L’idée du Nord se manifeste sous diverses formes révélatrices d’un réel magnétisme géo-culturel ayant donné naissance à plusieurs mythes et idéologies. On assiste dès la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle en Grande-Bretagne à un affrontement pour la primauté culturelle entre gothicisme et celtisme, qui finirent par coexister en vertu d’une certaine congénialité septentrionale. Au-delà de la simple formule romanesque, "l’appel du Nord" fut une dynamique centrale dans la naissance du mouvement romantique britannique. En outre, cet intérêt marqué pour l’espace nord-britannique, symptomatique pour beaucoup d’un rejet du Sud incarné par la France révolutionnaire et l’empereur Napoléon, aurait tendance à renforcer notre certitude quant à la réalité de l’appel du Nord dans la littérature romantique britannique, qui, au demeurant, ne se confina pas aux frontières nationales, mais porta son attention jusqu’aux régions nordiques et arctiques. Rappelons finalement que la visée de cette étude latitudinale ne fut jamais d’offrir une définition étriquée du romantisme mais plutôt une lecture thématique du mouvement avec pour axe principal de réflexion le Nord, tel que celui-ci intervint dans la construction identitaire du Royaume-Uni. / The idea of the North appears in diverse forms expressive of a real geo-cultural magnetism that gave birth to many myths and ideologies. The second half of the 18th century in Great Britain was the theatre of a battle for cultural primacy between Celticism and Gothicism, which ended up coexisting in virtue of a certain northern congeniality. Beyond the conventional romantic formula, the call of the North was a crucial dynamic in the emergence of a British Romantic literature. What’s more, this marked interest for the northern space, symptomatic for many of a rejection of the South epitomized by revolutionary France and the emperor Napoleon, tends to reinforce our conviction as to the reality of the call of the North in British Romanticism. However, the scope of such a phenomenon was hardly restricted within the British isles and extended to the Nordic and Arctic regions. Let us finally remind that the aim of this latitudinal study has never been to provide a narrow definition of Romanticism, but more of a geo-cultural reading of the movement, directed by the idea of the North as featured in the national identity-making process of Great Britain

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Les illustrations ont été retirées de la version numérique pour des raisons de droit d'auteur. / Le présent mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la production artistique du peintre montréalais Léon Bellefleur entre les années 1945 et 1950, analysée sous l’angle du primitivisme. Les œuvres étudiées affichent toutes un style s’apparentant à l’art des enfants, tel que décrit par le philosophe Georges-Henri Luquet dans son ouvrage Le dessin enfantin. Le dessin d’enfant étant considéré comme un « art primitif » au même titre que l’art tribal, l’art paysan et les productions artistiques des malades mentaux, l’artiste qui s’en inspire se rattache conséquemment au primitivisme. Léon Bellefleur ne se consacre pas uniquement à reproduire une esthétique rappelant le dessin d’enfant dans ses œuvres, il tente également de retrouver, par le biais de sa production artistique, l’authenticité qui caractérise l’enfance et les activités qui y sont rattachées. Il examine diverses façons d’atteindre cette authenticité, tout d’abord par la recherche d’une proximité avec l’inconscient et la mémoire collective en expérimentant avec le surréalisme, le primitivisme « tribal » et le rêve. L’artiste tente également de renouer avec son esprit enfantin en explorant l’inclusion du ludique dans l’art, tant dans sa pratique du cadavre exquis que par l’exploitation des jeux et jouets comme thèmes figuratifs. De par son expérimentation avec le jeu et son association avec l’enfance, Bellefleur se distance du monde adulte et par le fait même exprime son opposition à la tradition. / This Master’s thesis focuses on the artistic production of Montreal painter Léon Bellefleur between 1945 and 1950, analyzed in terms of primitivism. The works studied all show a style similar to children's art, as described by philosopher Georges-Henri Luquet in his book Le dessin enfantin. Children's drawing being considered "primitive art", just as tribal art, peasant art and the artistic productions of the mentally ill, an artist who is inspired by them also, consequently, relates to primitivism. Léon Bellefleur is not only dedicated to reproducing an aesthetic reminiscent of children's drawing in his work, he also tries to find, through his artistic production, the authenticity that characterizes childhood and activities that relate to it. He looks for different ways to achieve this authenticity, first by seeking proximity with the unconscious mind and the collective memory by experimenting with surrealism, "tribal" primitivism and the dream. The artist is also trying to reconnect with his childish mind by exploring the inclusion of play in art, both in its practice of “exquisite corpse” and by the use of games and toys as figurative themes. Through his experimentation with games and his association with childhood, Bellefleur distances himself from the adult world and thereby expresses his opposition to tradition.

