Producer gas derived from biomass is one of the most environment friendly substitutes to the fossil fuels. Usage of producer gas for power generation has effect of zero net addition of CO2 in atmosphere. The engines working on producer gas have potential to decrease the dependence on conventional fuels for power generation. However, the combustion process is governed by complex interactions between chemistry and fluid dynamics, some of which are not completely understood. Improved knowledge of combustion is, therefore, of vital importance for both direct use in the design of engines, and for the evolution of reliable simulation tools for engine development. The present work is related to the turbulent combustion of producer gas in closed vessels and engine cylinders. The main objective of the work was multi-dimensional simulation of turbulent combustion in the bowl-in-piston engine operating on producer gas fuel and to observe the flame and flow field interaction. First, the combustion model was validated in constant volume combustion chamber with experimental results. Experimental turbulent combustion data of producer gas (composition matching with engine operating conditions) was presented. The required data of laminar burning velocity of producer gas was computed and used in the simulation of turbulent combustion in closed vessel. The effect of squish and reverse squish flow on flame propagation in the bowl-in-piston engine cylinder was described. Laminar burning velocity of unstretched flame was computed using flame code which was developed earlier in this laboratory. One dimensional computations of unstretched planar flame were made to calculate laminar burning velocity of the producer gas-air mixture at pressures (1-10 bar) and temperatures (300-600 K). A correlation of laminar burning velocity of producer gas as a function of pressure and temperature was fitted and compared with experiments. A fixed composition and equivalence ratio of producer gas-air mixture, typical of the engine operating conditions, was considered. The correlation was used in simulation of turbulent combustion in closed vessel. The turbulent combustion experiments with producer gas-air mixture were conducted in a closed vessel. The aim of experiments was to generate pressure-time data, in closed vessel during turbulent flame propagation, which was required to validate turbulent combustion models. Determination of (ST /SL) was made from pressure-time data which requires corresponding laminar combustion data with same initial conditions. For this purpose a set of laminar combustion experiments was conducted. Experimental setup consists of a constant volume combustion chamber of cubical shape and size 80 x 80 x 80 mm3 . The initial mixtures pressure and temperature were 1 bar and 300 K respectively. A fixed composition and equivalence ratio of producer gas-air mixture, typical of the engine operating conditions, was used. The composition of producer gas was H2 -19.61%, CO2 -19.68%, CH4 -2.52%, CO2 -12.55% and N2 -45.64% on volume basis. Fuel-air mixture was ignited with electric spark at the center of the cube. Initial turbulence in the chamber was created by moving a perforated plate with specified velocity. Perforated plate was placed in chamber so that the central hole in the plate passes over the spark electrodes as it sweeps across the chamber. Two geometrically similar plates with hole diameter of 5 and 10 mm were used. The new experimental setup constructed as a part of this work was first tested with one set of experiments each with methane and propane data of SL and ST /SL from the literature. Maximum turbulent intensity (u’) achieved was 1.092 ms−1 . The ratios of turbulent to laminar burning velocity (ST /SL) values were determined at six different turbulence intensity levels. Laminar combustion experiments were extended to elevated initial pressures 2-5 bar and temperature 300 K. The value of SL was calculated from the pressure-time history recorded during laminar stretching flame propagation inside closed vessel. These SL values were compared with computed SL,∞ after accounting for stretch. Turbulent combustion simulations were carried out to validate combustion models suitable for multi-dimensional CFD simulation of combustion in constant volume closed chamber. Two models proposed by Choi and Huh, based on Flame Surface Density (FSD) were tested with the present experimental results. User FORTRAN code for the source terms in transport equation of FSD was implemented in ANSYS-CFX 10.0 software. First model called CFM1, grossly under-predicted the rate of combustion. The second model called CFM2, predicted the results satisfactorily after replacing the arbitrary length scale with turbulent integral length scale (lt) having a limiting value near the wall. The modified CFM2 model was able to predict the propagation phase of the developed flame satisfactorily, though the duration for initial flame development was over-predicted by the model. CFD simulation of producer gas engine combustion process was carried out using ANSYSCFX software. Mesh deformation option was used to take care of moving boundaries such as piston and valve surfaces. The fluid domain expands during suction process and contracts during compression process. In order to avoid excessive distortion of the mesh elements, a series of meshes at different crank angle positions were generated and checked for their quality during mesh motion in the solver. For suction process simulation, unstructured meshes having 0.1 to 0.3 million cells were used. During the