Cryopreservation is used to freeze and store donor’s sperm, from men who are going throughcertain medical treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy and from men withazoopermia or severe oligozoospermia. Stored sperm samples are used in artificialreproductive technologies. Formation of ice crystals is the biggest problem when freezingcells because of the risk severe damage to the cells. To guarantee optimal survival rates infrozen sperm samples, cryoprotectants which protect sperms from ice crystals formations, isadded.The main objective of the study was to compare two different freeze solutions and theirimpact on sperm survival in frozen sperm samples. In addition, an additional aim was todetermine if the amount of motile sperm changes when the samples is left for two hours inroom temperature.In this study, 31 samples were used. Each sample was divided into two groups. The firstgroup was mixed with a SpermFreeze Solution™ and the second group was mixed withSperm CryoProtectTM II. All samples were frozen using cooling vapor and stored in tankswith liquid nitrogen. The concentration of motile sperm was measured after thawing andpreparation. SpermFreeze SolutionTM showed significant better results in the number ofsperm who survived after freezing and thawing process Also, the results showed that werewas no significant difference on concentration of motile sperm in samples after being left atroom temperature for two hours. In summary, an improvement in the process of preparationrecommends to be performed to reduce the mechanical stress to ensure a greater quantity ofmotile sperm after the whole process.

This research focuses on the microfilm collection preservation, in the reproduction laboratory of the University of Santa Maria which is part of the documentary heritage of the institution. The intention was to answer the question referring to the appropriate way of keeping safely the microfilm collection of the Laboratory Reproduction, maintaining the preserved information. The exposition to constant climatic changes, characteristic of the region, associated to dirtiness and micro-organisms can cause damage which leads to losing the stored information. The objective general was study the requirements for the correct storing of microforms, aiming the preservation and durability of the micrographic collection of the Federal University of Santa Maria, and ending with the elaboration of Manual with recommendations for the preservation of the micrographic collection. The research was defined as applicable and the approach was qualitative, which included the descriptive analysis of the study of the environment. The first step was the organization of a bibliographic study of the works referring to the subject, along with a study of the history of the Federal University of Santa Maria and all the departments involved with the reproduction laboratory. The research was structured in phases, the first had the objective to investigate the adopted practice in the laboratory referring the keeping and preservation of the cultural heritage, the data resulted into a diagnosis of the Safety Archive of the reproduction laboratory, in which it was possible to identify the preservation needs of the microform cultural heritage. On the second phase of the research, samples of the microfilms and the environment of the Safety Archive were collected. During the research some species of fungi were found in the storage cultural heritage, which is risky for the institution employees and, as well, to the microfilms, in case there are no immediate measures to solve the problem. On the third phase the temperature variation and relative humidity of the Safety Archive were followed. From the obtained date graphics were structured to indicate the different climatic variation in the microfilm storage room, therefore, the use of equipment that guarantees a stable climatic control is necessary, otherwise, the cultural heritage will be vulnerable to fungi proliferation. The research showed that the collection of microforms of the Laboratory Reproduction is contributing some actions to ensure the preservation of information. By studying and knowing the main measures which must be adopted for the preservation it was possible to elaborate the development and the structuration of a Recommendation Manual for the preservation of the micrographic heritage, contributing for the safeguarded of the documental patrimony of the Federal University Of Santa Maria. / Esta pesquisa aborda a preservação do acervo de microformas no Laboratório de Reprografia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, o qual faz parte do patrimônio documental da instituição. Pretendeu-se responder a problemática referente ao armazenamento de forma adequada do acervo micrográfico do Laboratório de Reprografia, garantindo a preservação da informação. A exposição às constantes alterações climáticas, características da região, associados a sujidades e microrganismos, podem danificar o suporte, perdendo toda a informação armazenada. O objetivo geral foi estudar quais os requisitos para o armazenamento correto das microformas, visando à preservação e a durabilidade do acervo micrográfico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, finalizando com a elaboração de um Manual com recomendações para a preservação de acervos