Le cynisme est un mouvement philosophique qui s’est développé en Grèce à partir du IVe s. av. J.-C. autour de Diogène de Sinope. La critique moderne a souvent vu dans ce mouvement l’expression d’un naturalisme radical, une doctrine fondée sur le refus des valeurs de la vie civilisée, qui par conséquent pourrait être définie comme une “croisade contre la civilisation” ou comme un “courant anti-prométhéen”, le “feu civilisateur” étant à l’origine des maux des hommes. La morale cynique consisterait ainsi dans la proposition d’un “retour à la nature” ou d’une vie “selon la nature” (kata phusin), guidée par l’idée d’animalité et de primitivisme, c’est-à-dire d’une vie inspirée par le comportement animal ou par le modus vivendi des premiers hommes. La présente thèse a pour but de soumettre à l’épreuve des textes qui nous ont été transmis par l’Antiquité cette interprétation largement répandue du cynisme. L’hypothèse avancée ici, qui s’appuie entre autres sur l’examen de deux textes – le Discours VI de Dion Chrysostome et le dialogue du Pseudo-Lucien intitulé Le cynique, – qu’on a confrontés à d’autres témoignages, comme le livre VI des Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres de Diogène Laërce ou les lettres pseudépigraphes attribuées à Diogène de Sinope et à Cratès de Thèbes –, consiste à définir le cynisme comme la recherche d’une vie “selon la facilité” (kat’ euteleian) et la pensée diogénienne comme une forme radicale de pragmatisme, au sein de laquelle les dualismes – notamment celui qui oppose nomos et phusis – tendent à être supprimés au nom d’une morale déterminée selon les circonstances concrètes de la vie individuelle. / Cynicism is a philosophical movement which started in Greece in the 4th century B.C. around the figure of Diogenes of Sinope. Modern interpreters often understand this movement as the expression of a radical naturalism, a doctrine founded on a drastic refusal of all the values of civilized life and consequently defined as a “crusade against civilization” or as an “anti-promethean current”, identifying in the “civilizing fire” the very origin of all the troubles, vices and misfortunes that men have to cope with. Accordingly, Cynic ethics would advocate a “return to nature” or to a life “according to nature” (kata phusin), guided by the idea of animality and of primitivism, that is to say a life modeled on animal behavior or on the modus vivendi of the primitive men. The present thesis aims at questionning this widely spread interpretation of cynicism on the basis of an analysis of the texts transmitted by Antiquity. The alternative interpretation that we offer rests on the reading of two major texts: the Sixth Discourse by Dio Chrysostomus and the dialogue The Cynic transmitted under the authority of Lucian of Samosate, along with some other sources, like the sixth book of Lives and opinions of eminent philosophers written by Diogenes Laertius and the Letters attributed to Diogenes of Sinope and to Crates of Thebes. It redefines Cynic philosophy as the quest for a life “according to easiness” (kat’ euteleian) and — in modern terminology — as a radical form of pragmatism, within which dualisms – notably the one between nomos and phusis – tend to be abolished in the name of a morality conditioned by the actual circumstances of individual life.

O trabalho investiga a presença do expressionismo alemão em Mário de Andrade, a partir da análise de alguns momentos de sua atividade intelectual e artística sobretudo, sua crítica de arte, passagens de seus manifestos literários e os livros Losango cáqui e Amar, verbo intransitivo. A escolha desses momentos se deu após uma leitura abrangente da obra, em que foram identificadas três categorias igualmente essenciais ao expressionismo: o primitivismo, a deformação e a preocupação social, que, portanto, nos serviram de guia para o discurso crítico. / The dissertation investigates the presence of German Expressionism in Mário de Andrade, as from the analysis of some periods of his intelectual and artistic activities - especially, his art criticism, his literary manifestos\' passages and the books Losango Cáqui and Amar, verbo intransitivo. The choice of this specific moments occurred after an embracing reading of his work, which identified three essential categories to the Expressionism: the primitivism, distortion and social concern, that led us to the critical speech.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a representação da cidade no romance Esaú e Jacó, de Machado de Assis. O Rio de Janeiro foi palco de inúmeras transformações nos mais variados campos (no econômico, no político e no social) ao longo do século XIX. A fim de entender esse processo, bem como de perceber seus reflexos nos episódios narrados, percorremos as inúmeras alusões acerca do universo urbano tanto no plano físico (nas ruas, na cidade, nas gentes e na moda) quanto no plano extrafísico (na economia, na religião e nos hábitos das personagens). Realizamos também uma leitura de ordem metafórica do texto que nos permitiu vislumbrar alguns símbolos de modernidade e primitivismo velados pela maestria do bruxo do Cosme Velho, os quais são percebidos nos transportes, nas tabuletas e nos gêmeos. A partir da decodificação dos signos citadinos, conseguimos compreender aquela sociedade e as vicissitudes enfrentadas em tempos de modernização. / The main purpose of this work is to analyze the representation of the city inside the novel Esaú e Jacó, by Machado de Assis. Rio de Janeiro city suffered lots of transformations in the most different fields political, economic and social during the 19th century. In order to become conscious about this process, as well as be aware of its reflections inside the novel, we searched the several mentions about the urban universe concerning the physical aspects (streets, the city as a whole, the people, and the fashion), and the extra-physical ones (economy, religion and characters’ habits). Besides that, we introduced a metaphorical reading that made us realize some symbols of the modernity and primitivism in the capital hidden in the text by the geniality of the author, and they can be seen, in some way, in the means of transportation, on the signboards, and in the twins. Through the decodification of the urban signs, we could understand that society and the vicissitudes faced in times of modernization.