compression and combustion process simulations, structured meshes having 40,000 to 0.1 million cells were used. k-ε model was used for turbulence simulation. The suction, compression and combustion processes of an SI engine were simulated. Initial flame kernel was given by providing high flame surface density in a small volume comparable to the spark size at the time of ignition. The flame surface density model, CFM-2, was adapted with the modification of length scale tested against constant volume experiments. A suitable limiting value was used to avoid abnormal flame propagation near the wall. The limiting value of integral length scale (lt) near the wall was determined by linear extrapolation of the integral length scale in the domain to the wall. Engine p - θ curves of three different ignition timings 26°, 12° and 6°before top dead center (TDC) were simulated and compared with earlier experimental results. The effects of flow field on flame propagation have been observed. A comparison of the simulated and experimental p - θ diagram of the engine for all above cases gave mixed results. For the ignition timing at 26° before TDC case, predicted peak pressure value was 17% higher and at 3° earlier than those of the experimental peak. For the other two cases, the predicted peak pressure value was 28% lower and 5° later than those of the experimental peak. The reason for under-prediction of the pressure values could be due to the delay in development of initial flame kernel. Simulated pressure curves have offset about 3-4° compared to the experimental pressure curves. It was observed that in all predicted p - θ cases, there was a delay in the initial flame development. It is evident from the under-prediction of pressure values, especially in the initial flame kernel development phase and it also affects the p - θ curve at later stage. The delay was about 3-4° of crank angle rotation in various cases. The delay in predicting the initial flame development needs to be corrected in order to predict the combustion process properly. The proposed FSD model seems to have capability to predict p - θ values fairly in the propagation phase of developed flame. Reasonably good match was obtained by advancing the ignition timing in the computation by about 3-4° compared to the experimental setting. In the bowl-in-piston engine cylinders, the flow in the cylinder is characterised by squish and reverse squish when the piston is moving towards and away from the top dead center (TDC) respectively. The effect of squish and reverse squish flow on flame propagation has been assessed. For the more advanced ignition case, i.e., 26° before TDC, The flame propagation did not have favorable effect by the flow field. The direction of flame propagation was against the squish and reverse squish flow. This resulted in suppressed peak velocities in the cylinder compared the motoring process. Hence the burning rate was not augmented by the turbulence inside the cylinder. For the ignition 12° before TDC case, the flame propagation did have favorable effect by the flow field. During the reverse squish period, the flame had reached the bowl wall. At this stage, the flame was pushing the reactants out and this augments the reverse-squish flow, and hence the maximum reverse-squish velocity was increased to 2.03 times the peak reverse-squish velocity of motoring case. The reverse-squish flow was distorting the flame from spherical shape and the flame gets stretched. Flame surface enters the cylindrical region faster compared to the previous case. The stretched flame in the reverse-squish flow may be considered as reverse squish flame, as was proposed earlier by Sridhar G. The burn rate during the reverse squish period may be 2 to 2.5 times the normal burn rate. For the ignition 6° before TDC case, the flame was very small in size and it did not affect the flow in squish period. During the reverse squish period, the flame radius was moderate compared to the bowl radius. The flame was pushing the reactants out and it increased the maximum reverse-squish velocity to 1.3 times by the flame. In this case, the reverse-squish flow moderately affecting the flame shapes. The results of this study could give an idea of what ignition timing must be kept for favorable use of flow field inside the engine cylinder. Main contributions from the present work are: Multi-dimensional simulation of combustion process inside the engine cylinder operating on producer gas was carried out to examine flame/flow field interactions. Two models based on FSD were first tested against present experimental results in constant volume combustion chamber. In CFM2 model; a modification of replacing the arbitrary length scale by integral length scale with a limiting value near the wall was suggested to avoid prediction of abnormally large turbulent burning velocity near the wall. This combustion model has been implemented in ANSYS-CFX10. The required data of laminar and turbulent burning velocities of producer gas-air mixture has been determined by experiments and computations at varied initial pressures and turbulent intensities. Finally, the simulated engine pressure data has been compared with earlier experimental data of the engine operating on producer gas. The proposed FSD model has the capability to match well with the experimental results except for the initial flame kernel development phase. Even though this issue needs to be resolved, the work has brought out the important interaction between the flame propagation and flow field within the bowl-in-piston engine cylinder.