micrográficos. A pesquisa definiu-se como aplicada e de abordagem qualitativa, sendo necessária a análise descritiva do ambiente em estudo. A medida inicial adotada para a elaboração desta pesquisa foi à organização de um estudo bibliográfico de obras referentes ao assunto, conjuntamente com um estudo da história da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e dos departamentos envolvidos com o Laboratório de Reprografia. A pesquisa foi estruturada em etapas, sendo que a primeira teve por objetivo investigar as práticas adotadas no laboratório referente ao acondicionamento e a preservação do acervo, os dados resultaram em um diagnóstico do Arquivo de Segurança do Laboratório de Reprografia, no qual foi possível identificar as necessidades para preservação do acervo de microformas. Na segunda etapa desta pesquisa, foram coletadas amostras de material nos microfilmes e no ambiente da sala do Arquivo de Segurança. Nesta verificação foram encontradas algumas espécies de fungos no ambiente de armazenamento do acervo, que põem em risco a saúde dos servidores da instituição e o acervo de microfilmes, caso não haja medidas imediatas quanto à remoção destas espécies. Na terceira etapa houve o acompanhamento das variações de temperatura e umidade relativa na sala do Arquivo de Segurança. A partir dos dados obtidos foi possível à estruturação de gráficos que indicam as diferentes variações climáticas na sala de armazenamento dos microfilmes, logo, torna-se necessário a utilização de equipamentos que garantem um controle climático estável, caso contrário o acervo fica vulnerável a proliferação de fungos. A pesquisa evidenciou que o acervo de microformas do Laboratório de Reprografia está contribuindo com algumas ações para garantir a preservação da informação. Através do estudo e conhecimento das principais medidas que devem ser adotadas para a preservação do acervo, foi possível o desenvolvimento e a estruturação de um Manual com recomendações para a preservação de acervos micrográficos, contribuindo para salvaguarda do patrimônio documental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.

The history and culture of a people can be known through its architectural heritage, since the urban landscape is a physical representation of the identity of the city and its inhabitants. Over time these forming components of a city are being undervalued or even overlooked, thus subject to degradation due to population unaware of its importance. The preservation of the buildings that make up part of forming the place can ensure the preservation of its history, helping to cultural elements are not lost over the years in addition to being an instrument for the government to determine their urban policies. The study about the built set of a place can become a tool for analysis and understanding of its chronological development. Based on this, the research aims to highlight the historic value, the importance of preserving and disseminating to society the architectural heritage of the city of Cruz Alta, between its founding in 1821 until the mid-1960s, being the date behaves singular buildings of modernist architecture inserted in surrounding areas of listed buildings, by performing an architectural inventory. Cruz Alta was part of the begin of colonization and development of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, having on your physical heritage, intangible meanings and symbolic representations, which refer to important moments and past tenses linked to personalities that have marked the history and culture of both the region as the nation. Chips from inventory of IPHAE were used to cataloging of buildings and the criterion for selection was beyond the time frame, the demarcation of surrounding zones of listed buildings, provided by municipal legislation, making the choice through its relevance Historical-Cultural and Morphological-Architectural. So 25 buildings were selected, recording their particulars, photographs, general information and technical analysis that accounted for the influences of Neoclassical, Eclectic, Neo Colonial, Art Deco and Modernist styles. From these information, it was made the Visual Guide to Historic Architecture of Cruz Alta, aimed at the dissemination and appreciation of heritage. In his closing, the research is pondering on the topic and outlines actions necessary for issues pertaining to heritage assets. / A história e a cultura de um povo podem ser conhecidas através do seu patrimônio arquitetônico, visto que a paisagem urbana é uma das representações físicas da identidade da cidade e de seus habitantes. No decorrer do tempo esses componentes formadores de uma cidade vão sendo pouco valorizados ou até mesmo esquecidos, ficando assim sujeitos a degradação, devido à população desconhecer a sua importância. A preservação das edificações que fazem parte da formação do local pode garantir a conservação da sua história, auxiliando para que elementos culturais não se percam com o passar dos anos, além de ser instrumento para que o governo determine suas políticas urbanas. O estudo acerca do conjunto edificado de um lugar pode se tornar ferramenta de análise e compreensão do seu desenvolvimento cronológico. Baseado nisso, a pesquisa tem como objetivo principal destacar o valor histórico, a importância da preservação e divulgar para a sociedade o patrimônio