With the significant progress of information system, information technique has been the essential surviving key to a business. Enterprise adopts various information systems so as to be able to aware of the ever-changing environments coming from either internally or externally and still maintain stable and reliable management mechanism. Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) has been widely applied to the integration of companies¡¦ internal processing systems. Nevertheless, focusing too much on either structure view, or process view, or isolated structure-process views always hinds the success of implementing an ERP within a company. Consequently, to be classified as a blue ocean enterprise, this research urges companies describe ERP with Distribution ERP Architecture Model (DERPAM), hence structure-process-integration constructing distribution ERP systems. In such case, combination of 80% distribution ERP and 20% core competence of each unique company becomes highly achievable. Outstandingly, DERPAM helps companies derive an optimized distribution ERP.

A hierarchical procedure is developed to determine maximum overall yield of a process and optimize process changes to achieve such a yield. First, a targeting procedure is developed to identify an upper bound of the overall yield ahead of detailed design. Several mass integration strategies are proposed to attain maximum yield. These strategies include rerouting of raw materials, optimization of reaction yield, rerouting of product from undesirable outlets to desirable outlets, and recycling of unreacted raw materials. Path equations are tailored to provide the appropriate level of detail for modeling process performance as a function of the optimization variables pertaining to design and operating variables. Interval analysis is used as an inclusion technique that provides rigorous bounds regardless of the process nonlinearities and without enumeration. Then, a new approach for identification of cost-effective implementation of maximum attainable targets for yield is presented. In this approach, a mathematical program was developed to identify the maximum feasible yield using a combination of iterative additions of constraints and problem reformulation. Next, cost objectives were employed to identify a cost-effective solution with the details of design and operating variables. Constraint convexification was used to improve the quality of the solution towards globability. A trade-off procedure between the saving and expenses for yield maximization problem is presented. The proposed procedure is systematic, rigorous, and computationally efficient. A case study was solved to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the developed procedure.

Orientador: Roger Josef Zem / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:32:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Herkenhoff_RogerioGeaquinto_D.pdf: 1183174 bytes, checksum: f7777dadb80f82afeeb6190f4bb190e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Nesta tese é proposta uma nova estratégia para o projeto de reestruturação de redes de trocadores de calor, qualquer que seja seu objetivo: ampliação de carga ou modificações das condições operacionais, otimização da recuperação de energia, melhor atendimento das demandas do processo industrial, etc. Esta proposta é baseada num método consagrado, conhecido como "Pinch Design Method" e originalmente restrito ao projeto de redes novas ("grass-root design"), e inclui toda a formulação e demais requisitos necessários para sua extensão à reestruturação de redes existentes. Tanto o método original quanto a adaptação agora proposta têm origem termo dinâmica e montagem "manual" da rede, em oposição à (síntese) automatizada. A base conceitual da chamada "Pinch Technology" é extensivamente apresentada e discutida na tese, que a!nda inclui vários estudos de caso para demonstrar sua atualidade, através da confrontação com os resultados típicos da síntese automatizada de redes novas. o método proposto é basicamente dedicado ao pré-estabelecimento dos objetivos de projeto, com a posterior utilização das regras de síntese e demais ferramentas do método original. Em comparação com o procedimento tradicional sugerido no contexto da "Pinch Technology", o método proposto propõe objetivos mais ambiciosos, e ainda assim, realistas (na remontagem da rede, os objetivos previamente estabelecidos podem ser alcançados). O processo de remontagem da rede, embora mais difícil que a síntese de redes novas, também é facilitado em relação ao método tradicional que, além disto, tem aplicação mais restrita. A reestruturação automatizada de redes não é contemplada neste estudo, mesmo porque ela ainda não dispõe de produtos largamente aprovados, para uso geral. Na parte final da tese, três exemplos complexos demonstram as mais relevantes vantagens do método proposto sobre o método tradicional manual (nos casos em que ele se aplica), e sua maior (ou irrestrita) aplicabilidade / Abstract: In this thesis, it is proposed a new design strategy for restructuring existing heat exchanger networks, regardless of its objective: heat recovery optimization, better or full achievement of the industrial process demands, reutilization under different operational conditions, plant capacity expansion, etc. The proposed strategy is based on the widely approved Pinch Design Method, originally restricted to the design of new networks (grass-root design), and inc1udes all formulatioIÍ and additional requirements for its extension to existing networks (retrofits, revamps, etc.). Both the original and the proposed method are thermodynamically based, with manual construction of the network structure, in opposition to the automated synthesis. The conceptual basis of the Pinch Technology is extensively presented and discussed in the.thesis, which also inc1udes several case studies to demonstrate its realism, when confronted to the typical results of the automated synthesis of new networks. The proposed method is basically devoted to the pre-establishment of design objectives (targeting), and takes laler advantage of the synthesis rules and accessory tools of the original methodology. In comparison with the most traditional non-automated Pinch method, the new strategy suggests more ambitious design targets, but quite still realistic (for all case studies, it was found a modified structure to meet the targets). Because of the similarity with a new design, finding a modified structure to achieve 'the targets is alsG easier than in the traditional method, whose application is also more restricted. Automated restructuring of existing networks is not inc1uded in our case studies. as no corresponding reliable product is commercially available for general use. Finally, three complex examples demonstrate the most relevant advantages ane realism ofthe proposed method, compared to the traditional one (when applicable), as wel as its wider (or unrestricted) applicability / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

