In this research project the context of a playgroup is used in the exploration of the developing meanings of preschool children living in a community village. Therapeutic goals include the co-construction of a group context where alternative behavioural social skills, and the related meanings thereof, could evolve in relationship with the therapist / researcher and peers. The research process is based on an underlying ecosystemic epistemology, social constructionistic theory and a narrative approach to therapy. A naturalistic research design includes the use of qualitative methods of play as therapeutic tools in the exploration of meanings. Research findings show the emergence of co-constructed meaning categories between all the participants of the research to be those of respect, responsibility and hope. The therapeutic significance of these three themes for this age group of children is discussed, and linked to the further construction of meanings. / PSYCHOLOGY / MA

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1663.pdf: 571272 bytes, checksum: 8f6197c69932ffe1e600501481e6fce4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Accordingly to stimulus control topography coherence theory the variability found in some stimulus equivalence experimental studies could be reduced or eliminated by a larger experimental control upon the controlling relations established on conditional relations training. Therefore, this research had as general goals: 1) investigating emergence of classes of equivalence stimuli between visual abstract stimuli, using a mask procedure in teaching conditional discriminations (to induce controlling relations by selection and by rejection) in preschool children and in individuals with Down Syndrome (participants up to now not studied with this procedure) and 2) verifying if the controlling relations involved in teaching of conditional discriminations coincided with those planned by the researcher. Two six year old typically developing children took part in Experiment 1 consisted by the phases: 1) pretraining; 2) teaching the conditional relations AB, BC, CD; 3) testing relations DA, AD, CA, AC, DB, BD and 4) testing to verify the controlling relations involved on baseline. A computer presented stimuli and recorded responses. For one of the participants, one-node equivalence classes were established and the controlling relations were consistent with those planned (both, by selection and rejection). The second paticipant did not show the expected emergent performances and showed inconsistent stimulus control. Experiment 2 was carried out with a child and an adolescent with Down Syndrome and consisted of the phases: 1) pretraining; 2) teaching the conditional relations AB, BC; 3) testing relations CA, AC and 4) testing to verify the controlling relations. In Experiment 2 none of the subjects showed the expected emergent performances in three presentations of test sessions. Moreover, they showed acquisition of control relations inconsistent with those planned. The results support the hypothesis that the variability found in stimulus equivalence research can be explained by the acquisition of different controlling relations throughout the teaching and also suggest that the kind of procedure employed on tests to verify the controlling relations can be efficient to identify these stimulus control relations. / Conforme a teoria da coerência das topografias de controle de estímulo, a variabilidade encontrada em alguns estudos experimentais de equivalência de estímulos poderia ser reduzida ou eliminada por meio de um maior controle experimental sobre as relações de controle estabelecidas no treino das relações condicionais. Nessa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos gerais: 1) investigar a emergência de relações de equivalência entre estímulos visuais abstratos com a aplicação de um procedimento com uso de máscara no treino das discriminações condicionais (com o intuito de induzir relações de controle por seleção e por rejeição) em crianças pré-escolares e em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down (população até então não estudada com esse procedimento) e 2) verificar se as relações de controle envolvidas no treino das discriminações condicionais coincidiam com as planejadas pelo experimentador. Duas crianças de seis anos, com desenvolvimento típico participaram do Estudo 1, composto pelas seguintes etapas: 1) pré-treino; 2) treino das relações condicionais AB, BC e CD; 3) sonda das relações DA, AD, CA, AC, DB e BD e 4) sondas para verificação das relações de controle envolvidas na linha de base. A apresentação dos estímulos e o registro de respostas foram feitos por computador. Uma das participantes mostrou emergência das relações com distância de um nódulo e apresentou controle consistente com o planejado (tanto por seleção quanto por rejeição); a outra participante não apresentou emergência das relações esperadas e mostrou controle de estímulos inconsistente. O Estudo 2 foi realizado com uma criança e uma adolescente com Síndrome de Down e constituiu-se das etapas: 1) pré-treino; 2) treino das relações condicionais AB e BC; 3) sonda das relações CA e AC e 4) sondas para verificação das relações de controle. No Estudo 2 nenhuma participante mostrou emergência das relações esperadas em três apresentações das sondas. Além disso, apresentaram aquisição de controle inconsistente com o planejado. Os resultados obtidos apoiam a hipótese de que a variabilidade encontrada em estudos sobre equivalência de estímulos pode ser explicada pela aquisição de diferentes relações de controle durante o treino e também sugerem que o tipo de procedimento empregado nas sondas de verificação de relações de controle pode ser eficiente para a identificação de topografias de controle de estímulo adquiridas.