arquitetônico da cidade de Cruz Alta, entre os anos de 1821 na sua fundação até meados dos anos de 1960, data esta que comporta edificações singulares da arquitetura modernista, inseridos nas zonas de entorno dos bens tombados, através da realização de um inventário arquitetônico. Cruz Alta faz parte do início do povoamento e desenvolvimento do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, comportando em seu patrimônio físico, significados e representações simbólicas intangíveis, que remetem a importantes momentos pretéritos e ligados a personalidades que marcaram a história e cultura, tanto da região como da nação. Para a catalogação das edificações foram utilizadas as fichas de inventário do IPHAE e o critério de seleção foi além do recorte temporal, a delimitação das zonas de entorno dos bens tombados, previstas pela legislação municipal, realizando a escolha através das suas relevâncias Histórico-Culturais e Morfológico-Arquitetônicas. Assim foram selecionados 25 prédios, registrando as suas particularidades, fotografias, informações gerais e análise técnica que contabilizou influências dos estilos Neoclássico, Eclético, Neocolonial, Art Déco e Modernista. A partir desses dados, foi confeccionado como produto o Guia Visual da Arquitetura Histórica de Cruz Alta, visando à divulgação e valorização do patrimônio. No seu fechamento a investigação faz ponderações sobre o tema e delineia ações necessárias para as questões concernentes aos bens patrimoniais.

The public education institutions are trying to follow the technological advances and aim to search for the evolution in education that increasingly appears every day in its organizational environment. This research aimed to investigate, evaluate and analyze the document Gradebook at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) in relation to its information management, preservation and security. The methodology used in this study was analytical exploratory combined with the documental analysis from the information in the literature review and, the case study technique. Therefore, we performed a bibliographical research of the legislation and the document archiving management with a qualitative approach. The data collection was performed through meetings, interviews, observation and diagnose with the different users involved in the considered process, where we searched to verify the procedures and the current conditions of the Gradebooks at the Didactic Departments. As a result of this study we suggest a model of metadata for the Electronic Gradebooks in UFSM, aiming to improve the production, flow, storage, access, security and preservation of the information. The proposed model suggests a set of requirements for computerized management of documents, specified in the standard e-ARQ-Brazil, which specifies all the activities and technical operations of the document archiving management from production, processing, use, archiving and final destination. This study was completed with its overall goal reached, which is the development of the model for implementation of Electronic Gradebooks, according to the rules and archival policies of the institution and the government, aiming at the preservation and safety of DC UFSM for a long time through the metadata defined for this document as model, and Brazil-ARQ, determining the best way for their management, preservation and security. / As instituições públicas de ensino vêm buscando acompanhar os avanços tecnológicos e visam à busca pela evolução na educação que surge de forma crescente no dia-a-dia em seu ambiente organizacional. Esta pesquisa buscou investigar, avaliar e analisar o documento Diário de Classe da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) quanto à gestão, preservação e segurança da informação. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo exploratório analítico combinado com análise documental a partir de informações encontradas na revisão de literatura, com técnica de estudo de caso. Portanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de legislação e de modelos de gestão arquivística de documentos, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de reuniões, entrevistas, observação e diagnósticos com os diferentes usuários envolvidos no processo em questão, através dos quais buscou-se verificar os procedimentos e as condições atuais em que se encontram os Diários de Classe nos Departamentos Didáticos. Como resultado, propõe-se um modelo de metadados para o Diário de Classe Eletrônico da UFSM, visando aperfeiçoar a produção, fluxo, armazenamento, acesso, segurança e preservação das informações. O modelo proposto sugere um conjunto de requisitos para gestão informatizada de documentos, indicado na norma e-ARQ Brasil, que especifica todas as atividades e operações técnicas da gestão arquivística de documentos desde a produção, tramitação, utilização e arquivamento até a sua destinação final. Este estudo foi finalizado com o objetivo geral alcançado que é a elaboração do modelo para implantação do Diário de Classe Eletrônico de acordo com a legislação e as políticas arquivísticas da Instituição e do governo, visando à preservação e segurança do DC da UFSM, por longo tempo, através dos metadados definidos para este documento conforme o modelo e-ARQ Brasil, determinando a melhor forma para sua gestão, preservação e segurança.

