Aim: The overall aim is to assess the appropriateness of Lay Health Worker (LHW)programmes as a public health intervention in South Africa by considering the effectivenessof LHW programmes across the world and the experience of LHW programmeimplementation and policy making in South Africa. Methods: This thesis comprises 4 papers that explore the issue of LHWs: (I) A systematicreview of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of LHW interventions in primary andcommunity health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectiousdiseases; (II) A study of the experiences of farm dwellers trained to be LHWs, as exploredthrough focus group discussions; (III) A study of three LHW supervisors who worked on anintervention to support infant feeding mothers, as explored through individual interviews;and (IV) A study of the process of LHW policy development from the perspective of 11 keyinformants who were individually interviewed. Findings: LHWs were found to be effective in promoting breastfeeding and in improvingpulmonary TB cure rates (I). There was also some indication that LHWs could be effective inreducing child morbidity and child and neonatal mortality, and in increasing the likelihood ofcaregivers seeking care for childhood illness (I). The experience of LHWs and LHWsupervisors suggests that LHW programmes need adequate support and supervision,especially in protecting the LHWs themselves (II, III). The care and protection of LHWs wasconsidered by policy makers (IV), but policy redevelopment processes did not link the needto ensure that LHWs were not exploited to concerns about gender exploitation. Conclusions: LHW interventions can be effective but implementing them in developingcountries such as South Africa needs to be approached with caution

Cette thèse est une contribution à l'étude du placement dynamique de processus sur des machines multiprocesseurs à mémoire distribuée. Le contexte de notre travail est celui de la simulation et de l'évaluation de l'exécution d'applications dont le nombre de processus et le moment de leur création dépendent de l'exécution en cours. Nous proposons un nouvel algorithme évolutif de placement dynamique de processus de type approximatif, avec des éléments de contrôle et d'information distribués. A chaque noeud X d'une machine parallèle est associé un sous-ensemble de processeurs avec lesquels il peut partager sa charge de manière équitable. Ce sous-ensemble est appelé la Solution de Placement (SP) du noeud. La Solution de Placement initiale d'un noeud X est composée du sous-ensemble des noeuds directement connectés au noeud X. La décision de placement d'un processus est faite au moment de sa création, il peut alors être placé sur le noeud sur lequel il a été créé ou bien sur un des noeuds de sa SP. Sous l'effet de certains opérateurs (declin, croissance, fusion, remplacement, rotation) la Solution de Placement d'un noeud évolue au cours de l'exécution de l'application ce qui permet une répartition et un équilibrage des charges des noeuds. Pour étudier le comportement de l'algorithme évolutif, nous avons utilisé le simulateur séquentiel SIMAD qui est un outil conçu pour évaluer les algorithmes d'allocation dynamique de charge sur des machines MIMD à mémoire distribuée. Le deuxième apport de cette thèse est la définition et l'intégration dans SIMAD d'un langage synthétique qui permet de décrire des applications parallèles avec des graphes de communication généraux. Le document se termine par la présentation d'une partie des résultats de l'ensemble des expériences que nous avons menées, dans le but d'évaluer les performances et le comportement de notre approche du placement dynamique de processus. Deux types de résultats sont présentés et analysés. Tout d'abord nous recherchons l'influence de certains paramètres (la taille maximale des SP, l'actualisation des SP, le nombre de processus par niveau de charge et l'opérateur de fusion) sur le comportement de l'algorithme évolutif. Ensuite, une étude comparative avec d'autres méthodes de placement dynamique permet de mettre en évidence les performances de notre approche.

<p>The devastation caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is having a major impact on both the social and economic environment in South Africa. HIV/AIDS hits at the core of the businesses structure - the bottom line. In the absence of a cure for the disease or an effective vaccine, the challenge for all the stakeholders is how to successfully contain and limit the impact of the disease. Intervention programmes such as awareness, knowledge sharing and sero-prevailance testing have the potential to limit HIV/AIDS infections and reduce high-risk behaviours. Whilst education and awareness programmes have been relatively successful in highlighting the dangers of HIV infection, perception, attitudes and behaviours of employees towards HIV/AIDS have dampened voluntary HIV screening initiatives. Many South African organisations have commendable HIV/AIDS education and awareness programmes, however, a concerning fact is that employees are reluctant to avail themselves to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. Stigmatising attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS may reduce people&rsquo / s willingness to have themselves tested for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This may increase the risk of transmission. It may also lead to increased absenteeism in the workplace, and workdays lost resulting from excessive sick.<br /> <br /> The aim of the study was to establish what the perceptions and attitudes are of employees at different levels of the organisation with regard to HIV/AIDS testing. A further aim was to identify possible reasons for the poor employee response to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. It was thus important for this research to gauge employee knowledge, attitude and behaviour toward HIV/AIDS in order for organisations to develop strategies for effective HIV/AIDS counselling and testing programmes.<br /> <br /> The data for this study was collected by means of a self report questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of employees across all levels of the organisation using the convenient sample approach to identify the respondents. Two hundred and forty six (246) out of a total of 600 questionnaires distributed were returned, making the response rate a credible 41%.<br /> The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire. Both inferential and descriptive statistical approaches were used to analyse the data. The Analyses Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences exist in the perceptions and attitudes of employees at different levels and groupings in the organisation. Additionally post hoc tests (i.e. the Scheffe test) were applied to all comparisons of means after the analysis of variance.<br /> <br /> The findings of this research are important for the role of HIV/AIDS testing and awareness/preventions strategies implemented in South Africa. It provides more insight as to why employees resist HIV/AIDS testing. It can furthermore assist organisations in developing strategies for implementing effective HIV/AIDS awareness and/or prevention programmes. More specifically, the findings identified ways in which organisations can redesign their intervention programmes so as to encourage a greater number of employees to submit to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing.</p>

