and communication of patient journals   This essay shows that RK and SLL begun digitizing their prehospital care at different times, but that they are as in now able to use equally safe methods for dealing with journals. The reason behind this is that they both root their solutions in the secluded network Sjunet. It is further concluded that SLL and RK have different prerequisites for journal access. Lastly, we could conclude that the greatest security risk is not associated with the connection between hardware, but rather misplacing any hardware containing delicate information.

Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva den prehospitala användningen av supraglottiska hjälpmedel hos barn. Metod: En litteraturstudie på magisternivå baserad på 11 orginal artiklar hämtade från CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Supraglottiska hjälpmedel placerades främst hos äldre barn <12 år med antingen hjärtstopp, trauma, respiratorisk instabilitet eller kramper. Flertalet olika supraglottiska hjälpmedel används internationellt och studierna beskriver att hjälpmedlen är tidseffektiva att placera, medför få komplikationer samt att den neurologiska funktionen är likvärdig med de som erhåller luftvägshantering med hjälp av endotrakeal intubation eller ventilation med mask och blåsa. Slutsats: Supraglottiska hjälpmedel används internationnelt hos pediatriska patienter i den prehospitala miljön, där placeringen av hjälpmedlet avgörs av kompetens och utbildningsnivå hos den prehospitala personalen. Vidare forskning krävs för att fasställa hurvida supraglottiska hjälpmedel hos den pediatriska populationen kan etableras prehospitalt och i synnerlighet hos barn under 12 år.

Timely management in pre-hospital emergency care enhances the chances of patients' survival or clinical outcomes of an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). In Botswana nurses serve in the frontline of pre-hospital emergency services as the initial recipients of the emergency reports and situations. Knowledge of the patient's characteristics will assist the nurses as well as the family/others to understand the patient's responses during an ACS situation and therefore enable prompt patient assessment and facilitation of early access to appropriate care. Patient and family involvement in care during cardiac emergencies also influences the patient outcomes. This is a non-experimental, quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study, designed to explore and describe the characteristics of patients with the experience of an ACS, and the available resources during the pre-hospital phase of emergency care, with the aim of improving patients' clinical outcomes. The results indicated that optimal care by nurses is essential in the chain of care influencing patients' chances of surviving ACS. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Introduction: The most appropriate airway management technique for use by paramedics in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is yet to be determined and evidence relating to the influence of airway management strategy on outcome remains equivocal. In cases where return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurs following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, patients may undergo direct transfer to a specialist heart attack centre (HAC) where the post resuscitation 12 lead ECG demonstrates evidence of ST elevation myocardial infarction. To date, no studies have investigated the role of airway management strategy on outcomes in this sub-set of patients. The AMICABLE (Airway Management In Cardiac Arrest, Basic, Laryngeal mask airway, Endotracheal intubation) study therefore sought to investigate the influence of prehospital airway management strategy on outcomes in patients transferred by the ambulance service directly to a HAC post ROSC. Methods: Adults with ROSC post out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who met local criteria for transfer to a HAC were identified prospectively. Ambulance records were reviewed to determine prehospital airway management approach and collect physiological and demographic data. HAC notes were obtained to determine in-hospital course and quantify neurological outcome via the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. Neurologically intact survivors were contacted post discharge to assess quality of life via the SF-36 health survey. Statistical analyses were performed via Chi-square, Mann Whitney U test, odds ratios, and binomial logistic regression. Results: A total of 220 patients were recruited between August 2013 and August 2014, with complete outcome data available for 209. The age of patients ranged from 22-96 years and 71.3% were male (n=149). Airway management was undertaken using a supraglottic airway (SGA) in 72.7% of cases (n=152) with the remainder undergoing endotracheal intubation (ETI). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with good neurological outcome (CPC 1&2) between the SGA and ETI groups (p=.286). Similarly, binomial logistic regression incorporating factors known to influence outcome demonstrated no significant difference between the SGA and ETI groups (Adjusted OR 0.725, 95% CI 0.337-1.561). Clinical and demographic variables associated with good neurological outcome included the presence of a shockable rhythm (p < .001), exposure to angiography (p < .001), younger age (p < .001) and shorter time to ROSC (p < .001). Due to an inadequate response rate (25.4%, n=15) analysis of SF36 data was limited to descriptive statistics. Limitations: The study only included patients who achieved ROSC and met the criteria for direct transfer to a HAC. Results are therefore not generalisable to more heterogenous resuscitation populations. Accuracy of clinical decision making and ECG interpretation were not assessed and therefore some patients included in the study may have been inappropriately transferred to a HAC. The low SF-36 survey response rate limited the level of neurological outcome analysis that could be undertaken. Conclusion: In this study, there was no significant difference in the proportion of good neurological outcomes in patients managed with SGA versus ETI during cardiac arrest. Further research incorporating randomised controlled trials is required to provide more definitive evidence in relation to the optimal airway management strategy in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