This research addresses the preservation of UFSM s documental heritage, which is stored on the collection of the General Archive Department (Departamento de Arquivo Geral (DAG)), and aims at contributing for the permanent safeguard of these documents by means of the adoption of a Manual of Preservation of Documents. We also consider the risks the professionals of the archive face by having direct contact with the documents, because exposure to some types of fungi can trigger damages to health, seriously affecting their life quality. It is an applied research, of qualitative approach, which aims at developing knowledge that enables comprehension and transformation of reality regarding the topic. The work has been structured into four phases: the first phase consists of data collection by means of a diagnosis of the collection situation. The diagnosis was carried out based on direct observation, and, with the obtained data, it was possible to detect the needs for a better preservation of the documental collection under custody of DAG. At this phase, we could identify the need to implement the Manual, and the need of applying the measurements which would prevent the deterioration of UFSM s documental heritage. On the second phase, the monitoring of temperature and humidity was carried out, resulting in graphs which indicate great climate variation in the documents storing rooms. Thus, actions should be applied for the use of equipments which ensure effective climate control, preventing damage to the documents. For the verification of the presence of fungi in the collection, different species were found, both in the documents which form the collection, as in the documents recoiled to DAG. Implementation of hygiene procedures is vital in the documentation. In face of the biological risks, we have tried to analyze the damages to the health of the professionals which work at the archive. This resulted in identification of allergic reactions, which, although not grave, compromise the life quality of the professionals in the long term. Thus, the use of personal protective equipment is indispensable for handling the documents of the collection. The research showed that much has already been done by DAG to protect the collection. However, only through study and concrete knowledge of the main measures that must be adopted it was possible to organize such measures, which, systematically gathered through the Manual of Preservation of Documents, will proportionate a better safeguarding of the Documental Heritage of UFSM. / Esta pesquisa aborda a preservação do patrimônio documental da UFSM, armazenada no acervo do Departamento de Arquivo Geral (DAG), e objetiva contribuir para a salvaguarda permanente desses documentos através da adoção de um Manual de Preservação de Documentos. Consideram-se ainda os riscos que correm os profissionais de arquivo que tem contato direto com os documentos, pois a exposição a alguns tipos de fungos pode desencadear danos à saúde, afetando gravemente sua qualidade de vida. É uma pesquisa aplicada, de abordagem qualitativa, que visa à elaboração de conhecimento que possibilite a compreensão e transformação da realidade em relação ao tema apresentado. O trabalho foi estruturado em quatro etapas, sendo a primeira delas a coleta de dados por meio de um diagnóstico da situação do acervo. O diagnóstico foi realizado com base em observação direta, e com os resultados obtidos foi possível detectar as necessidades para uma melhor preservação do acervo documental sob custódia do DAG. Nessa etapa, identificou-se a necessidade da implementação do Manual, e a aplicação das medidas que evitam a deterioração do patrimônio documental da UFSM. Na segunda etapa, foi realizado o acompanhamento da temperatura e umidade, resultando em gráficos que indicam uma grande variação climática nas salas de armazenamento da documentação. Neste sentido, devem-se aplicar ações para utilização de equipamentos que garantam um efetivo controle climático, evitando danos aos documentos. Já na verificação da presença de fungos no acervo, foram encontradas diferentes espécies, tanto nos documentos integrantes do acervo, como nos documentos recolhidos ao DAG. É primordial a implementação de procedimentos de higienização na documentação. Frente aos riscos biológicos, buscou-se analisar os danos à saúde dos profissionais que atuam no arquivo. Isso resultou na identificação de manifestações alérgicas as quais, apesar de não serem graves, comprometem a qualidade de vida dos profissionais a longo prazo. Para tanto, é indispensável a utilização de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual no manuseio em documentos integrantes do acervo. A pesquisa demonstrou que muito já foi realizado pelo DAG para proteger o acervo. No entanto, somente através do estudo e conhecimento concreto das principais medidas que devem ser adotadas, foi possível a estruturação de medidas, que, reunidas sistematicamente através do Manual de Preservação de Documentos, irão proporcionar uma melhor salvaguarda do Patrimônio Documental da UFSM.