This research proposes a novel Retrofit Design Approach based on process simulation and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM).Retrofit Design Approach comprises: 1) a diagnosis stage in which the variables are screened and promising variables to improve system performance are identified through a sensitivity analysis, 2) an evaluation stage in which RSM is applied to assess the impact of those promising variables and the most important factors are determined by building a reduced model from the process response behaviour, and 3) an optimisation stage to identify optimal conditions and performance of the system, subject to objective function and model constraints. All these stages are simulation-supported. The main advantages of the proposed Retrofit Design Approach using RSM are that the design method is able to handle a large industrial-scale design problem within a reasonable computational effort, to obtain valuable conceptual insights of design interactions and economic trade-off existed in the system, as well as to systematically identify cost-effective solutions by optimizing the reduced model based on the most important factors. This simplifies the pathway to achieve pseudo-optimal solutions, and simultaneously to understand techno-economic and system-wide impacts of key design variables and parameters. In order to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of the proposed design method, the proposed Retrofit Design Approach has been applied to two case studies which are based on existing gas processing processes. Steady-state process simulation using Aspen Plus TM® has been carried out and the simulation results agree well with the plant data. Reduced models for both cases studies have been obtained to represent the techno-economic behaviour of plants. Both the continuous and discrete design options are considered in the retrofitting of the plant, and the results showed that the Retrofit Design Approach is effective to provide reliable, cost-effective retrofit solutions which yield to improvements in the studied processes, not only economically (i.e. cost and product recovery), but also environmentally linked (i.e. CO₂ emissions and energy efficiency). The main retrofitting solutions identified are, for the first case, column pressure change, pump-around arrangement and additional turbo-expansion capacity, while for the second case, columns pressure change, trays efficiency, HEN retrofit arrangements (re-piping) and onsite utility generation schemes are considered. These promising sets of retrofit design options were further investigated to reflect implications of capital investment for the retrofit scenarios, and this portfolio of opportunities can be very useful for supporting decision-making procedure in practice. It is important to note that in some cases a cost-effective retrofit does not always require structural modifications. In conclusion, the proposed Retrofit Design Approach has been found to be a reliable approach to address the retrofit problem in the context of industrial applications.

Biosurfactants are naturally occurring amphiphiles with potential for use as alternatives to traditional petrochemical and oleochemical surfactants. The unique properties of biosurfactants, including their biodegradability and tolerance of a wide range of temperature and pH, make their use in a range of novel applications attractive. Currently the wider ultilisation of biosurfactants is hindered by a lack of economically viable production routes, with downstream processing presenting a significant challenge. This thesis presents an investigation into the production of HFBII, a hydrophobin protein, using an adsorptive bubble separation technique called foam fractionation for in situ recovery of the biosurfactant. The effects of foaming on the production of HFBII by fermentation were investigated at two different scales. Foaming behaviour was characterised in standard terms of the product enrichment and recovery achieved. Additional specific attention was given to the rate at which foam, product and biomass overflowed from the fermentation system in order to assess the utility of foam fractionation for HFBII recovery. HFBII was expressed as an extracellular product during fed batch fermentations with a genetically modified strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were carried out with and without antifoam. In the presence of antifoam HFBII production is shown to be largely unaffected by process scale, with similar yields of HFBII on dry matter obtained. More variation in HFBII yield was observed between fermentations without antifoam. In fermentations without antifoam a maximum HFBII enrichment in the foam phase of 94.7 was measured with an overall enrichment of 54.6 at a recovery of 98.1%, leaving a residual HFBII concentration of 5.3 mg L-1 in the fermenter. It is also shown that uncontrolled foaming reduced the concentration of biomass in the fermenter vessel, affecting total production. This series of fermentation experiments illustrates the potential for the application of foam fractionation for efficient in situ recovery of HFBII, through simultaneous high enrichment and recovery which are greater than those reported for similar systems. After the suitability of foam fractionation was demonstrated a novel apparatus design was developed for continuously recovering extracellular biosurfactants from fermenters. The design allows for the operating conditions of the foam fractionation process, feed rate and airflow rate, to be chosen independently of the fermentation parameters. Optimal conditions can then be established for each process, such as the aeration rate required to meet the biological oxygen demand of the cell population. The recirculating foam fractionation process was tested on HFBII producing fermentations. It is shown that by using foam fractionation to strip HFBII from fermentation broth in situ the amount of uncontrolled overflowing from the fermenter was greatly reduced from 770.0 g to 44.8 g, compared to fermentations without foam fractionation. Through optimisation of the foam column operating conditions the proportion of dry matter retained in the fermenter was increased from 88% to 95%, in contrast to a dry matter retention of 66% for fermentation without the new design. With the integrated foam fractionation process a HFBII recovery of 70% was achieved at an enrichment of 6.6. This work demonstrates the utility of integrated foam fractionation in minimising uncontrolled foaming in fermenters whilst recovering an enriched product. This integrated production and separation process has the potential to facilitate improved biosurfactant production, currently a major barrier to their wider use.