In this thesis we present a novel approach to the analysis of dependency graphs of object-oriented programs, and we describe a tool that has been implemented for this purpose. A graph-theoretical clustering algorithm is used in order to compute the modular structure of programs. This can be used to assist software engineers to redraw component boundaries in software in order to improve the level of reuse and maintainability. The analysis of the dependency graph of an object-oriented program is useful for assessing the quality of software design. The dependency graph can be extracted from a program using various different methods, including source code, byte code, and dynamic (behavioral) analysis. The nodes in the dependency graph are classes, members, packages and other artifacts, while the edges represent uses and extends relationships between those artifacts. Once the dependency graph has been extracted, it can be analysed in order to quantify certain characteristics of the respective program. Examples include the detection of circular dependencies and measurements of the responsibility or independence of units based on their relationships. Tools like JDepend1 implementing these principles have become very popular in recent years. Our work includes grouping types in dependency graphs using di erent clustering methods: Grouping into namespaces; Grouping into clusters using graph clustering algorithms; Grouping into clusters using rules. The detected mismatches are candidates for refactoring. We have developed a tool for processing dependency graphs clustering and producing results where users can outline possible design violations.

Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται σε μια εμπειρική έρευνα που πραγματοποιήθηκε το σχολικό έτος 2008-09 σε ένα διθέσιο νηπιαγωγείο της Πάτρας. Κύριος στόχος της ήταν να μελετήσει τις απόψεις των γονέων για τα προγράμματα οικογενειακού γραμματισμού και τη δημιουργία ενός προγράμματος που θα ανταποκρίνεται και θα προκρίνει τις ανάγκες τους. Δεκαοκτώ (18) γονείς κλήθηκαν στα πλαίσια μιας ημιδομημένης συνέντευξης να καταθέσουν τις απόψεις τους πάνω στο θέμα αυτό. Οι ίδιοι γονείς συμμετείχαν και σε μια επιμορφωτική συνέντευξη που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο χώρο του νηπιαγωγείου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι γονείς έχουν ανάγκη από τη δημιουργία ενός τέτοιου προγράμματος, καθώς οι ερωτήσεις και οι απορίες τους πάνω σε θέματα πρώτου γραμματισμού φάνηκε να είναι πολλές, αλλά, ταυτόχρονα, και γόνιμες για την πορεία της έρευνάς μας. Ειδικότερα, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η ύπαρξη ενός τέτοιου προγράμματος είναι, ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμη, καθώς οι υπάρχουσες μελέτες εξαντλούνται κυρίως σε θεωρητικές αναλύσεις, χωρίς να λαμβάνουν υπόψη τη γνώμη των γονέων στο σχεδιασμό των προγραμμάτων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη, λοιπόν, την άγνοια που υπάρχει, σκοπός μας είναι η έρευνα αυτή να αποτελέσει μια ελάχιστη προσπάθεια, ένα πλαίσιο το οποίο θα λειτουργήσει ως κατευθυντήρια ιδέα για περαιτέρω έρευνα, για πληροφορίες, συμβουλές, ιδέες και απόψεις για τη δημιουργία ενός προγράμματος βασισμένο στις ανάγκες των γονέων. / This essay refers to a classic empiric research that, took place in the school year 2008-2009 at a two-seat nursery school of Patras. The main goal was to study the parents’ opinions of the programs of family literacy and the development of a program that will cover, as well as carry forward their needs. Eighteen (18) parents participated in semi-structured interviews in order to present their views on the subject. The same parents participated in an educational interview that took place in the nursery school’s ground. Results showed that the parents need the creation of such a program. Their questions and inquiries on the subject of first literacy seemed to be many but, in the same time, fruitful for the course of our research. Specifically, it became clear that the existence of such a program is at this time a necessity, as the current researches are consumed in theoretical analysis without keeping in mind the opinions of the parents for the design of these programs. Taking, yet, into account the ignorance, our target is that this survey will manage, as much as possible, to form a frame which will work as the backbone for further searching for advice, information and ideas or opinions for the creation of such a program based on parents’ needs.