Reduction of the Archangel Michael, is one of seven people missionaries who settled in Rio Grande do Sul, is dated approximately 1687 in the current site. Today the remains of their remaining part of National Heritage and Declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1983. The great importance of this historic site suggests research in studies on the mortar coating still exists in parts of the ruin. Discover the physical and chemical composition is one of the objectives of the research, which aims to identify the main constituents of the mortar materials, as well as whether or not the lime and the way it presents itself. In addition, to hypothesize the origin of the lime used or not of the Misiones region of RS. It also aims to demonstrate the importance of laboratory tests, such as X-Ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), among others, in research and conservation of monuments. Through the XRD analysis and ATR-IR was verified using mortar nature calcite as well as the presence of aragonite in the second set (sacristy) and hydroxyapatite in the first set (front north). According to the history of the monument there is a probability of calcium carbonate is, the variation of aragonite, originated from the snail shell snail Physa SP. Kaolin analysis of this X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests a contamination of the substrate because the clay brick was spot. With the images obtained by SEM and EDS, showed the presence of organic fibers and a binder rich in calcium. The need for preventive conservation of monuments or buildings of historical interest makes this work of investigative and scientific nature. The knowledge of the original materials and the use of compatible materials for restoration is the first step to a good intervention and not to accelerate the deterioration of historic buildings. / A Redução de São Miguel Arcanjo é um dos sete povos missioneiros que se instalaram no Rio Grande do Sul, sendo datada de aproximadamente 1687 no atual sítio. Hoje os vestígios de seus remanescentes, fazem parte do Patrimônio Nacional e Declarados Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO desde 1983. A grande importância deste sítio histórico sugere a pesquisa, em realizar estudos sobre as argamassas de revestimento ainda existente em partes da ruína. Descobrir a composição química e física é um dos objetivos da pesquisa, que visa identificar os principais materiais constituintes da argamassa, bem como a existência ou não da cal e a forma com que esta se apresenta, além de levantar a hipótese da procedência da cal utilizada ser ou não da região missioneira do RS. Também visa demonstrar a importância das análises laboratoriais, como Difração de Raios-X, Análise Termogravimétrica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), entre outras, em trabalhos de investigação e conservação de monumentos. Através da análise de DRX e ATR-IR foi possível verificar o uso de argamassa de natureza calcítica, como também a presença de aragonita no conjunto 2 (sacristia) e hidroxiapatita no conjunto 1 (fachada Norte). De acordo com o histórico do monumento existe uma probabilidade do carbonato de cálcio ser, na variação da aragonita, originado da carapaça de caramujo molusco Physa SP. O caulim presente na análise de difração de raios X (DRX) sugere uma contaminação do substrato, pois o tijolo era de argila local. Com as imagens obtidas por MEV e EDS, constatou-se a presença de fibras orgânicas e de um ligante rico em cálcio. A necessidade de uma conservação preventiva em monumentos ou em edificações de interesse histórico torna este trabalho de cunho investigativo e cientifico. O conhecimento dos materiais originais e o uso de materiais compatíveis para restauro é o passo inicial para uma boa intervenção e para não acelerar o processo de degradação de construções históricas.