O estudo tem por objetivos analisar a organização tecnológica do trabalho dos enfermeiros na produção do cuidado em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento, analisar as atividades dos enfermeiros, descrevendo a constituição da dimensão assistencial e gerencial no seu processo de trabalho; identificar o objeto do cuidado e a finalidade do trabalho dos enfermeiros e identificar os saberes tecnológicos e o conjunto de instrumentos utilizados pelos enfermeiros na produção de cuidados em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPA). A estratégia de investigação foi à pesquisa de métodos mistos, do tipo explanatório sequencial. Na etapa quantitativa foi utilizado um questionário para a coleta de dados com 47 enfermeiros e, na etapa qualitativa, foi utilizada a técnica de observação por amostragem de eventos, referente às atividades dos enfermeiros em uma unidade de pronto atendimento selecionada. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados com o auxílio do Programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), pela utilização de técnicas da estatística descritiva. Os dados qualitativos foram analisados pela técnica de Análise Temática de Conteúdo, contemplando os núcleos de sentido que compõem a comunicação e interpretação dos seus significados. O agrupamento dos dados quantitativos e qualitativos originou quatro núcleos de análise: trabalho dos enfermeiros, finalidade do trabalho dos enfermeiros, instrumentos de trabalho dos enfermeiros e os desafios e perspectivas do trabalho dos enfermeiros nos serviços de pronto atendimento. Na dimensão assistencial do trabalho destacaram-se as atividades de acolhimento com avaliação e classificação de risco e o registro dos dados clínicos em prontuários, caracterizados pelo atendimento partindo da queixa, com aprofundamento, enriquecendo a conduta, contudo as intervenções de enfermagem não extrapolaram seu caráter instrumental. Na dimensão gerencial do trabalho as atividades de distribuição de tarefas entre a equipe de enfermagem, o dimensionamento de pessoal da enfermagem, a organização de escalas de trabalho da enfermagem e o preenchimento de relatórios referentes ao seu trabalho são as práticas desenvolvidas com muita frequência pelos enfermeiros nessa realidade de trabalho. As ações de gerência do cuidado visam à previsão e provisão de recursos para produção do cuidado, por meio da organização e divisão do trabalho da equipe de enfermagem. O encaminhamento dos usuários a níveis adequados de assistência foi apontado pelos enfermeiros como a principal finalidade do seu trabalho nas unidades de pronto atendimento, seguido das finalidades de prestar o atendimento clínico ao usuário, prestar a assistência ao usuário em situação de urgência e de recuperar a saúde, tratando doenças e agravos. Os instrumentos mais utilizados pelos enfermeiros foram o julgamento e tomada de decisão clínica, a escuta, vínculo e acolhimento, os equipamentos para realização de procedimentos, o conhecimento clínico e o protocolo que orienta a classificação de risco. A resolução de problemas que não são de sua responsabilidade e o volume de atendimento da unidade são as principais dificuldades para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. As variáveis referentes à prática clínica foram identificadas como um potencial para a instrumentalização na tomada de decisão, colaborando para a produção de cuidados. / This study aims at analyzing the technological organization of nurses’ work, focusing on the production of health care in Emergency Units, as well as the activities performed by nurses. This research also aims at describing how the aid and management dimensions of nurses’ work are developed, with the goal of identifying the object of care and the purpose of nurses’ work, pointing out the technological knowledge and the instruments used by nurses to produce health care in Emergency Units. The investigation strategy was based on the Mixed Methods of Research, such as sequential explanatory. During the quantitative part of the research, a questionnaire was given to 47 nurses as a means of collecting data. During the qualitative part, the technique of sample rate events observation was used to follow nurses’ activities in an Emergency Unit previously selected. The quantitative data was analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, using techniques from descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was analyzed by the technique of theme content analysis, prioritizing the meaning cells which compose the communication and interpretation of their meanings. The grouping of quantitative and qualitative data gave origin to four analysis cells: Nurses’ Work, the Objective of Nurses’ Work, Instruments of Nurses’ Work and Challenges and Perspectives of Nurses’ Work at Emergency Units. In the aid dimension of nurses’ work, activities of admission and rating of life risk and the registration of clinical data on patients’ charts stand out, characterized by the service performed from patient’s complain, making the process of admission more reliable. However, the nurses’ interventions do not go beyond its instrumental character. In the management dimension of nurses’ work, the activities of chores distribution among the team of nurses, the distribution of people in the Emergency Units, the organization of shifts and turns and the filling of reports concerning the work are very popular practices among nurses in the Emergency Units. The actions of managing the health care try to predict and provide resources to produce this care by organizing and dividing the work. The actions to analyze the patient’s situation and provide follow up medical procedures was pointed by nurses as being the main objective of their work in Emergency Units, followed by the objective of providing clinic care to patients, proving medical attention to patients in emergency and recovery situations, by treating illnesses and injuries. The most used instruments by nurses were clinic judgment and decision-making, listening, bonding and acceptance, procedure equipments, clinic