The work concerns environmental declarations type III alias system EPD. A reader should be given a complex sight of kinds of environmental notation, especially environmental declarations type III. The work interpret present systems EPD on the world and evaluace the present state of exploitation of system EPD in Czech Republic. At the close of my work are put mind to question of implementation of environmental declarations type III in Czech Republic.

While the concept of brand loyalty is well-researched, qualitative studies pertaining specifically to generational transfer of brand loyalty in a South African fast-moving consumer goods context are few and far between. This study used the dishwashing liquid product category in the Western Cape Province of South Africa to analyse generational transfer of brand loyalty. Following a qualitative research methodology, using in-person interviews across two generations - children and parents/guardians - raw data was obtained. Participants were asked to provide information relating to their preferred brand of dishwashing liquid, as well as their reasons for using the brand, their loyalty towards the brand, as well as their likelihood of brand switching. The data underwent a thorough thematic data analysis. Codes, categories, and themes were identified, with the researcher continually seeking to identify patterns in responses. A number of findings were laid out, offering insights into the concept of generational transfer of brand loyalty, as well as a foundation for future research into the topic. The study established that, in the dishwashing liquid product category in the Western Cape, there is a strong degree of generational transfer of brand loyalty, and at times, the transfer has taken place across three generations. Aspects such as consumers’ use of a brand out of habit and brand associations also appear to transfer generationally at times. There is also a strong occurrence of brand loyalty in the product category - mostly towards Unilever’s Sunlight brand. Brand switching across generations is uncommon in this sector, prevented by factors including enthusiastic brand loyalty and budgetary limitations. When switching does occur, it is driven mainly by a desire to discover whether a better brand exists, and changes in price and availability. Price and effectiveness frequently combine to form assessments of value during consumers’ purchase decision process in this product category. This study provides insight into the phenomenon of generational transfer of brand loyalty, within the context of the FMCG industry in the Western Cape. The findings within may prove useful both to brand marketers as well as researchers seeking a foundation upon which to conduct further studies in this area. The implications of this study, and recommendations for future, related studies, have been discussed in this report.

In this article we establish a bridge between dynamical systems, including topological and measurable dynamical systems as well as continuous skew product flows and nonautonomous dynamical systems; and coalgebras in categories having all finite products. We introduce a straightforward unifying definition of abstract dynamical system on finite product categories. Furthermore, we prove that such systems are in a unique correspondence with monadic algebras whose signature functor takes products with the time space. We substantiate that the categories of topological spaces, metrisable and uniformisable spaces have exponential objects w.r.t. locally compact Hausdorff, σ-compact or arbitrary time spaces as exponents, respectively. Exploiting the adjunction between taking products and exponential objects, we demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between monadic algebras (given by dynamical systems) for the left-adjoint functor and comonadic coalgebras for the other. This, finally, provides a new, alternative perspective on dynamical systems.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the country image influences Swedish brands in their promotion strategy. The thesis will explore what underlying factors come to influence the country of origin effect in the brands promotion and which cues are used when communicating their origin with consumers. To address the purpose of the thesis, the following question will be answered: How does the country of origin influence Swedish brands in their promotion strategy?In regard to the research question and purpose, the theoretical framework includes previous studies related to different dimensions of country of origin and the effect it has on consumer affinity, different stereotypes regarding country image as well as different COO-strategies. To answer the research question, this thesis contains a qualitative research approach, with an inductive method and a multiple case study design. We interviewed 3 companies, within 3 different product categories which gave us valuable insights regarding how the Swedishness is communicated to consumers and how the Swedish country image is perceived internationally on different product categories. An analysis was made with the empirical findings together with the theoretical framework, with comparisons between the companies as well as pointing out differences and similarities between the case companies. The overall findings from this thesis is that Sweden holds a positive image internationally and that it is beneficial for companies to promote their Swedishness. The different companies also emphasize different cues in their promotion, to get a match between product category and country image, hence use the Swedishness in different ways.

