<p>I denna rapport redovisas arbetsgången för produktutvecklingen av ett rullstolsunderrede med nya design- och konstruktionslösningar. Det slutliga konceptet är ett underrede med två centrala konstruktionslösningar; en hydraulcylinder som medger vertikal sitthöjdsjustering, samt en vaggfunktion i sittplattan som medger ökad balans vid vinkeljustering. Samtliga funktioner på underredet har anpassats för att erbjuda ett enklare och renare ramverk.</p> / <p>This report covers the work procedure for the product development of an undercarriage to a wheelchair, featuring new design- and constructional solutions. The final concept is an undercarriage with two main constructional solutions; a hydraulic cylinder supporting vertical height adjustments and a function which enables the occupant to be tilted forwards or backwards whilst maintaining posture stability. All functions for the undercarriage have been adapted to offer a simpler and cleaner framework.</p>

Im Jahr 1862 veröffentlichten die Ingenieure Moll und Reuleaux eines der ersten Konstruktionsbücher, in dem Konstrukteuren der Zeit das richtige Konstruieren nahegebracht wurde. Neben umfangreichen Hinweisen auf die Auslegung von Maschinenelementen und der erstmaligen Nennung eines Sicherheitskoeffizienten, der seither als Sicherheitszahl immer noch gebräuchlich ist, fällt vor allem die Forderung nach einer formschönen Gestaltung auf. [... aus dem Text]

Automobildesigner sind Gestaltungsexperten. Sie haben unter anderem die Aufgabe, die Identität und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu übersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini & Monti 2003; Karjalainen 2002). Dieser Übersetzungsprozess wird durch das Wissen um die ästhetischen Bedürfnisse der Konsumenten unterstützt, da die Qualität einer Designlösung auch davon beeinflusst ist, inwieweit Kundenbedürfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst wurden (Ulrich 2006). Die Definition der Gestaltungsaufgabe kann durch eine erfolgreiche DesignerNutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens unterstützt werden (Lee et al. 2009). Hier entsteht jedoch eine Kommunikationslücke: Während des Gestaltungsprozesses findet zwischen Designern und Kunden häufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel 2006). [... aus dem Text]

Il est maintenant possible de fabriquer des structures treillis métalliques facilement avec la fabrication additive. Les structures en treillis peuvent être utilisées pour produire des pièces de faible masse et de haute résistance. Il n’existe pas de méthode de conception pour les structures treillis. Cette thèse se concentre sur les méthodes de conception des structures treillis et la manipulation dans le CAO et FAO pour faciliter l'intégration des structures treillis dans les produits. La thèse a abordé les questions de recherche suivantes:• Pourquoi les structures treillis sont-elles si peu utilisées dans la conception?• Quelles sont les informations nécessaires pour aider les concepteurs à concevoir des pièces contenant des structures treillis?• Comment les structures treillis peuvent-elles être créées rapidement et facilement dans le CAO?Les principales contributions sont les suivantes:• Une évaluation des outils CAO actuels dans la conception de structures en treillis en termes d'interface homme machine, de formats de fichiers CAO et de FAO pour la fabrication d'additive a été effectuée. Les résultats montrent que les outils de CAO et les formats de fichier CAO actuels ont des performances insuffisantes dans le contexte de la conception pour la fabrication d'additive. Les outils de CAO actuels créent et représentent actuellement des structures en treillis utilisant les surfaces limites des volumes. Cela contribue ainsi à la grande taille des fichiers, à une consommation élevée de mémoire vivre, ainsi des opérations fastidieuses pour les modélisations.• Une nouvelle stratégie de conception de structures treillis. Cette méthode sert de guide aux concepteurs pour l'intégration des structures en treillis dans les pièces fabriquées par fabrication additive en utilisant le matériau équivalent. Les concepteurs auront à leur disposition les informations nécessaires pour choisir les types et la densité des structure treillis à utiliser.• Une méthodologie pour calculer les propriétés matériau équivalent. Ces matériaux équivalents remplacent le besoin de créer des structures treillis dans le CAO et de les calculer par éléments-finis. Cela permettra d'économiser du temps dans la création de modèles CAO 3D et les calculs éléments finis.• Les principales caractéristiques géométriques des structures treillis ont été déterminées. Un modèle squelettique a été présenté pour définir les structures treillis à partir de points, de lignes, de sections et de joints au lieu des surfaces et des volumes. Une méthode est présentée pour visualiser et découper les structures treillis à partir du modèle squelette. / It is now possible to manufacture metallic lattice structures easily with additive manufacturing. Lattice structures can be used to produce high strength low mass parts. However, it does not exist a method to design lattice structures for additive manufacturing. This PhD focuses on lattice structure design methods and manipulation in CAD, CAE and CAM tools to facilitate the wide use of lattice structures in products. The thesis addressed the following research questions:• Why are lattice structures so little used in part designs?• What are the information necessary to help designers to design parts containing lattice structures?• How can lattice structures be created quickly and easily in CAD?The main contributions are:• An evaluation of current CAD tools in terms of human machine interface, CAD file formats, CAE and CAM to design lattice structures was conducted. The results show that current CAD tools and CAD file formats have insufficient performance in the context of design for additive manufacturing. Current CAD tools create and represent lattice structures using surfaces and volumes. This contributes to large file sizes, high RAM consumption, as well as time-consuming creations and operations.• A new lattice structure design strategy. This method serves as a guideline for designers to integrate lattice structures in additive manufactured parts using the concept of equivalent material. Designers will be able to choose lattice structure patterns and densities.• A methodology to create equivalent materials is presented. It is solid and does not contain any struts, thus has few surfaces only. With this equivalent material, it will be easier and quicker to conduct FEA due to the small number of surfaces involved. The characteristics of different lattice structure patterns and densities were determined, which are the relative Young’s modulus and relative strength in function of the relative density. This methodology can be applied to all lattice structures.• The main lattice structure geometrical characteristics were determined. A skeleton model was presented to define lattice structures with points, lines, sections and joints instead of surfaces and volumes. A method is presented to visualise in CAD and slice lattice structures in CAM from the skeleton model.