Kiribati, a small and low lying island country located on the equator, is vulnerable to impact of Global Warming. In response, Kiribati¡¦s Government continues and remains firm to fight the increase of pollution gases. Rather than just fighting using words, Kiribati seriously takes into consideration issues which promote the use of clean energy in all aspects. .This thesis emphasizes the use of large scale photovoltaic (PV) installation as a clean energy source that may help contribute in the total energy demand for this island. Here, a large photovoltaic generation system as a Distribution Generation (DG) to feed main utility network (i.e. PUB) on the island, assumed to be constructed in the National Main Stadium (NMS) at Betio Town as the DG Interconnection site, is analyzed. This PVGS has been investigated from two different perspectives: 1) Independent Power Producer (IPP) point of view, which is the design of the selling price of PV power generation and 2) Utility point of view, which is the design of saving costs incurred from PVGS contribution. PV power generation is simulated according to the hourly solar irradiation and temperature provided by the Weather Office in Kiribati. The cash flow of annual power generation, the operation and maintenance costs and the capital investment cost of the PVGS are then used to derive the payback time (PBT) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for the PVGS under different selling price of PV power generation. The voltage variation and the system losses of the distribution feeder, which serves the National Stadium, are also evaluated by executing the load flow analysis for the impact analysis of the PVGS. Results indicate that the reduction of voltage variation and system¡¦s losses can be obtained with the PVGS installed to provide the dispersed generation for the local loads. However, the PVGS penetration is limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent PV power generation. The selling price of PV generation has to be designed according to the conditions of solar irradiation and temperature so that sufficient incentives can be provided.

M.Tech. Business Administration. Business School. / he greatest challenge that the City of Tshwane is facing lies in achieving the target growth rate set by ASGISA (Accelerated Shared and Growth Initiative), the latter being a national initiative, by enabling communities to become active participants within the growing economy. One of the enablers that were identified by the Municipality was co-operatives. The successful implementation of the co-operative model within the City of Tshwane will depend on the correct guidance provided by the Municipality to the co-operatives as opposed to dictating the terms of business to the members. These findings will be based in best practice models as found world-wide. The primary objective of this dissertation is to research the legal impact of the Co-operatives Act of 2005 on the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality's Co-operative Strategy as a vehicle for local economic development.

Un animal qui s’approvisionne en groupe peut rechercher soi-même sa nourriture (tactique producteur) ou tenter de se joindre à des parcelles déjà découvertes par un autre individu (tactique chapardeur). Bien que les modèles de jeu producteur-chapardeur partent du principe que les gains moyens à l’équilibre associés à chacune de ces tactiques sont égaux et ne dépendent pas des caractéristiques des individus, de plus en plus d’études démontrent que le gain de chaque tactique est influencé par certaines caractéristiques phénotypiques (agressivité, capacités d’apprentissage,…). Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons aux effets de la testostérone sur le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement chez les mâles de diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata). La testostérone est connue pour influencer le développement du cerveau et l’agressivité, nous avons donc testé les effets d’une exposition prénatale à la testostérone ainsi que durant l’âge adulte sur le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement lorsque la nourriture est cryptique ou défendable. Nous avons réalisé deux expériences : nous avons tout d’abord utilisé la longueur du tarse ainsi que la différence entre les longueurs des doigts 2 et 4 comme des indicateurs de l’exposition prénatale à la testostérone puis testé si ces différences morphologiques se traduisent par des différences dans le choix des tactiques dans une condition défendable et une condition cryptique. Nous avons trouvé que le choix des tactiques chez les diamants mandarins était limité par le phénotype. Une exposition précoce à la testostérone au cours du développement prénatal pourrait donc être la cause d’au moins une part de la variation observée dans le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement. Ensuite, nous avons manipulé le taux de testostérone plasmatique chez des mâles adultes grâce à des implants hormonaux sous-cutanés puis comparé le comportement des individus lorsqu’ils portaient un implant hormonal et un implant contrôle et ce, dans chacune