O presente texto apresenta resultados de pesquisa de mestrado. Seu objeto de estudo são as condições de trabalho das educadoras na Rede Pública Municipal de Curitiba em turmas de pré-escola, no interior dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEIs), buscando similitudes e dessemelhanças no exercício de suas funções. Educadora é a trabalhadora concursada com titularidade em nível médio na modalidade magistério, com atuação exclusiva na Educação Infantil. A opção pelas educadoras que trabalham em turmas de pré deve-se ao fato de que nessa etapa da Educação Infantil há maiores possibilidades de ocorrer a separação entre o cuidar e o educar e, portanto, uma divisão de trabalho que pode implicar tanto em hierarquização, mando, ou trabalho compartilhado, com variações ou não nas condições de trabalho. Dentre os objetivos desta pesquisa, busca-se inicialmente analisar a concepção de Educação Infantil exposta em documentos oficiais e em autores de referência com relação ao local da Educação Infantil no interior da educação escolar, bem como quanto à separação entre o cuidar e educar. Outro objetivo é analisar a produção bibliográfica acerca do trabalho docente, mais especificamente na Educação Infantil à luz das categorias precarização, e intensificação do trabalho docente. Para conhecer mais sobre as condições de trabalho destas trabalhadoras, como instrumento metodológico, optou-se pela realização de entrevistas com as educadoras mais experientes nas turmas de pré, com base nas categorias teóricas privilegiadas. / This paper presents master's search results. The object of study are the educators in municipal public network of Curitiba in preschool classes, inside the municipal early childhood education centers (CMEIs) seeking similarities and dissimilarities in the exercise of their functions. Educator is a public worker with entitlement in high school level in the teaching mode, that works exclusively with the kindergarten. The choice for educators who work in preschool classes is due to the fact that at this stage of early childhood education is more likely to occur separation between care and education, therefore, a division of labor that may involve both hierarchical, command, or shared work with variations or not in the working conditions. Among the objectives of this research, we seek initially analyze the concept of early childhood education exposed in official documents and in reference authors in relation to the site of early childhood education within the school education, as well as the separation between care and education. Another objective is to analyze the bibliographic production of the teaching work, specifically in early childhood education, based on the categories of precarization and intensification of teaching. To learn more about the working conditions of these workers, as a methodological tool, we opted for the interviews with the most experienced teachers in preschool classes, based on privileged theoretical categories.