Biological and physical sampling of a 10km long, east-west transect was performed during 2007, off the coast of southeast Florida. Temperature and salinity measurements were recorded using a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensor, and current direction and magnitude measurements were recorded using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Zooplankton samples were collected, during the daytime, using a Tucker multiple net mid-water trawl, with 760μm mesh, at intended depths of ~25m and ~200m, at three stations along the transect. Laboratory analysis indicated that several currents and water masses influenced the density distribution of calanoid copepods and chaetognaths. During April and September 2007, a Subsurface Counter Current existed in conjunction with an offshore meander of the Florida Current. Physical data confirmed the presence of Continental Edge Water and Yucatan Water occupying different spatial and temporal scales, and the boundary between these two water masses existed as the western boundary of the Florida Current. Temperature and salinity profiles confirmed that the Subsurface Counter Current was composed of Continental Edge Water and not Yucatan Water. Therefore, the Subsurface Counter Current observed during the transect was not a cross section of a passing eddy caused by the meandering front of the Florida Current. Densities of both taxa were highest in the Subsurface Counter Current and the Intermediate water, while the lowest densities are found in the Florida Current. Calanoid copepod and chaetognath densities exhibited typical zooplankton trends for tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Densities were highly influenced by the physical parameters of each month. Highest densities were observed in April and the lowest in July/September, typically the nutrient limited season. Analysis by location showed that the calanoid copepod and chaetognath densities were highest inshore and decreased offshore. The Florida Current exhibited the lowest densities for both taxa, while the Subsurface Counter Current and Intermediate water had higher densities. Previously documented southward flow had been associated with an offshore meander of the Florida Current, but during May and July there was a Subsurface Counter Current and an onshore meander of the Florida Current. Densities of both taxa were still lowest in the Florida Current. The stable isotope values of the zooplankton were skewed because of the preservation media and it was not possible to determine if the currents and water masses were isotopically different, and thus creation of a correction factor for the preservation effect was not possible. The δ13C values were variable in magnitude and direction from the control for each taxon. The δ15N values were less variable, but increased from the control, rather than decrease, as was expected for each taxon.

A la recherche d’innovations, l’industrie cosmétique est constamment en quête de nouvelles matières premières. Les ingrédients naturels sont particulièrement en vogue. Ces travaux de thèse ont poursuivis trois objectifs. Tout d’abord, une étude a permis d’évaluer l’impact des formulations cosmétiques sur les développements microbiens. En second lieu, le développement d’un ingrédient antimicrobien naturel pour les cosmétiques a été engagé dans le cadre d’un projet collaboratif : Natubaval. Un extrait végétal a tout particulièrement été étudié. Il a été optimisé pour une incorporation en formulation simplifiée. L’activité antimicrobienne de l’extrait optimisé a été validée grâce au challenge test. Ayant noté que l’un des métabolites contenus dans l’extrait antimicrobien participant fortement à l’activité pouvait présenter une instabilité dans certaines circonstances. De plus, les conservateurs naturels sont connus pour présenter une activité moins durable que ceux issus de la synthèse. Nous avons donc développé un système d’encapsulation et vectorisation d’actifs naturels. Les extraits végétaux étant des mélanges très complexes, il nous à paru judicieux, dans un premier temps, de développer le modèle d’encapsulation à partir de deux analytes modèles : la rutine et la naringénine. Un système vésiculaire a été développé et optimisé. Des mesures granulométriques, des rendements d’encapsulation et d’adsorption, une cinétique de fuite, un test d’activité biologique et des essais d’incorporations en formulations cosmétiques ont été réalisés pour valider le modèle. Une fois développé, Celui-ci a été appliqué avec succès à l’extrait végétal antimicrobien. / Looking for innovation, cosmetic industry used even more new materials. Natural products are specially used. Our study evaluated the impact of cosmetic formulations on microbial developments. Then, a natural antimicrobial ingredient for cosmetics was developed. One vegetal extract was particulary studied. It was optimized for an easy introduction in cosmetic products. Antimicrobial activity of the natural extract was confirmed with challenge test. As some metabolites of the interesting extract could be instable in specific conditions and as natural preservatives are often less actives than the synthetics ones, an encapsulated system was developed. Vegetal extracts are complex mix of differents molecules. that is why, the encapsulated system was first developed with the standards: rutin and naringenin. A multilamellar vesicles system was developed and optimized. Particles sizes, encapsulation and adsorption yields, leak kinetik, biological test of activity and cosmetic incorporation were done to validate the model. Finally, the encapsulated system was applied with success for the encapsulation of the natural extract.