[pt] A modelagem de processos de negócio é utilizada por empresas que desejam documentar detalhes do fluxo de execução de seus processos, resultando em um documento rico em detalhes sobre o negócio. Este artefato também é utilizado pela Engenharia de Software para elicitação de requisitos de sistema. A modelagem intencional possui foco na modelagem de objetivos - definidos como metas e metas flexíveis - e registra as estratégias que podem ser seguidas por um ator de forma a melhor atender suas necessidades, mapeando tarefas e recursos necessários, além disso, também aborda as dependências entre atores. É importante que os modelos de processos de negócio estejam alinhados aos objetivos da organização de forma a prover fonte de informações confiável que gere consequentemente requisitos alinhados ao negócio. Diversas ferramentas estão disponíveis no mercado com o objetivo de apoiar a modelagem dos processos de negócio e dos objetivos organizacionais, entretanto, percebe-se que as soluções disponíveis ainda são incompletas quando se fala na integração de modelos de processos e modelo de objetivos e formas de verificação do alinhamento entre processos e objetivos organizacionais a partir da modelagem. Na arquitetura organizacional, processos de negócio e objetivos são intrinsecamente interdependentes, porém, as linguagens de modelagem atuais não oferecem recursos suficientes para tratar processos e objetivos de forma alinhada, uma vez que existem deficiências na integração entre a camada de modelagem de objetivos e a de processos. Assim, o uso do ferramental disponível que se apoia nessas linguagens e métodos dificulta sobremaneira a tarefa de identificar se os processos utilizados para gerar serviços e produtos, verdadeiramente atingem os objetivos da organização, bem como o impacto que as mudanças nos objetivos causariam nos processos de negócio. Neste trabalho integramos uma linguagem de modelagem de objetivos a uma linguagem de processos de negócio e provemos os elementos e métodos necessários para ampliar a capacidade de análise do alinhamento dos processos de negócio às estratégias organizacionais. / [en] The business processes modeling is used by companies who wish to document details of the execution flow of their processes, resulting in a document rich in details about the business. This artifact is also used by the Software Engineering for system requirements elicitation. The intentional modeling is focused on objectives - defined as goals and softgoals - and registers the strategies that may be followed by an actor in a way to better meet their needs, mapping the tasks and resources needs, in addition, it also addresses the dependencies between actors. It is important that business processes models are aligned to the objectives of the organization in order to provide reliable information source that generates consequently requirements aligned to business. Several tools are available on the market in order to support the business processes and organizational objectives modeling, however, it’s possible to realize that the available solutions are still incomplete when it comes to the integration of process models and goals models and ways to check the alignment between organizational goals and processes using the models. In the organizational architecture, business processes and goals are intrinsically interdependent, however, the current modeling languages treat process and goals in a misaligned way, since there are deficiencies in the integration between the modeling layer of objectives and processes. Thus, the use of the available tools that supports these language and methods greatly complicates the task of identify if the processes used to generate products and services truly achieve the organizational goals as well as the impact of the changes in the goals would cause in business processes. In this paper we integrated a goal modeling language to a business processes modeling language and proved the elements and methods needed to expand the capacity of analysis of the alignment between the business processes and the organizational strategies.