M.Litt. et Phil. / Divorce has become a widespread phenomenon in modern society. The high divorce figures indicate a change of attitude in society. Today divorce has become a highly probable and accepted event with fewer stigmas attached to it. For children, the divorce of their parents is a totally unplanned life event over which they have little or no control. It can therefore be defined as a non-normative idiosyncratic life event. This event inevitably leads to stress and can have certain deleterious, but also positive, effects on children. The specific effects that a child experiences will be determined by an interaction of variables, viz. his personality and temperament, the environment and his family home. Riegel (1975) states that development evolves out of crises which can therefore be constructive and have significant meaning. If the child can adapt and work through the event of divorce constructively the divorce can lead to growth, and not necessarily to stagnation and more problems. In the litigation of custody some development has taken place. Traditionally, young children were placed in the custody of their mothers, and the judges who did the assignments depended on information which was obtained from the parents. This resulted in decisions which were not always in the best interests of the children. To assist the judges in the placement of children, family advocates were appointed, thus fulfilling the requirements of the Act on Mediation in Certain Divorce Matters, (Act 24 of 1987). The task of the family advocate is to act as a watchdog on behalf of minors who have been subjected to divorce and subsequent litigation over custody disputes. Custody disputes cause tension and uncertainty for the children involved. The family advocate ensures that the children are exposed to as little disruption as possible during the litigation process, and also sees to it that the proposed ruling in connection with the children is in their best interests. The motivation for this research stems from the developments which have taken place regarding the placement of children after divorce where a custody dispute erupts, as well as those regarding the functions and purpose of the family advocate in the process. Questions can be raised as to whether the system of family advocates succeeds in its primary aim to act on behalf of the children, and whether the children involved in a custody dispute are not subjected to more stress as a result of the litigation. As few study regarding these questions has been done and many new questions have evolved, an exploratory study was conducted on the subject. The aim of this study was to evaluate children with respect to three variables, namely, 1) positive self regard 2) loyalty conflict between biological parents 3) depression. These evaluations were done on three groups, namely, 1) children in a nuclear family, 2) children in a single-parent family where divorce had occurred, and 3) children in a family where a custody dispute had taken place. A non-experimental method of research was used. To test the specific hypotheses the following test instruments were used: Bene-Anthony family relations, Draw a Person Test (D.A.P.), and Draw a Family Test (D.A.F.). The conclusions of the study are, firstly, that children in nuclear families do have higher self regard than children from single-parent divorced families, but these latter, in turn, do not have higher self regard than those from custody dispute families. Furthermore, children from nuclear families do not have less loyalty conflict than children from single-parent divorced families, but these latter do have less loyalty conflict than those from custody dispute families. Finally, children from nuclear families do suffer less from depression • than children from single-parent divorced families, but these latter do not have less depression than those from custody dispute families. As this was merely an exploratory study only tendencies can be deduced from the results. Further studies will require larger and better controlled samples. Further research and development in the field of custody litigation is necessary so that the whole family, and especially the children, can use this life crisis as an opportunity for growth.

M.A. (Social Work) / The lack of relevant therapeutic programmes suitable for pre-school children staying in children's homes became apparent whilst the researcher was working in children's homes, as well as during discussions with colleagues. The inability of the pre-school child to converse fluently leads to a continuous search for quality interventions. In an attempt to resolve this need, two therapeutic programmes namely Viola Brody (1975) Developmental Touch Therapy Programme as well as a developmental group work programme developed by the researcher are implemented in a children's home. An exploratory, evaluating study, with two groups of four pre-school children each, are conducted in a children's home. An adapted experimental design is used to compare the results of the two groups. The children's behaviour are monitored and reported on in case studies. A singlesystem design is used to arrange the data, compare the two groups with each other and to monitor individual behaviour changes. The study is an exploratory probe into the viability / workableness and effectiveness of the two interventions with pre-school children in a children's home. The objective is to establish whether the programmes can be implemented in a children's homes and whether it will lead to a change in the general functioning of the children involved. The study concluded that both programmes is viable / workable. In addition, the Developmental Touch Therapy programme prove effective in the development of self concept as well as improving their general functionality, especially in developing positive behaviour. The developmental group work programme is marginal successful in respect of developing positive behaviour but unsuccessful in developing self concept.

Research on semantic processing focused mainly on isolated units in language, which does not reflect the complexity of language. In order to understand how semantic information is processed in a wider context, the first goal of this thesis was to determine whether Swedish pre-school children are able to comprehend semantic context and if that context is semantically built up over time. The second goal was to investigate how the brain distributes attentional resources by means of brain activation amplitude and processing type. Swedish preschool children were tested in a dichotic listening task with longer children’s narratives. The development of event-related potential N400 component and its amplitude were used to investigate both goals. The decrease of the N400 in the attended and unattended channel indicated semantic comprehension and that semantic context was built up over time. The attended stimulus received more resources, processed the stimuli in more of a top-down manner and displayed prominent N400 amplitude in contrast to the unattended stimulus. The N400 and the late positivity were more complex than expected since endings of utterances longer than nine words were not accounted for. More research on wider linguistic context is needed in order to understand how the human brain comprehends natural language. / Tidigare forskning på semantisk processning har fokuserad på isolerade språkliga enheter vilket inte reflekterar språkets komplexitet. För att kunna förstår hur semantisk information processeras i en större kontext, var studiens första syfte att undersöka om svenska förskolebarn om svenska förskolebarn förmår att förstå semantisk kontext och om denna kontext byggs upp över tid. Det andra syftet var att undersöka hur hjärnan fördelar uppmärksamhetsbaserade resurser i avseende på hjärnaktiveringsamplitud och olika processesningstyper. För detta testades svenska förskolebarn i ett dikotiskt lyssningstest med olika barnsagor. Utvecklingen av N400-komponenten, en händelse-relaterad potential, användes för detta. Nedgången av N400 komponenten och den sena positiviteten visades i både de uppmärksammade och ouppmärksammade kanalerna och detta indikerar semantisk förståelse och att semantisk kontext byggdes upp över tid. Därutöver kunde en större N400-amplitud observeras i den uppmärksammade kanalen, vilket indikerar att den fick mer hjärnresurser och använde sig av top-down-bearbetning i större utsträckning än bottom-up-processer. N400-komponenten och sena positiviteten visade sig vara mer komplex än förväntat. Det kan bero för att de sista orden i ett yttrande som var längre än nio ord exkluderades från analysen. Det finns ett behov av forskning som använder sig av längre lingvistiska kontexter och deras effekter i människohjärnan.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