In this article we establish a bridge between dynamical systems, including topological and measurable dynamical systems as well as continuous skew product flows and nonautonomous dynamical systems; and coalgebras in categories having all finite products. We introduce a straightforward unifying definition of abstract dynamical system on finite product categories. Furthermore, we prove that such systems are in a unique correspondence with monadic algebras whose signature functor takes products with the time space. We substantiate that the categories of topological spaces, metrisable and uniformisable spaces have exponential objects w.r.t. locally compact Hausdorff, σ-compact or arbitrary time spaces as exponents, respectively. Exploiting the adjunction between taking products and exponential objects, we demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between monadic algebras (given by dynamical systems) for the left-adjoint functor and comonadic coalgebras for the other. This, finally, provides a new, alternative perspective on dynamical systems.:1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Preliminaries and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Preliminaries related to topology and measure theory . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Basic notions from category theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Classical dynamical systems theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Dynamical Systems in Abstract Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1 Monoids and monoid actions in abstract categories . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2 Abstract dynamical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3 Nonautonomous dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4 Dynamical Systems as Algebras and Coalgebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 4.1 From monoids to monads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.2 From abstract dynamical systems to monadic algebras . . . . . . . 48 4.3 Connections to coalgebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.4 Exponential objects in Top for locally compact Hausdorff spaces . . 52 4.5 (Co)Monadic (co)algebras and adjoint functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os efeitos de diferenças individuais dos consumidores sobre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca para produtos de consumo público (roupas) e privado (eletrodomésticos de linha branca). Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi concebido um modelo teórico para ser testado empiricamente. A partir de uma revisão de literatura acerca de experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca, percebeu-se o potencial do emprego de experiências de marca para construir relacionamentos com marca. Observou-se também que as variáveis de diferenças individuais têm sido negligenciadas em pesquisas sobre relacionamentos com a marca. Além disso, há divergências de resultados de pesquisas envolvendo distintas categorias de produto. Tais constatações possibilitaram a elaboração de um conjunto de hipóteses, as quais permitiram observar as relações entre constructos que definem as características individuais dos consumidores, a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica utilizando um questionário auto administrado. Neste levantamento de campo, foram entrevistados 660 consumidores a partir de uma amostragem não probabilística. As técnicas de análise incluem análise fatorial exploratória e modelagem de equações estruturais PLS. A análise exploratória demonstrou que os constructos experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca apresentam inconsistências em sua operacionalização. Os resultados indicam também que há um efeito significativo da experiência de marca sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. O engajamento da marca no autoconceito mostrou ser um importante preditor da experiência de marca e da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. O envolvimento com a categoria de produto apresentou um efeito significativo sobre a experiência de marca. Curiosamente, o envolvimento com a categoria produziu um efeito significativo sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca somente na categoria roupas. A propensão ao relacionamento apresentou um efeito significativo sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca somente na categoria roupas. O envolvimento com a categoria de produto não apresentou efeitos de moderação significativos na relação entre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca em ambas categorias. A propensão ao relacionamento produziu efeitos de moderação significativos na relação entre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca em ambas categorias. O valor dessa pesquisa está em: a) evidenciar a experiência de marca como um antecedente da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; b) Chamar atenção para a necessidade de discussão acerca da operacionalização dos constructos experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; c) Discutir o papel das variáveis de diferenças individuais como antecedentes ou moderadoras da experiência de marca e da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; d) Discutir a natureza dos relacionamentos com marca no contexto de produtos de consumo público e privado, apresentando similaridades e dissimilaridades e; por fim, explicitar, por meio de um modelo de gestão de marcas, como as experiências de marca podem ser um importante mecanismo para a construção de relacionamentos com a marca / The objective of the present study is to identify the effects of the individual differences of the consumers over brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality to products of public (clothing) and private (household appliances) consumption. To achieve the objective, a theoretical model was conceived to be empirically tested. From a literature\'s revision regarding the brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality the potential employment of brand experience to build brand relationships was perceived. Was also observed that the variables of individual differences have been neglected in the researches about brand relationships. Furthermore, there are divergences in the researches\' results involving distinct products\' categories. Such findings enabled the elaboration of a group of hypothesis, which enabled to observe the constructs\' relations that define individual characteristic of the consumers, brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Thereby, an empirical research was realized utilizing a self-administered questionnaire. In this field survey, 660 consumers were interviewed from a non-probabilistic sample. The analysis techniques includes exploratory factorial analysis and structural equation modeling PLS. An exploratory