knowledge and the protocol which guides the risk rating. The solution to problems which do not concern nurses’ work and the amount of patients in Emergency Units were mentioned as the main difficulties to develop their work. The variables referring to clinical practice were identified as a potential to provide instruments during decision-making moments, collaborating to produce health care. / El estudio tiene por objetivos analizar la organización tecnológica del trabajo de los enfermeros en la producción del cuidado en unidades de pronto atendimiento (urgencias), analizar las actividades de los enfermeros, describiendo la constitución de la dimensión asistencial y gerencial en su proceso de trabajo; identificar los saberes tecnológicos y el conjunto de instrumentos utilizados por los enfermeros en la producción de cuidados en las unidades de pronto atendimiento (urgencias). La estrategia de investigación fue por métodos mistos, del tipo explanatorio sequencial. En la etapa cuantitativa fue realizado el cuestionario como técnica de colecta de datos con 47 enfermeros y en la etapa cualitativa, fue realizada la técnica de observación por amostraje de eventos relacionados a las actividades de los enfermeros en una unidad de pronto atendimiento (urgencia) selecionada. Los datos cuantitativos fueron analizados en el programa Programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), por la utilización de técnicas de estatística descriptiva. Los datos cualitativos fueron analizados por la técnica del análisis de conteúdo temático, contemplando los núcleos de sentido que componen la comunicación e interpretación de sus significados. El agrupamiento de los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos originó cuatro núcleos de análisis: trabajo de los enfermeros, finalidad del trabajo de los enfermeros, instrumentos de trabajo de los enfermeros y los desafíos y perspectivas del Trabajo de los Enfermeros en los servicios de Pronto Atendimiento (urgencias). En la dimensión asistencial del trabajo se destacan las actividades de acogida con evaluación y clasificación de riesgo y el registro de datos clínicos en prontuarios, caracterizados por el atendimiento partiendo de la queja, con aprofundación, enriqueciendo la conducta, sin embargo las intervenciones de enfermería no extrapolaron su carácter instrumental. En la dimensión gerencial del trabajo las actividades de distribución de tarefas entre el equipo de enfermeros, el dimensionamiento de personal de enfermería, la organización de escalas de trabajo de enfermería y el relleno de relatorios referentes a su trabajo son prácticas desarrolladas con mucha frecuencia por los enfermeros en el pronto atendimiento (urgencias). Las acciones de gerencia del cuidado visan la provisión de recursos para la producción del cuidado, por medio de la organización y división del trabajo de equipo de enfermeros. El encaminamiento de los usuários a los locales adecuados de asistencia fue apuntado por los enfermeros como la principal finalidad de su trabajo en las unidades de pronto atendimiento (urgencia), acompañado de las finalidades de prestar el atendimiento clínico ao usuario, prestar asistencia al usuario en situación de urgencia y de recuperar la salud, tratando las enfermedades y agravios. Los instrumentos más utilizados por los enfermeros fueron el juicio y la tomada de decisión clínica, la escucha, vínculo y acogida, los equipamientos para la realización de los procedimientos, el conocimiento clínico y el protocolo que orienta la Classificacíón de Riesgo. La resolución de problemas sin relación a su trabajo y el volumen de atendimiento de la unidad aparecen como las principales dificultades para el desarrollo del trabajo. Las variables referentes a la práctica clínica fueron identificándose como un potencial para la instrumentalización en las tomadas de decisión, colaborando en la producción de los cuidados.

Timely management in pre-hospital emergency care enhances the chances of patients' survival or clinical outcomes of an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). In Botswana nurses serve in the frontline of pre-hospital emergency services as the initial recipients of the emergency reports and situations. Knowledge of the patient's characteristics will assist the nurses as well as the family/others to understand the patient's responses during an ACS situation and therefore enable prompt patient assessment and facilitation of early access to appropriate care. Patient and family involvement in care during cardiac emergencies also influences the patient outcomes. This is a non-experimental, quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study, designed to explore and describe the characteristics of patients with the experience of an ACS, and the available resources during the pre-hospital phase of emergency care, with the aim of improving patients' clinical outcomes. The results indicated that optimal care by nurses is essential in the chain of care influencing patients' chances of surviving ACS. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The theme of my diploma is the Logistic indemnity of medical interference within the area of multiple victim accidents. The world was struck by natural disasters during its long history. As well as the strengthening of natural disasters, the appearance of the disasters caused by human activity has been increasing in recent times, and at present and their after-affects are more destructive. This diploma is taken as a overall cross {--} sectional study of the topic of logistic indemnity of medical interference within the area of multiple victim accidents. After a brief approach of the history of prehospital care the diploma is focused on legislative regulation of this theme including processing of emergency plans and traumatological plans, financing of crisis set-ups, special training, procedure of salvage and liquidation operations of the units of integrated rescue systems and logistic indemnity of medical interference in the form of material and technical special equipment including human sources and psychological support. This diploma also includes some special problems of this topic (e.g. processing of traumatological plans, financing of crisis set-ups, labels of multiple victim accidents).