My dissertation comes out of claim that the exploitation of library for children in kindergarten isn't systematically processed. But, it is apparent, acording international research (PIRLS, PISA), that the existence of library for children has positive influence to the development of reading literacy. The objective of my dissertation was the charting of the role of libraries for children in kindergarten. The dissertation were finding out how the library for children are used in kindergartens. What we need to build up to the functional library was the next topic of my dissertation. Both main topics were examinated in qualitative research. I used the design of case studying. I closely charted three cases of kindergarten where the library for children is used. It is needed to add relevant literature, interactive books and attractive books (inside and ouside). This way brings perfect and full using of library. Apart of this, it is the same with the appearence of the library. It is essential to captivate with attractive and nice appearence by children and adults too. KEYWORDS Children's library in the kindergarten, preschool children, preprimary education, work with books, books for children, readers, development, reading literacy, methods, case study.

With the incidence of prenatal drug exposure increasing, it is important that preschool teachers are prepared and confident in serving the needs of children affected by this exposure. Teachers need more training and education to prepare them for working with children with prenatal drug exposure. The purpose of this sequential mixed-methods study was to explore the perceptions, training, and shared experiences of preschool teachers when working with 4- and 5-year-old preschool children who have experienced prenatal drug exposure. The researcher invited 77 preschool teachers in northeast Tennessee working in either Head Start or Tennessee Voluntary Pre-K Initiative programs to complete an initial quantitative survey – of which 53 participated. Of the survey participants, 34 reported they might have worked with a child with prenatal drug exposure. Six of those teachers who said they had experience with children with prenatal drug exposure participated in a follow up semi-structured interview with the researcher. The findings revealed that preschool teachers were favorable toward children with prenatal drug exposure regarding the children’s ability to learn. Preschool teachers were already using many effective interventions (e.g., working one-on-one with the child, offering flexible seating options, repetition of information) that they may have used with other children with special needs, but they were eager for more information about the best way to work with these children. School leaders and those in teacher preparation programs would be excellent advocates in spreading knowledge and translating medical knowledge into resources more applicable to the teaching and childcare profession. It is important that the information become more accessible to all teachers and stakeholders in education.

The thesis focuses on a concept of communicative competences in the curricula at the stage of pre-school education and introduces the possibilities of development of these competences in kindergarten. The theoretical part outlines issues of curriculum, key competences and communicative competences in the context of pre-primary education. The research is a presentation of qualitative-quantitative research, which aimed to analyze the concept of communicative competences in the curricula of kindergartens and based on direct observation to find out, how kindergarten teachers meet the communicative competences at this stage of education, how to diagnose them and what opportunities provides kindergarten environment to develop pre-school children communication competences. Based on the analysis of curriculum documents of selected kindergartens we found that schools include communicative competences in their conceptual materials and attach great importance to them, even if these documents have different content and formal level. From our observations and interviews with respondents, we concluded that kindergartens and their teachers usually provide good conditions for children to develop their communicative competences (positive communication climate, proper teacher speech pattern, primary prevention,...