analysis demonstrated that the constructs brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality outlines inconsistence on its operationalization. The results also indicate that there is a significant brand experience effect. Brand engagement in self-concept presented to be an important predictor of brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Curiously, category involvement produced a significant effect over the consumer-brand relationship quality solely in the clothing category. Relationship proneness presented a significant effect over the consumer-brand relationship quality solely in the clothing category. Involvement with the products\' category did not present significant moderation effects in the relationship between brand experience and the consumer-brand relationship quality in both categories. Relationship proneness produced significant moderation effects in the relation between brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality in both categories. The value of the present research is to evidence brand experience as consumer-brand relationship quality antecedent. Draws attention to the necessity of discussion regarding the operationalization of the constructs, brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Inserts variables of individual differences as antecedents and brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality moderators. Discusses the nature of the brand relationships in the context of public and private consumption products, presenting similarities and dissimilarities. The study evidences, through a brand management model, how brand experiences can be an important mechanism to build brand relationships

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os efeitos de diferenças individuais dos consumidores sobre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca para produtos de consumo público (roupas) e privado (eletrodomésticos de linha branca). Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi concebido um modelo teórico para ser testado empiricamente. A partir de uma revisão de literatura acerca de experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca, percebeu-se o potencial do emprego de experiências de marca para construir relacionamentos com marca. Observou-se também que as variáveis de diferenças individuais têm sido negligenciadas em pesquisas sobre relacionamentos com a marca. Além disso, há divergências de resultados de pesquisas envolvendo distintas categorias de produto. Tais constatações possibilitaram a elaboração de um conjunto de hipóteses, as quais permitiram observar as relações entre constructos que definem as características individuais dos consumidores, a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica utilizando um questionário auto administrado. Neste levantamento de campo, foram entrevistados 660 consumidores a partir de uma amostragem não probabilística. As técnicas de análise incluem análise fatorial exploratória e modelagem de equações estruturais PLS. A análise exploratória demonstrou que os constructos experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca apresentam inconsistências em sua operacionalização. Os resultados indicam também que há um efeito significativo da experiência de marca sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. O engajamento da marca no autoconceito mostrou ser um importante preditor da experiência de marca e da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca. O envolvimento com a categoria de produto apresentou um efeito significativo sobre a experiência de marca. Curiosamente, o envolvimento com a categoria produziu um efeito significativo sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca somente na categoria roupas. A propensão ao relacionamento apresentou um efeito significativo sobre a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca somente na categoria roupas. O envolvimento com a categoria de produto não apresentou efeitos de moderação significativos na relação entre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca em ambas categorias. A propensão ao relacionamento produziu efeitos de moderação significativos na relação entre a experiência de marca e a qualidade do relacionamento com a marca em ambas categorias. O valor dessa pesquisa está em: a) evidenciar a experiência de marca como um antecedente da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; b) Chamar atenção para a necessidade de discussão acerca da operacionalização dos constructos experiência de marca e qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; c) Discutir o papel das variáveis de diferenças individuais como antecedentes ou moderadoras da experiência de marca e da qualidade do relacionamento com a marca; d) Discutir a natureza dos relacionamentos com marca no contexto de produtos de consumo público e privado, apresentando similaridades e dissimilaridades e; por fim, explicitar, por meio de um modelo de gestão de marcas, como as experiências de marca podem ser um importante mecanismo para a construção de relacionamentos com a marca / The objective of the present study is to identify the effects of the individual differences of the consumers over brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality to products of public (clothing) and private (household appliances) consumption. To achieve the objective, a theoretical model was conceived to be empirically tested. From a literature\'s revision regarding the brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality the potential employment of brand experience to build brand relationships was perceived. Was also observed that the variables of individual differences have been neglected in the researches about brand relationships. Furthermore, there are divergences in the researches\' results involving distinct products\' categories. Such findings enabled the elaboration of a group of hypothesis, which enabled to observe the constructs\' relations that define individual characteristic of the consumers, brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Thereby, an empirical research was realized utilizing a self-administered questionnaire. In this field survey, 660 consumers were interviewed from a non-probabilistic sample. The analysis techniques includes exploratory factorial analysis and structural equation modeling PLS. An exploratory analysis demonstrated that the constructs brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality outlines inconsistence on its operationalization. The results also indicate that there is a significant brand experience effect. Brand engagement in self-concept presented to be an important predictor of brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Curiously, category involvement produced a significant effect over the consumer-brand relationship quality solely in the clothing category. Relationship proneness