This dissertation analogically applies a framework of minor literary analysis to uniquely political units of the built environment. As urbanism is conventionally understood to be executed per the greatest utility of established communal objectives, an underlying politicization is inherent as such forms must adhere to dominant norms of development which potentially marginalize those who practice cultural methods outside normative standards. Employing a uniquely architectural method of environmental justice advocacy, select communities facing disenfranchisement react by self-producing urban-architectural forms ("UAFs") to protect threatened cultural values from marginalization. Installed to subvert the existing power dynamic, such UAFs are potential exhibitions of minor architecture. Adopting the analytical standards established by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari for evaluating Franz Kafka's literature, this paper tests six UAFs to discover if a minor architecture is possible under contemporary globalization. Employing an enumerated framework of minor production characteristics, an interpretive-historical analysis is the primary method of judgment regarding each unit's execution of minor architecture. Two secondary tests are undertaken to validate the primary findings, the first of which is a physio-logical evaluation that characterizes and measures urban resource utility as per collective minority aims. Second, a newspaper correlation test is undertaken so as to judge the enunciative effectiveness of each community per issues of minority politics. Of the six cases examined, two have their source in cinema including "Bartertown" of MAD MAX BEYOND THUNDERDOME (1985) and the "House on Paper Street" of FIGHT CLUB (1999). The four remaining cases include the Tibetan Government-in-Exile of Dharamsala, India; Student Bonfire of Robertson County, Texas; Isla Vista Recreation & Park District of Santa Barbara County, California; and the Emergent Cannabis Community of Arcata, California. Of all the cases studied, only the Tibetan Government-in-Exile met both the conditions of minor architecture and was validated in terms of practiced urban resource use as well as effective representation in mainstream newsprint. Both cinematic cases failed as minor productions of the built environment. Although they did not find full validation, the three remaining real-world UAFs each were found on a course of minor architectural expression at varying stages of execution.

Le présent mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la production artistique du peintre montréalais Léon Bellefleur entre les années 1945 et 1950, analysée sous l’angle du primitivisme. Les œuvres étudiées affichent toutes un style s’apparentant à l’art des enfants, tel que décrit par le philosophe Georges-Henri Luquet dans son ouvrage Le dessin enfantin. Le dessin d’enfant étant considéré comme un « art primitif » au même titre que l’art tribal, l’art paysan et les productions artistiques des malades mentaux, l’artiste qui s’en inspire se rattache conséquemment au primitivisme. Léon Bellefleur ne se consacre pas uniquement à reproduire une esthétique rappelant le dessin d’enfant dans ses œuvres, il tente également de retrouver, par le biais de sa production artistique, l’authenticité qui caractérise l’enfance et les activités qui y sont rattachées. Il examine diverses façons d’atteindre cette authenticité, tout d’abord par la recherche d’une proximité avec l’inconscient et la mémoire collective en expérimentant avec le surréalisme, le primitivisme « tribal » et le rêve. L’artiste tente également de renouer avec son esprit enfantin en explorant l’inclusion du ludique dans l’art, tant dans sa pratique du cadavre exquis que par l’exploitation des jeux et jouets comme thèmes figuratifs. De par son expérimentation avec le jeu et son association avec l’enfance, Bellefleur se distance du monde adulte et par le fait même exprime son opposition à la tradition. / This Master’s thesis focuses on the artistic production of Montreal painter Léon Bellefleur between 1945 and 1950, analyzed in terms of primitivism. The works studied all show a style similar to children's art, as described by philosopher Georges-Henri Luquet in his book Le dessin enfantin. Children's drawing being considered "primitive art", just as tribal art, peasant art and the artistic productions of the mentally ill, an artist who is inspired by them also, consequently, relates to primitivism. Léon Bellefleur is not only dedicated to reproducing an aesthetic reminiscent of children's drawing in his work, he also tries to find, through his artistic production, the authenticity that characterizes childhood and activities that relate to it. He looks for different ways to achieve this authenticity, first by seeking proximity with the unconscious mind and the collective memory by experimenting with surrealism, "tribal" primitivism and the dream. The artist is also trying to reconnect with his childish mind by exploring the inclusion of play in art, both in its practice of “exquisite corpse” and by the use of games and toys as figurative themes. Through his experimentation with games and his association with childhood, Bellefleur distances himself from the adult world and thereby expresses his opposition to tradition. / Les illustrations ont été retirées de la version numérique pour des raisons de droit d'auteur.