des deux conditions d’approvisionnement. Nous n’avons mis en évidence aucun effet du taux de testostérone plasmatique sur le choix des tactiques à l’âge adulte. Nos résultats sont en accord avec l’hypothèse que le choix des tactiques d’approvisionnement peut être influencé par les hormones. Notre conclusion est que les hormones stéroïdiennes peut affecter le choix des tactiques via l’existence d’effets maternels dans le jeu producteur-chapardeur. / An animal foraging in groups can search for its own food (producer tactic) or try to join food patches previously discovered by another group member (scrounger tactic). Although producer-scrounger game models assume that the payoffs associated with both tactic are equal at equilibrium and so do not depend on individual characteristics, there is recent evidence that tactic choice is constrained by certain phenotypical traits (aggressivity, learning abilities…). In this study, we examined the effect of testosterone on tactic use in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Because testosterone is known to affect both brain development and aggressiveness, we tested whether differences in testosterone exposure either during development or in adulthood had an effect on producer-scrounger tactic use, when food was cryptic or defendable. First, we measured the tarsus length and the distance between the end of the fourth and the end of the second digit as proxies of prenatal exposure to testosterone, and tested whether they were correlated with foraging tactic use under both conditions. We found that tactic choice in zebra finches is phenotypically constrained. We suggest that early exposure to sex hormones during the embryonic period could be responsible for at least a part of the variation in tactic choice. Second, we manipulated the circulating level of testosterone in adult male zebra finches using subcutaneous testosterone implants, and compared the behavior of individuals when they had either a control implant or a testosterone implant. This time we found no effect of plasmatic level of testosterone on tactic choice. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that tactic choice in zebra finches could be mediated by hormones. Our finding that steroid hormones can affect tactic use provides evidence for maternal effects in producer-scrounger games.

Using the E. coli vaccine as a case study, this thesis examines the factors affecting the adoption of technologies with positive spillover (externality) effects related to food safety. Positive spillovers occur when the benefits from a technological innovation extend beyond the firm (farm) adopting the technology or they do not flow to the adopter. If there are insufficient incentives for the firm to adopt the new technology, adoption levels are sub-optimal, resulting in forgone benefits to society. These benefits include the avoidance of potential health costs, productivity loss and premature death costs as a result to exposure to E. coli O157:H7. Therefore, if the market incentives to adopt the technology are strengthened, adoption levels of the technology could reach socially optimal levels resulting in an improvement in food safety. This has been the case in the Canadian cattle industry, where the uptake of the E. coli vaccine by cow-calf producers has been very low. As such, a number of potential incentives to increase adoption of the vaccine were identified and assessed through a survey of cow-calf producers on the Prairies. Data from the survey were analyzed using a stated preference methodology, Best-Worst Scaling, and Latent Class cluster analysis. A Binary Probit Model was also used to examine the factors affecting willingness to adopt the vaccine. The results suggest that a significant number of producers were not aware of the existence of the E. coli vaccine. In addition, producers were most likely to be influenced in their adoption decisions by market/supply chain oriented incentives and government intervention incentives in the form of subsidies. On the other hand, incentives that were least likely to influence cow-calf producers’ decisions to adopt included government intervention through recommending use of vaccine and neighbours (other cow-calf producers) adopting the vaccine. The Latent Class cluster analysis revealed the existence of three unique producer clusters with different attitudes towards these incentives. Several socio-demographic variables and individual characteristics utilized in the Probit analysis were found to be determinants of a producer’s willingness to adopt an E. coli vaccine. The implications of this research are such that producer education and awareness campaigns may be utilized as tools for disseminating information on food safety technologies such as the E. coli vaccine. Furthermore, the market/supply chain incentives may be used to form potential market-based solutions to address the current low adoption rates. The existence of three unique producer clusters suggest that a one-size fits all strategy to encourage the adoption of the E. coli vaccine might be difficult to implement and thus a more targeted approach may be a feasible alternative.