A presente pesquisa foi realizada através de trabalhos experimentais com estudos de casos onde foi possível avaliar o quanto o Design de equipamentos de Tecnologia Assistiva auxilia no processo de independência nas Atividades de Vida Diária de pessoas idosas e/ou deficientes, que se encontram institucionalizadas. Através de uma revisão de literatura foram identificados os objetivos das Tecnologias Assistivas, do Design Universal e da Acessibilidade, e o quanto estes podem facilitar o dia-a-dia de seus usuários com vistas à inclusão social. Desta forma, esta pesquisa se desenvolveu em uma Associação de Amparo que abriga mulheres idosas e deficientes, no município de Santa Maria - RS. Neste local foi possível perceber e reconhecer uma significativa demanda para a Tecnologia Assistiva. Ao analisar dados recentes, percebe-se o expressivo número de pessoas com alguma deficiência, sobretudo, com a crescente população de idosos em nosso país. Assim, a cada dia, profissionais das diferentes áreas – grupos interdisciplinares – devem buscar o aperfeiçoamento para através da “inovação tecnológica”, tendo em vista a melhoria dos serviços, garantirem o atendimento e a qualidade de vida destes protagonistas. Finalmente, com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, o qual pretendeu proporcionar maior funcionalidade nas atividades cotidianas e com ganhos em autonomia, construíram-se caminhos e estratégias que contribuem para aprofundar o conhecimento científico desta área de caráter interdisciplinar onde converge o uso das Terapias da Saúde apoiadas pela Tecnologia Assistiva com o Design de “novos Produtos”, Engenharias de Materiais, Fabricação, Automação e outras. / This research was conducted through experimental work with case studies where it was possible to assess how the design of equipment for Assistive Technology assists in the process of independence in activities of daily living of elderly and / or disabled who are institutionalized. Through a literature review, identified the goals of Assistive Technologies, Universal Design and Accessibility, and how these can facilitate the day-to-day activities of its users with a view to social inclusion. Thus, this research has developed in an Association for the Support that houses disabled and elderly women in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS. This site was possible to perceive and recognize a significant demand for Assistive Technology. By analyzing recent data, one can notice the significant number of people with disabilities, especially with the growing elderly population in our country. So every day, professionals from different areas - interdisciplinary groups - should seek to improve through "technological innovation" in order to improve services, ensure the care and quality of life of these actors. Finally, with the development of this work, which sought to provide greater functionality in daily activities and gains in autonomy, we discuss ways and strategies that contribute to deepen the scientific understanding of this interdisciplinary area in which converges the use of therapies supported Health Assistive Technology for the Design of "new products", Engineering Materials, Manufacturing, Automation and others.