L’œuvre de Jean Dubuffet dans l'immédiat après-guerre est le moment paradoxal d'un refus radical du peintre de toute critique primitiviste à l'endroit de son œuvre. Or d'un point de vue formel, il pousse à l'excès des moyens jugés alors comme caractéristiques de l'art primitif et d'un point de vue conceptuel, il se réclame d'une forme d'animisme qui trahit une conception agissante de la matière. Enfin, il emprunte largement aux procédures propres à la science ethnographique alors en plein développement dans le cadre des prospections relevant de ce qu'il nomme, à l'été 1945, l'Art Brut. Afin de dépasser ce paradoxe, en considérant tour à tour sa pratique picturale, les écrits qui relaient sa pensée et son travail autour de l'Art Brut, nous montrons comment Dubuffet, en procédant à un déplacement systématique d'un regard a priori primitiviste, engage à une critique systématique de ce dernier.L'Art Brut, envisagé comme un opérateur critique dérivant de l'informe bataillien, se constitue alors comme le levier d'une remise en cause des manières consensuelles de penser l'art. Il lui permet de dépasser l'esthétique pour ouvrir le champ d'une interrogation proprement anthropologique de ce qu'il nomme l'opération artistique. / Immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War, Jean Dubuffet categorically refused the qualification of his work as part of Primitivism. But Paradoxically, the means by which this painter expressed himself were none other than those identified in so-called primitive art, and he often claimed himself as an animist what in a way betrayed an active conception of matter. Furthermore, Dubuffet drew from ethnographic research processes to finetune his method which would be baptized as Art Brut in the summer of 1945. In order to move beyond this paradox, and by using Dubuffet's paintings, writings and other work, this paper will demonstrate how Art Brut shifted the original perception of primitive art, and in thus doing so, became its unconditional critic. Art Brut, which was considered to be a means of critique as a derivative of George Bataille's « informe », emerged as a concept leading to think art differently. Esthetics could finally be pushed aside to make way for an anthropological interrogation of what the painter named the « artistic operation ».

Depuis les années 1930, un lent processus d’« artification » investit des lieux de vieembellis par leurs propres habitants avec des techniques improvisées. Considérés àl’origine comme des curiosités locales, ces sites sont révélés au monde de l’art par lessurréalistes, qui amorcent leur documentation. Dans l’après-guerre, ils connaissent uneréception de plus en plus enthousiaste au sein de certains milieux artistiques et serontannexés successivement à l’art médiumnique, à l’art naïf, à l’art brut, à l’outsider art, àl’architecture fantastique, entre autres, donnant lieu à une pléthore de définitions. Cesenvironnements irréguliers seront alors considérés souvent comme l’expressionspontanée d’impulsions intérieures, sans influences ni tradition. Cette thèse propose derevenir aux origines de cette forme artistique, en révélant le mouvement circulaire qui larelie, d’une part, aux cultures populaires et, d’autre part, aux courants officiels del’histoire de l’art contemporaine. Elle examine également les conditions de sa réceptions,dans un contexte dominé jusque dans les années 1970 par le paradigme primitiviste,avant de se concentrer sur la multiplication des initiatives qui, depuis la fin des années1970, marquent un renouvellement du regard. Tout au long, les environnementsirréguliers sont questionnés dans leur faculté à associer des notions fondamentales –art, culture, marginalité, architecture, grotesque, baroque, ornemental, entre autres – età être saisis comme un outil opératoire désignant une forme d’authenticité artistique ouculturelle. / Since the 1930s, a slow process of « artification » invested living spaces decorated bytheir own inhabitants with improvised techniques. Originally regarded as localcuriosities, these sites have been introduced to the artistic world by the Surrealists, whobegan their documentation. In the post war period, they have been seen with increasingenthusiasm in some artistic circles and then have been linked to mediumistic art, naiveart, art brut, outsider art, fantastic architecture, among others, creating a plethora ofdefinitions. Irregular environments have often been considered as the spontaneousexpression of inner impulses, without influence or tradition. This thesis proposes toreturn to the origins of this form of art, revealing the circular movement that connects it,on one hand, to the popular cultures and, on the other hand, to the officials movementsof the history of contemporary art. It also examines the conditions of its own reception,in a context dominated until the 1970s by the primitivist paradigm, before of focusing onthe many initiatives that, since the late 1970s, brought a renewed look. All along,irregular environments have been questioned in their ability to combine fundamentalconcepts - art, architecture, culture, marginality, ornamental, among others - and to betaken as an operational tool for a form of artistic or cultural authenticity.