Iron- and steel production is a material- and energy intensive industrial activity. The production of one tonne of steel commonly results in some 400 kilograms of residual materials such as metallurgical slags, dusts, sludge and scales generated in the processes. Much work is continuously devoted to finding possible ways of using residual materials and minimising landfilled volumes. As these materials often contain considerable amounts of valuable elements such as iron, coal, manganese and calcium, it may be profitable to use them to replace virgin raw materials or to sell them as products that may be useful in other industries and/or processes.    The thesis is based on case studies that exemplify how the use of process integration, through system analysis, can assist in assessing effects and opportunities for different concepts for increased material efficiency in Nordic ore-based steelmaking systems. The process integration approach taken for this research work was the simulation of a specific iron- and steel production system and the use of an optimisation tool for the evaluation of an extended system including the symbiosis between four steel plants.   Three different cases were studied including: system effects of increased magnesium oxide content in the lime raw material, investigation of the prospects for vanadium enrichment and slag reduction concept and a study of the logistics perspective for a joint residual material upgrading and recycling venture between four steel plants. The analysed cases present possibilities to improve the material efficiency by: •      Enhanced recovery of residual materials; •      Upgrading of residual materials to products; •      Specific elements recovery; •      Decreased use of virgin raw material; •      Improved quality of residual materials; •      Decreased amounts of materials placed in long-term storage or landfills.   From the results of the cases studied, the best scenarios and potential gains by enhanced material efficiency is presented. In the case of system effects of increased magnesium oxide content in the lime raw material, the issue was mainly to obtain maximum usage of metallurgical slags without compromising the quality of the main product. The calculated possibility of increased slag recirculation enabled further a decreased consumption of iron ore pellet and limestone. Regarding the investigation of the vanadium enrichment and slag reduction concept, the best scenario markedly increased the internal slag recirculation in order to enrich the vanadium content in the slag for ferrovanadium production. By the vanadium enrichment and recovery concept, considerable amounts of vanadium would be made useful instead of ending up in long-term storage. The study of a shared Nordic concept for residual materials upgrading and use demonstrated the potential for upgrading the materials to a direct reduced iron product for recovery in blast furnace. The concept showed high potential for significantly reducing the amount of material being long-term stored or deposited to landfill and thus a potential step towards achieving the zero-waste philosophy target.   None of the concepts for enhanced material efficiency studied in this thesis work has been implemented; however, they are still of relevance for the Nordic steel industry.

在全球化的競爭下，電子商務日益蓬勃發展的同時，國內外各大企業紛紛投入各類型之網路交易的建置，但如何營造一個讓使用者方便使用且安心參與的環境，是未來網路交易成功的關鍵。 目前的網路購物機制不勝楣舉，但大多是站在企業的角度加以思考，而未思索網路交易的啟動者─網路客戶的需求。雖然，一個完整的網路購物交易需要網路公司、物流業及扮演金流的銀行業者三者共同合作才算完整，但是，消費者希望感受到的不是受到「三個個別的服務」而是「一個完整的服務」，所以在規劃網路交易整體作業的流程設計時，不再只是要吻合內部管理的需要，而且必須以外部客戶的需求為導向，才不會造成網路購物速度的延宕及消費者的抱怨。 本研究首先採取 AHP 研究分析方法，找出影響便捷網路購物交易的顯著因素，並透過對各業界專家的深入訪談來加以驗證後，就目前的網路購物交易機制，加強網路公司、物流公司、銀行之間的資訊流串聯，以加速整體網路交易流程；並導入實體憑證之動態密碼以提高網路交易安全，建構一個方便、安全、即時的 BtoBtoC 網路購物機制，供日後業界及學術界的參考，並讓網路無空間的理想更有實現的可能。 / Under the global competition, while e-commerce grows vigorously day by day. Most of big enterprises build all kinds of internet-shopping platform. But how to build an environment that offers more conveniences to the users? It is the key for the internet-shopping succeeds in the future. So far, there are many types of online transactional modes. These modes stand for the enterprises' inside procedure but the customers' demand. Although an intact trade of internet-shopping needs network company, logistics industry and bank to cooperate together, the consumers hope for 「an intact service」 but a 「three specific services」. That is to say, when we plan an internet transactional procedure, we must put emphasis on the customer' demand rather than the need of inside management, which will accelerate the speed of the internet-shopping and the reduction of the customers' complaint. This research takes AHP method to find out the factors that influence "The convenient internet-shopping mode", and establish the convenient internet-shopping mode, which contact the information flow among the network company, logistics company and bank in order to accelerate the internet transactional speed, and use the One-Time-Password of entity's evidence so as to raise the security of the network trading. After visiting the industry experts to verify this mechanism's practicability, this research will build a more convenient, safer and faster BtoBtoC mode, to let business and academia for reference, and let the ideal without space of the network can be realized.