O Rio Grande do Sul possui um enorme potencial na exploração de material gemológico. Municípios como Ametista do Sul e Salto do Jacuí extraem mais da metade do volume de ágata e ametista comercializadas mundialmente. Nesse mesmo contexto o município de Soledade se consolida como Polo Comercial desse tipo de material, existindo empresas (no estudo realizado foram encontradas cerca de 180) relacionadas com exportação e beneficiamento de material gemológico. No entanto grande parte dessas empresas exporta esse material com pouco beneficiamento, não valorizando as peças, que são beneficiadas no exterior, muitas vezes voltando ao Brasil para serem comercializadas com um alto valor agregado devido ao Design e a tecnologia empregada. Com investimentos em pesquisa, tecnologia e Design, assim como capacitação de mão de obra, é possível realizar no Brasil beneficiamentos de qualidade, gerando produtos diferenciados que podem ser exportados ou comercializados internamente a um preço competitivo e adequado. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar a aplicação da tecnologia de digitalização tridimensional para o design e lapidação de gemas, obtendo o máximo de aproveitamento e valorizando o material nas nos municípios do Rio grande do sul que extraem e comercializam as gemas. No Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul foram realizados testes com digitalizador HandyScan, obtendo modelos virtuais de gemas marteladas de ametista e citrino com bastante precisão. Os resultados obtidos mostram o grande potencial dessa ferramenta em fornecer modelos virtuais de gemas, possibilitando o cálculo e o projeto de sua lapidação antes do seu corte, diminuindo perdas e erros no processo de lapidação. / Rio Grande do Sul has a huge potential regarding gemological material exploration. Municipalities as Ametista do Sul and Salto Jacuí extract more than half of the volume of agate and amethyst sold worldwide. In this context the town of Soledade is consolidated as a Commercial Polo of the material and there are companies (in the research done were found about 180) related with exporting and processing gemological material. However most of these companies export this material with little improvement, not valuing the parts, which are benefit in foreign countries, often returning to Brazil to be marketed with a high added value due to the applied design and technology. Investments in research, technology and design, as well as training of manpower can be achieved in Brazil benefit from quality, create differentiated products that can be exported or commercialized internally at an appropriate price and competitive. In this sense the objective of this research is to show the application of threedimensional scanning technology to gems design and polishing, getting the maximum utilization and valuing to the material in its extraction region. In the Technology Center of Rocks, Gems and Jewelry of Rio Grande do Sul (CTPedras), tests were performed with Handyscan scanner, obtaining virtual models of hammered amethyst and citrines gems with plenty of accuracy. The results show the great potential of this tool to provide virtual models of gems, enabling the calculation and project of gemcut before its cut, reducing losses and errors in gemcut process.

O projeto de produtos e sistemas técnicos complexos requer a compreensão em nível de sistemas e subsistemas para formular soluções eficientes e integradas ao seu contexto. Para auxiliar esta compreensão, o conhecimento de projeto deve ser representado utilizando níveis adequados de abstração de acordo com a fase do projeto. A fase de projeto conceitual requer tipos de representação capazes de atingir um alto nível de abstração para a exploração de conceitos que conduzam a soluções criativas. O paradigma da orientação a objetos, que é fundamentado pela abstração, faz parte da engenharia de software, mas também pode ser aplicado para o projeto de artefatos físicos porque permite a representação dos elementos do mundo real através de uma linguagem simples, acessível e com alto nível de abstração. Ademais, o paradigma da orientação a objetos permite a reutilização do conhecimento de projeto devido à sua capacidade de estruturar a informação em um formato adequado para isto. O presente trabalho propõe um framework para representar o conhecimento de projeto de produto aplicando o paradigma da orientação a objeto. Inicialmente, foram identificados os elementos conceituais da tese e suas relações, para na sequência definir o modelo do framework e o seu método de aplicação O framework utiliza uma linguagem de representação diagramática que pode evoluir desde um mapa mental, com elementos diversificados e pouco ordenados, até uma rede estruturada de classes e relacionamentos em um modelo de classes. Um modelo de classes pode concentrar conhecimento sobre o projeto, servindo como uma estrutura geral que conecta e relaciona diferentes blocos de informação associados aos produtos e sistemas que estão sendo elaborados. A verificação da aplicabilidade do framework foi realizada por especialistas da área de design mediante o desenvolvimento de um projeto de produto em nível conceitual e do preenchimento de questionário de avaliação. / The design of complex technical products requires understanding at the system and subsystem level to formulate efficient and integrated solutions to their context. To support this understanding, the project knowledge can be represented using appropriate levels of abstraction according to the project phase. The conceptual design phase requires types of representation that reach a high level of abstraction for the exploration of concepts that lead to creative solutions. The object-oriented paradigm is based on abstraction and is part of software engineering, but can also be applied to the design of physical artifacts because it allows the representation of realworld elements through simple, accessible and in high-level abstraction language. In addition, the object orientation paradigm supports the reusability of project knowledge due to its capacity to structure the information in patterns. The present work proposes a framework to represent product design knowledge using the objectoriented paradigm First, the conceptual elements of the thesis and their relationships were identified, after; the framework model and their method of application were constructed. The framework uses a diagrammatic representation language in which a mental map, with diversified and unordered elements, can progress into a structured network of classes and relationships in a class model. A class model can focus knowledge about the project, serving as a general structure that connects and relates different blocks of information associated with the products and systems being developed. The verification of the applicability of the framework was carried out by specialists in the design area through the development of a product design at conceptual level and the answering an evaluation questionnaire.