Graphic Design is one part of the producer services sector of the modern metropolitan region. It is a sector that has experienced considerable development in terms of number of firms through demand created by the expansion of advertising and multi media. To date research has established that producer services, particularly finance related ones, agglomerate in the central city to take advantage of the agglomeration economies available in large metropolitan areas. This thesis argues that one of the key factors for the agglomeration of graphic design is the need for face-to-face communication with clients and other firms. There has been some work undertaken looking at the location of non-finance producer services, such as design, although these have been presented as snapshots at a point in time.This thesis extends this understanding through an analysis of agglomerations of graphic design firms over a twenty year time horizon. Using details of firm location in Melbourne every five years from 1981 to 2001 the thesis uses a geospatial analytical technique to identify agglomerations and explores the change in the size, location and density of agglomerations of firms. This research shows that the initial agglomeration of 1981 was still present by 2001 and had been joined by a number of new agglomerations ringing the Melbourne CBD while at the same time there has also been a dispersal of firms to the middle suburbs. In order to provide some insight in to the agglomeration of graphic design firms this research also examines the geography of two industries allied to graphic design: advertising and printing. This research shows that graphic designers and advertising agencies tend to locate in similar parts of inner Melbourne which may be due to the need for face-to-face contact between fims in these two industries. (For complete abstract open document)

CAPES / As consequências advindas do modelo de modernização econômica geraram desequilíbrios socioambientais, tendo como resultado a exclusão e o isolamento social, reflexos percebidos no setor agrícola. Ao se estudar as organizações sociais, tende-se a ver como elas mantêm seus processos de cooperação frente a toda uma sociedade constituída pela valorização do individualismo e da competição. O objetivo geral para esta pesquisa foi, analisar a dinâmica organizacional do Grupo Agroecológico Herança Viva do município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, a fim de identificar as fortalezas e ameaças e colaborar, desta forma, para elaboração de estratégias de ação para a sua sustentabilidade. O grupo escolhido baseia-se nos princípios da agroecologia para condução dos seus sistemas de produção agrícola, evitando o uso de agroquímicos, comprovada através da utilização da certificação participativa do selo da Rede Ecovida, sendo os produtos comercializados principalmente nas feiras-livres do município de Chapecó. Para cumprir tal proposta foram consultadas as atas das reuniões e aplicação de questionários com os produtores, para avaliar as dinâmicas de cooperação entre seus membros, através do entendimento do seu capital social e da análise redes sociais (ARS). Para ampliar o estudo sobre o grupo e de seus integrantes foi adotada a opção metodológica da Pesquisa-ação, onde foram desenvolvidas atividades para identificar pontos fortes e fracos e colaborar com a sua reestruturação organizativa, tendo como resultado a construção, realizada pelos agricultores familiares, dos princípios norteadores do Grupo Herança Viva que vão colaborar para as tomadas de decisão e o fortalecimento da sua identidade. A pesquisa também trouxe como o grupo está inserido na Transição Social Agroecológica, pois, a mudança do paradigma atual não está inserida apenas no modelo alternativo de produção, porém na forma de organização dos atores sociais e seu protagonismo no processo de comercialização dos seus produtos, na discussão do cenário das cadeias produtivas alimentares. / The consequences resulting from economic modernization model generated social and environmental imbalances, resulting in the exclusion and social isolation, perceived consequences in the agricultural sector. When studying social organizations, tends to see how they keep their forward cooperation processes all a company incorporated by the appreciation of individualism and competition. The overall objective for this research was to analyze the organizational dynamics of Agroecology Group Heritage Viva Chapecó, Santa Catarina, in order to identify the strengths and threats and collaborate in this way for preparation of action strategies for sustainability. The selected group is based on the principles of agroecology for the conduct of their agricultural production systems, avoiding the use of agrochemicals, proven through the use of participatory certification seal Ecovida Network, and the products sold mainly in street fairs in the city of chapecó. To fulfill such a proposal were consulted the minutes of meetings and questionnaires with farmers to assess the dynamics of cooperation among its members, through the understanding of their social capital and social network analysis (SNA). To extend the study of the group and its members was adopted methodological approach of action research where activities were developed to identify strengths and weaknesses and contribute to its organizational restructuring, resulting in the construction, carried out by farmers, the guiding principles of the Living Heritage Group will contribute to the decision-making and strengthen their identity. The survey also brought the group is inserted in the Social Transition Agroecology therefore change the current paradigm is not inserted only in the alternative model of production, but in the form of organization of social actors and their role in the marketing process of their products, in discussing the scenario of food supply chains.