A new shallow junction formation process, based on selective silicon etching followed by selective growth of in situ B-doped SiGe, is presented. The approach is advantageous compared to conventional ion implantation followed by thermal activation, because perfectly abrupt, low resistivity junctions of arbitrary depth can be obtained. In B-doped SiGe layers, the active doping concentration can exceed the solid solubility in silicon because of strain compensation. In addition, the compressive strain induced in the Si channel can improve drivability through increased hole mobility. The process is integrated by performing the selective etching and the selective SiGe growth in the same reactor. The main advantage of this is that the delicate gate oxide is preserved. The silicon etching process (based on HCl) is shown to be highly selective over SiO2 and anisotropic, exhibiting the densely packed (100), (311) and (111) surfaces. It was found that the process temperature should be confined between 800 ºC, where etch pits occur, and 1000 ºC, where the masking oxide is attacked. B-doped SiGe layers with a resistivity of 5×10-4 Ωcm were obtained. Well-behaved pMOS transistors are presented, yet with low layer quality. Therefore integration issues related to the epitaxial growth, such as selectivity, loading effect, pile-up and defect generation, were investigated. Surface damage originating from reactive-ion etching of the sidewall spacer and nitride residues from LOCOS formation were found to degrade the quality of the SiGe layer. Various remedies are discussed. Nevertheless, high-quality selective epitaxial growth could not be achieved with a doping concentration in the 1021 cm-3 range. The maximum doping level resulting in a high-quality layer, with the loading effect taken into account, was 6×1020 cm-3. After this careful process optimization, a high-quality layer was obtained in the recessed areas. Finally, Ni mono-germanosilicide was investigated as a material for contact formation to the epitaxial SiGe layers in the recessed source and drain areas. The formation temperature is 550 ºC and it is stable up to 700 ºC. The observation of a recessed step and lateral growth of the silicide led to a detailed treatment of the contact resistivity of the NiSi0.8Ge0.2/Si0.8Ge0.2 interface using 2-D as well as 3-D modeling. Different values were obtained for square shaped and rounded contacts, 5.0x10-8 Ωcm2 and 1.4x10-7 Ωcm2, respectively. / QC 20101028

<p>A new shallow junction formation process, based on selective silicon etching followed by selective growth of in situ B-doped SiGe, is presented. The approach is advantageous compared to conventional ion implantation followed by thermal activation, because perfectly abrupt, low resistivity junctions of arbitrary depth can be obtained. In B-doped SiGe layers, the active doping concentration can exceed the solid solubility in silicon because of strain compensation. In addition, the compressive strain induced in the Si channel can improve drivability through increased hole mobility. The process is integrated by performing the selective etching and the selective SiGe growth in the same reactor. The main advantage of this is that the delicate gate oxide is preserved. The silicon etching process (based on HCl) is shown to be highly selective over SiO₂ and anisotropic, exhibiting the densely packed (100), (311) and (111) surfaces. It was found that the process temperature should be confined between 800 ºC, where etch pits occur, and 1000 ºC, where the masking oxide is attacked. B-doped SiGe layers with a resistivity of 5×10-⁴ Ωcm were obtained. Well-behaved pMOS transistors are presented, yet with low layer quality. Therefore integration issues related to the epitaxial growth, such as selectivity, loading effect, pile-up and defect generation, were investigated. Surface damage originating from reactive-ion etching of the sidewall spacer and nitride residues from LOCOS formation were found to degrade the quality of the SiGe layer. Various remedies are discussed. Nevertheless, high-quality selective epitaxial growth could not be achieved with a doping concentration in the 1021 cm-3 range. The maximum doping level resulting in a high-quality layer, with the loading effect taken into account, was 6×10²⁰cm-³. After this careful process optimization, a high-quality layer was obtained in the recessed areas. Finally, Ni mono-germanosilicide was investigated as a material for contact formation to the epitaxial SiGe layers in the recessed source and drain areas. The formation temperature is 550 ºC and it is stable up to 700 ºC. The observation of a recessed step and lateral growth of the silicide led to a detailed treatment of the contact resistivity of the NiSi₀.₈Ge_0.2/Si_0.8Ge_0.2 interface using 2-D as well as 3-D modeling. Different values were obtained for square shaped and rounded contacts, 5.0x10^-8 Ωcm² and 1.4x10^-7 Ωcm², respectively.</p>