O processo de seleção de alternativas é uma das atividades do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto (PDP) que visa avaliar as configurações de soluções de um prob lema, para que sejam selecionadas as alternativas mais condizentes com as delimitações de um projeto. Dada a complexidade dessa tarefa, existem técnicas sistematizadas para auxiliar essa tomada de decisão, que são formalizadas e proporcionam visualização, ordem e lógica no processo. Contudo, verificou-se o desinteresse por parte de designers na utilização dessas, devido à falta de intimidade com as mesmas, dificuldades na aplicação e crença em processos não fo rmais para esta ava liação. Por sua vez, técnicas são ap licadas por meio de ferramentas, e essas tem a possibilidade de serem configuradas para aplicar uma ou mais técnicas de outras maneiras. Por isso, o problema desta pesquisa é: como incorporar técnicas sistemáticas de seleção de al ternativas no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos de fo rma a estimular e facilitar o uso destas técnicas? Sob a hipótese de que uma ferramenta lúdica resolva este problema, o objetivo principal do trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um jogo como ferramenta de projeto para a aplicação de técnicas sistemáticas de seleção de alternativas por equipes de design de produto. Para isso foram mapeadas as principais dificuldades dos designers em relação ao processo de seleção e compreendeu-se as causas da abstenção das técnicas. Após, foi realizado o levantamento de técnicas sistemáticas de seleção de alternativas com base em autores de metodologias projetuais, rea lizada a triagem, descrição e análises aprofundadas sobre recursos, funcionamento e Auxo, que resultou na caracterização de onze técn icas aplicáveis no processo de seleção. Em seguida, foi feita a distinção do jogo como ferramenta de projeto e levantados os elementos essenciais para sua configuração e efetividade quanto ao estímulo - princípio de motivação. Com base nas informações coletadas, foi desenvolvido um jogo de plataforma física para realização do processo de se leção de alternativas, que contempla uma ordem de utilização das técn icas, reconfiguradas de forma a estimular e facilitar a sua ap licação. Por fim, realizou-se uma verificação da jogabilidade quanto à aplicação das técnicas, com base em playtests iniciais, rea lizados com um modelo funcional do jogo. / The process of concept selection one of the activities of Product Development Process (PDP), which aims ro evaluate the solutions of a design problem, ro se lect the most consistem alternatives to the requirements of a project. Given the complexity of this task, there are systematized techniques to assist this decision-making, which are formalized and provide visualization, arder and logic in the process. However, there was a disi nterest of designers in the use of such, dueto lack of intimacy with them, difficul ties in applying and belief in a non-formal process for rhis evaluation.ln rurn, the techniques are applied rhrough tools, and these have rhe ability to be configured to apply one or more techniques in orher ways. The research problem that emerges from this question is: how to incorporare systematic techniques of concept selection in the Product Development Process in arder to stimulare and facilitare the use of these techniques? Based on a hypothesis that a ludic tool could solve this, the main goal of this work is to develop a game as a project tool for the application of systematic techniques of concept selecrion for producr design teams. To this, the main di fficulties in rhe selection process were mapped and the abstention of techniques were understood. Afrer th at, was performed the survey of systematic techniques of concept's se lection based on authors of project merhodologies, performed a triage, description and detailed analysis of resources, operation and Aow, which resulted in the characterization of eleven techniques applicable in the selection process. Then, there was made the distinction of the game as a project tool, and raised the essencial elements for its configuration and effecriveness as the srimulus - the principie of motivacion. Based on these informations, a physical platform game was developed ro make che concept's selection process, which has an arder of use of the techniques, rearranged in a way to estimulare and to facilitare its application.Lastly, it was made a gameplay rest abour the techniques' applicarion, based on inici al playtests, using a fun ctional prototype.