Cette thèse étudie l’efficacité de deux instruments relatifs à la gestion des déchets ménagers : la tarification incitative et la responsabilité élargie des producteurs. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’efficacité de ces deux instruments à l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général. Dans ce modèle, tous les marchés représentés sont concurrentiels mais l’élimination des déchets génère un dommage environnemental qui est la source d’externalités. Dans le cas d’une tarification incitative comme d’une responsabilité élargie des producteurs, une politique optimale implique une tarification au coût marginal social d’élimination des déchets. Pour internaliser le coût du dommage environnemental, une taxe sur le stockage semble l’instrument le plus efficace. Dans un second temps, nous analysons l’efficacité d’une tarification au coût marginal social de gestion des déchets en supposant que le marché du bien n’est pas concurrentiel. Nous représentons ce marché par un duopole avec une différenciation verticale des biens. Chaque producteur produit une qualité différente d’un même bien et les consommateurs ont des préférences différentes pour la qualité. Dans le cas d’une responsabilité élargie des producteurs, une tarification au coût marginal social de gestion des déchets ne décentralise pas l’optimum social. Une politique optimale suppose de moduler le coût supporté par les producteurs en fonction des préférences des consommateurs pour la qualité. / This thesis examines the effectiveness of two instruments for the management of household waste : unit-pricing systems and extended producer responsibility. In a first step, we analyze the effectiveness of these two instruments using a general equilibrium model. In this model, all markets are competitive but waste disposal generates environmental damage which is the source of externalities. In the case of a unit-pricing systems as an extended producer responsibility, optimal pricing policy involves a marginal social cost of waste disposal. To internalize the cost of environmental damage, a landfill tax seems the most effective tool. In a second step, we analyze the effectiveness of social marginal cost pricing of waste management by assuming that the final market is not competitive. We represent this market by a duopoly with vertical product differentiation. Each firm produces a different quality of the same good, and consumers have different preferences for quality. In the case of an extended producer responsibility, the social marginal cost pricing of waste management does not decentralize the social optimum. An optimal policy involves the modulation of the cost that is borne by producers based on consumer preferences for quality.

Objective of this thesis was to describe and evaluate the development of milk prices in selected countries of the European Union and The Czech Republic. The theoretical part describes the definition of price, pricing, division of prices, factors affecting the consumption of milk, the connection between consumption, price and income. The thesis also analyzes the particularities of agricultural prices compared with prices in other sectors. It was drawn from literature of Czech and foreign authors. In the methodical part there are described statistical and economic calculation methods. The development of milk prices in each selected EU countries is described in the practical part. Analyzed countries were not chosen randomly. In this paper, there are selected three old states (Denmark, Italy, United Kingdom) and three new states (Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia) and of course the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the price development is assessed by means of price indexes, using analysis of longer time series. In the longer term series there is used the time series analysis, where a linear trend is modeled and a verification of the correctness of the predicted trend results is made. The time series is also examined from the viewpoint of seasonal fluctuations. The thesis is more interested in the national environment, efficiency of large milk producers. In the third part there is calculated the dependence of price development on income situation in each country and the impact of prices on consumption. Coefficients of income elasticity and elasticity of consumption were used. Price and income elasticity was compared in each country of the EU. The conclusion contains summary of results and performed discussion.