Heritage is a concept that has received abundant critical attention within the academy. This study seeks to extend this critique by demonstrating the value of long-term ethnographic research and analysis of heritage processes on the Main Islands of Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). As the FSM staff cultural anthropologist for 23 months, the author utilizes interview and participant observation data collected during a total of over 2 years in the field to uncover and analyze the production of cultural heritage discourses on Yap’s Main Islands. With a central goal to understand locally produced views and values of stakeholders toward their heritage, including what exactly it is they wish to preserve and why, findings were analyzed to generate culturally informed strategies that local communities can consider in order to best meet their heritage interests. Local discourses on heritage being produced by Yapese Main Islander stakeholders in Yap demonstrate views and values toward preserving primarily intangible elements of their heritage within the sphere of Chambers’ (2006) private heritage construct. Attending to the processes that facilitate private heritage transmission should therefore be a central strategy in preservation efforts. Additionally, a political economy approach to investigating the production of local discourses on heritage emerges as a productive alternative to the critical discourse analysis (CDA) paradigm that largely discounts the locally contingent historic, economic, social and political structures that are daily mediated as stakeholders look to the past to confront their presents and futures.

Tore Andersson Hjulman: One with Nature: An Inquiry into the Renegotiation of Nature in the Conflicts between Nature Preservation and Sámi Rights during the Interwar Period.[Ett med naturen: En studie av hur naturen omförhandlades i mellankrigstidens konflikter mellan naturskydd och samiska rättigheter.] PhD dissertation in Swedish, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden 2017. In 1909 the Swedish national parks law was adopted with the assumption that theSámi people living in the areas to be preserved were, in principle, one with nature. Therefore the perception of their land as pristine was consolidated and they could be excepted from park regulations. About thirty years later the national park administration stated that the aim to keep the national park nature untouched would fail without a restriction of Sámi rights within the parks. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the distinction of nature from culture was renegotiated during the conflicts that preceded and followed this new stance. Tracing the impulses that fostered the reactions of the state administration back to their original contexts, complex interactions of differing interests are revealed. These contexts are examined in three case studies. The first case centers on nomad school superintendent Erik Bergström and his warning of the effects on the national parks from reindeer herders activities. The intersection of nature preservation and Sámi politics sheds light on their common outset in the use of the nature-culture dichotomy in approaching the Sámi. This contributes to explain the resistance by which the interest of change was met by those invested in the prevailing state policy towards the Sámi.The second case concerns a conflict of Sámi land use in the Abisko national park by the early 1930s. Several factors that possibly induced state officials to react on Sámi fishing and hunting in the national park are illuminated. These include different understanding of nature preservation, the moral ecology among the Sámi and antagonism between Sámi reindeer herders and inhabitants in the railway towns.The third case involves concerns raised in the process of establishing a new national park in the Muttos/Muddus area. A shift in focus from mountainous to forest landscapes among nature preservationists resulted in the inclusion of new stakeholders and fields of knowledge about land use and its effects. This seems to have spurred problematizing of both the ideal of pristine nature and of Sámi land use. A conflict was triggered by the in-migration of two reindeer herding families.In conclusion, it will be argued that it was a series of quite contextually different conflicts that interacted to undermine the institutionalized demarcation of nature. This simultaneously challenged Sámi rights in the national parks and took place in ideological opposition to the foundation of segregationist Sámi policy. / Nature Preservation and Indigenous Rights