presented a significant effect over the consumer-brand relationship quality solely in the clothing category. Involvement with the products\' category did not present significant moderation effects in the relationship between brand experience and the consumer-brand relationship quality in both categories. Relationship proneness produced significant moderation effects in the relation between brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality in both categories. The value of the present research is to evidence brand experience as consumer-brand relationship quality antecedent. Draws attention to the necessity of discussion regarding the operationalization of the constructs, brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality. Inserts variables of individual differences as antecedents and brand experience and consumer-brand relationship quality moderators. Discusses the nature of the brand relationships in the context of public and private consumption products, presenting similarities and dissimilarities. The study evidences, through a brand management model, how brand experiences can be an important mechanism to build brand relationships

In this study we propose to enhance the predictive power of a Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) consumer credit scorecard by leveraging detailed product information. The object of analys is in this study is Klarna Bank AB, which is the largest retail finance provider in Sweden. This research conducts a quantitative study in order to firstly, investigate if it is possible to find subcategories that correlate more with credit risk than the existing product categories at Klarna. This will be investigated by categorizing already accepted orders into more granulated product categories than Klarna's existing level. Secondly, this study investigates how more detailed product categorization can improve a BNPL e-commerce consumer credit scorecard. Lastly, a qualitative analysis of what the business impact an implementation of this feature could entail for Klarna Bank AB is conducted. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to find subcategories that correlate more strongly with credit risk than the existing categories. The characteristics of the high-and low risk product categories align with existing research on online consumer behavior. More specifically, we found that luxury products, ego-related products, and products related to addictive behavior had the highest risk. We also contribute to existing research within the credit risk management field by finding that trending/new products on the market have a higher risk, and that the novelty of a product should be taken into consideration in credit risk prediction. By applying a hypothetical credit scoring model on a dataset of already accepted orders that took the new detailed product categories into consideration, the discrimination performance could be improved. However, risks regarding adding more data into a credit risk model need to be considered before implementing the proposed solution. Our study, therefore, demonstrates the potential of including more granulated product category information in a BNPL e-commerce consumer credit scorecard to improve risk prediction. While the results of this study are limited to the studied context, it is considered generalizable in that the proposed method could effectively be adapted to retrieve corresponding findings in other contexts. / Denna studie föreslår att förbättra prediktionsförmågan hos en konsumentkreditriskmodell inom Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) genom att utnyttja detaljerad produktinformation. Analysobjektet i studien är Klarna Bank AB, som är den största BNPL-aktören i Sverige. I detta arbete genomförs en kvantitativ studie för att först och främst undersöka om det är möjligt att hitta produktkategorier som korrelerar mer med kreditrisk än vad de nuvarande produktkategorierna på Klarna gör. Detta ska undersökas genom att kategorisera redan accepterade ordrar i mer granulerade produktkategorier än Klarnas befintliga nivå. Därefter ska det undersökas hur mer detaljerad produktkategorisering kan förbättra en kreditriskmodell för BNPL-företag. Till sist genomförs en kvalitativ analys över vilken affärspåverkan en implementering av denna lösning skulle kunna innebära för Klarna Bank AB. Våra resultat visar att det är möjligt att hitta underkategorier som korrelerar starkare med kreditrisk än de befintliga kategorierna hos Klarna. Egenskaperna hos de produktkategorier med hög och låg risk överensstämmer med befintlig forskning inom konsumentbeteenden online och psykologi. Mer specifikt fann vi att lyxprodukter, ego-relaterade produkter, och produkter relaterade till beroendebeteenden hade den högsta risken. Vi bidrar också till befintlig forskning inom forskningsfältet för kreditrisk genom att finna att trendiga/nya produkter på marknaden har högre risk och att det borde beaktas vid kreditriskbedömning. Genom att tillämpa en hypotetisk kreditvärderingsmodell på en dataset av redan accepterade ordrar, som tog hänsyn till de nya detaljerade produktkategorierna, kunde prediktionsförmågan förbättras. Risker med att lägga till mer data i en kreditriskmodell måste dock övervägas innan den föreslagna lösningen implementeras. Vår studie visar på potentialen i att inkludera mer detaljerad produktkategoriinformation i ett consumer credit scorecard för BNPL-företag för att på så sätt förbättra riskprediktionsförmågan. Även om resultaten av denna studie är begränsade till den studerade kontexten, anses det vara generaliserbart genom att den föreslagna metoden effektivt skulle kunna anpassas för att hitta motsvarande resultat i andra kontexter.

Existing research suggests that when consumers encounter hybrid products or boundary-spanning products with attributes belonging to multiple categories, consumers tend to generate inferences based on only a single product category. Reliance on a single category for inferencing is termed as the “single category belief problem” which has been regarded as a vital marketing challenge because it leads consumers to underestimate the true utility of a hybrid product as certain product attributes are ignored. Our objective was to explore whether single category beliefs manifest in consumer choice for a hybrid product when strategically placed within varying contexts. The research used discrete choice experiment (DCE) to test hypotheses. Our research confirms that the single category belief is evident in consumer choice. We also found that the context the hybrid product is placed within has a major influence on what consumers preferred the most. Depending on the context a hybrid product was seen in had significant influence on how consumers evaluated product attributes and made purchase decisions. The findings for this research may be very beneficial for marketers.