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-08T14:31:32Z No. of bitstreams: 9 Maria Lidia Mattos parte 9.pdf: 6347763 bytes, checksum: badcb80379a5204d3b5ff4bba941a2f1 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 8.pdf: 5592957 bytes, checksum: ee4275c6cb391aa589f25383e58f4b8e (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 7.pdf: 4174952 bytes, checksum: 559ec37a781860f159971e8876ea97f4 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 6.pdf: 4768764 bytes, checksum: 62273f59654fc45c1899548a91dfd857 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 5.pdf: 3610053 bytes, checksum: b96fd29708013e5277c27341e465fa15 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 4.pdf: 5535691 bytes, checksum: d6615e5c0b0a5a32e86076243c76fd82 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 3.pdf: 2969381 bytes, checksum: 328d9c21481e101b9ee839a47bfdb21a (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 2.pdf: 5631116 bytes, checksum: 10f9f1fbfca074362d0dfd36cdb54d8c (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 1.pdf: 4146618 bytes, checksum: 89df828cf4c7f6aeacb72c0fad7b3dd0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:41:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 9 Maria Lidia Mattos parte 9.pdf: 6347763 bytes, checksum: badcb80379a5204d3b5ff4bba941a2f1 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 8.pdf: 5592957 bytes, checksum: ee4275c6cb391aa589f25383e58f4b8e (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 7.pdf: 4174952 bytes, checksum: 559ec37a781860f159971e8876ea97f4 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 6.pdf: 4768764 bytes, checksum: 62273f59654fc45c1899548a91dfd857 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 5.pdf: 3610053 bytes, checksum: b96fd29708013e5277c27341e465fa15 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 4.pdf: 5535691 bytes, checksum: d6615e5c0b0a5a32e86076243c76fd82 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 3.pdf: 2969381 bytes, checksum: 328d9c21481e101b9ee839a47bfdb21a (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 2.pdf: 5631116 bytes, checksum: 10f9f1fbfca074362d0dfd36cdb54d8c (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 1.pdf: 4146618 bytes, checksum: 89df828cf4c7f6aeacb72c0fad7b3dd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:41:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 9 Maria Lidia Mattos parte 9.pdf: 6347763 bytes, checksum: badcb80379a5204d3b5ff4bba941a2f1 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 8.pdf: 5592957 bytes, checksum: ee4275c6cb391aa589f25383e58f4b8e (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 7.pdf: 4174952 bytes, checksum: 559ec37a781860f159971e8876ea97f4 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 6.pdf: 4768764 bytes, checksum: 62273f59654fc45c1899548a91dfd857 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 5.pdf: 3610053 bytes, checksum: b96fd29708013e5277c27341e465fa15 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 4.pdf: 5535691 bytes, checksum: d6615e5c0b0a5a32e86076243c76fd82 (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 3.pdf: 2969381 bytes, checksum: 328d9c21481e101b9ee839a47bfdb21a (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 2.pdf: 5631116 bytes, checksum: 10f9f1fbfca074362d0dfd36cdb54d8c (MD5) Maria Lidia Mattos parte 1.pdf: 4146618 bytes, checksum: 89df828cf4c7f6aeacb72c0fad7b3dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Os professores em suas formações básicas são capazes de produção para a educação à distância, porém torna-se necessário a (in)formação para isso. Na expectativa de analisar os espaços e processos de (in)formação e aprendizagem de professor-produtor na área de educação à distância, especialmente aqueles relacionados aos diferentes modos de organização e produção de conhecimento, organizou-se este trabalho para estudar os encontros numa caminhada. Nessa jornada encontramos sujeitos teóricos, sujeitos que se tornaram autores e atores desse processo, encontramos obstáculos, pedras, mas também perspectivas para a análise. A compreensão da crase na expressão - educação à distância - constituiu-se de fundamental importância para a definição das categorias estudadas e assim entendeu-se que não é a distância que determina a educação, mas a educação que determina a distância. O entendimento da crase torna-se relevante para a definição da educação à distância. O caminho escolhido foi da análise contrastiva das falas dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Para dar seqüência à caminhada planejada, foi necessário o estabelecimento de outros passos, já que a análise supracitada só é possível com: compreensão da (in)formação dos professores em suas atribuições pedagógicas na produção de material em diferentes suportes tecnológicos – analógicos e digitais, assim compreendido como histórias de vida tecnológica; identificação dos processos de (in)formação e aprendizagem do professor-produtor de educação à distância relacionados aos aspectos de produção de material didático apropriadas à interação em ambientes informacionais de base digital; verificação, através de análise de entrevistas, de que modo os professores-produtores estão utilizando ferramentas de comunicação nas produções que realizam; compreensão de distância como espaço de (in)formação e aprendizagem entre os sujeitos que trabalham com a educação à distância. A interação é estudada e analisada como espaço de (in)formação e aprendizagem entre os sujeitos, assim como as diversas semânticas da distância em suas bases de significação. Conclui-se a respeito da distância e da interação como espaços de (in)formação e aprendizagem desses professores-produtores, além da construção das histórias de vida tecnológicas dos sujeitos da pesquisa, como também aponta-se para a possibilidade de (in)formação do professor-produtor, quando produz para educação à distância. / Salvador