This thesis investigates the use and significance of X-ray crystallographic visualisations of molecular structures in postwar British material culture across scientific practice and industrial design. It is based on research into artefacts from three areas: X-ray crystallographers’ postwar practices of visualising molecular structures using models and diagrams; the Festival Pattern Group scheme for the 1951 Festival of Britain, in which crystallographic visualisations formed the aesthetic basis of patterns for domestic objects; and postwar furnishings with a ‘ball-and-rod’ form and construction reminiscent of those of molecular models. A key component of the project is methodological. The research brings together subjects, themes and questions traditionally covered separately by two disciplines, the history of design and history of science. This focus necessitated developing an interdisciplinary set of methods, which results in the reassessment of disciplinary borders and productive cross-disciplinary methodological applications. This thesis also identifies new territory for shared methods: it employs network models to examine cross-disciplinary interaction between practitioners in crystallography and design, and a biographical approach to designed objects that over time became mediators of historical narratives about science. Artefact-based, archival and oral interviewing methods illuminate the production, use and circulation of the objects examined in this research. This interdisciplinary approach underpins the generation of new historical narratives in this thesis. It revises existing histories of the cultural transmissions between X-ray crystallography and the production and reception of designed objects in postwar Britain. I argue that these transmissions were more complex than has been acknowledged by historians: they were contingent upon postwar scientific and design practices, material conditions in postwar Britain and the dynamics of historical memory, both scholarly and popular. This thesis comprises four chapters. Chapter one explores X-ray crystallographers’ visualisation practices, conceived here as a form of craft. Chapter two builds on this, demonstrating that the Festival Pattern Group witnesses the encounter between crystallographic practice, design practice and aesthetic ideologies operating within social networks associated with postwar modernisms. Chapters three and four focus on ball-and-rod furnishings in postwar and present-day Britain, respectively. I contend that strong relationships between these designed objects and crystallographic visualisations, for example the appellation ‘atomic design’, have been largely realised through historical narratives active today in the consumption of ‘retro’ and ‘mid-century modern’ artefacts. The attention to contemporary historical narratives necessitates this dual historical focus: the research is rooted in the period from the end of the Second World War until the early 1960s, but extends to the history of now. This thesis responds to the need for practical research on methods for studying cross-disciplinary interactions and their histories. It reveals the effects of submitting historical subjects that are situated on disciplinary boundaries to interdisciplinary interpretation. Old models, such as that of unidirectional ‘influence’, subside and the resulting picture is a refracted one: this study demonstrates that the material form and meaning of crystallographic visualisations, within scientific practice and across their use and echoes in designed objects, are multiple and contingent.

abstract: The main objective of this project was to create a framework for holistic ideation and research about the technical issues involved in creating a holistic approach. Towards that goal, we explored different components of ideation (both logical and intuitive), characterized ideation states, and found new ideation blocks with strategies used to overcome them. One of the major contributions of this research is the method by which easy traversal between different ideation methods with different components were facilitated, to support both creativity and functional quality. Another important part of the framework is the sensing of ideation states (blocks/ unfettered ideation) and investigation of matching ideation strategies most likely to facilitate progress. Some of the ideation methods embedded in the initial holistic test bed are Physical effects catalog, working principles catalog, TRIZ, Bio-TRIZ and Artifacts catalog. Repositories were created for each of those. This framework will also be used as a research tool to collect large amount of data from designers about their choice of ideation strategies used, and their effectiveness. Effective documentation of design ideation paths is also facilitated using this holistic approach. A computer tool facilitating holistic ideation was developed. Case studies were run on different designers to document their ideation states and their choice of ideation strategies to come up with a good solution to solve the same design problem. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011