Η συζήτηση για το μουσείο ως εργαλείο εκπαίδευσης στην εικαστική διεργασία εγγράφεται τόσο στο πεδίο της Τέχνης όσο και της Μουσειακής Εκπαίδευσης. Τα ερωτήματα που τίθονται είναι: κατά πόσο μπορεί το μουσείο να αποτελέσει ένα αποτελεσματικό εργαλείο εικαστικής αγωγής υπερβαίνοντας ή επαναπροσδιορίζοντας τον ρόλο του στο πλαίσιο της αισθητικής αγωγής, στον σχολικό χώρο; Κατά πόσο είναι έτοιμοι ή διατεθειμένοι οι εκπαιδευτικοί προσχολικής αγωγής να υιοθετήσουν μια τέτοια πρακτική; Μπορούν οι καινοτόμες μουσειακές δράσεις να βρουν ευρύτερη εφαρμογή στη διδασκαλίας της εικαστικής αγωγής; Μπορεί η λαϊκή μορφή τέχνης του Θεάτρου Σκιών να αποτελέσει γέφυρα σύνδεσης του παρελθόντος με το παρόν, της παραδοσιακής με τη σύγχρονη εκπαίδευση, της μουσειακής αγωγής με την εικαστική εκπαίδευση; Υπό το πρίσμα αυτό θα εστιαστούμε στην εικαστική αγωγή, ως σχολικό μάθημα και στις εκπαιδευτικές δραστηριότητες που αναπτύσσουν τα μουσεία στα πλαίσια διαμόρφωσης της καλλιτεχνικής παιδείας, σε μαθητές προσχολικής αγωγής και πως αυτές οι πρακτικές συμβάλλουν στην καλλιέργεια της προσωπικής έκφρασης και ευαισθησίας των παιδιών. / Η ΒKΠ διαθέτει αντίτυπο της διατριβής σε έντυπη μορφή στο βιβλιοστάσιο διδακτορικών διατριβών που βρίσκεται στο ισόγειο του κτιρίου. / The discussion concerning the museum as an educational material in the pictorial process is stated in the field of Arts as well as the Museum Education. The questions posed are the following: to what extend can the museum constitute an effective means of art education outrunning or reassigning its role in the framework of Aesthetic Education(Arts) in the school environment? To what extend are the Pre-school Education Teachers willing to adopt such a technique? Can the innovative museum actions find a broader application on the teaching of pictorial education? Can the folk type of art of the Theatre of Shadows bridge the gap between the past and the present, the traditional and modern education, the museum and the pictorial education? Bearing the above into consideration, we will focus on the pictorial education as a school subject and the teaching activities applied by museums in order to form artistic education to pre-school learners and on how these techniques contribute to the development of children’s personal expression and sensitivity.

L’étude d’impact des projets d’ouvrages et de travaux a fait ses preuves en tant qu’outil de prévention des atteintes à l’environnement et qu’instrument d’information du public et de démocratie participative. Toutefois, l’expérience acquise dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la directive européenne EIE du 27 juin 1985 et de la Convention d’Espoo du 25 février 1991, a très tôt mis en évidence que, bien souvent, l’évaluation environnementale intervenait trop tardivement dans le processus décisionnel, à un stade où les possibilités de changements significatifs sont limitées, alors qu’il est possible de mettre en doute l'existence d'une autorisation administrative impartiale tenant pleinement compte d'une évaluation des incidences sur l'environnement et des observations du public dès lors que les instances politiques responsables se sont déjà clairement prononcées en faveur d’un projet. Il fallait aller plus loin, car c’est en fait au niveau des options stratégiques que les choix structurants, souvent irréversibles, sont effectués, autrement dit, au niveau de documents tels que les plans locaux d’urbanisme pour n’évoquer que les plus courants. C’est la raison pour laquelle ont été adoptés la directive ESE du 27 juin 2001 relative à l’évaluation de certains plans et programmes sur l’environnement, ainsi que le Protocole de Kiev de mai 2003 sur l’« évaluation stratégique environnementale », deux textes très ambitieux qui concernent un vaste pan de la prise de décision dans le secteur public. Aussi, ce n’est qu’après avoir pris soin de déterminer le champ de la procédure et les nombreuses difficultés que ce dernier soulève, qu’il sera ensuite possible d’apprécier de façon plus circonspecte les apports « stratégiques » de l’exigence, les dix années d’expérience française, et une transposition à tâtons, révélant à cet égard que le chemin pourrait encore être long à parcourir avant de satisfaire pleinement aux nouvelles sujétions européennes et onusiennes. / The Environmental Impact Assessment has proven itself as a tool for prevention of environmental damage and as a tool for public information and participatory democracy. However, experience gained in the implementation of the Directive EIA of 27 June 1985 and of the Espoo Convention of 25 February 1991, has quickly highlighted that in many cases, environmental assessment intervened too late in the decision making process, at a stage where the possibilities for significant changes are limited, so that it is possible to doubt the existence of an impartial administrative authorization taking full account of any impact assessment on the environment and public comments since the responsible political authorities have already decided clearly in favor of a project. You had to go further, because it is in fact at the level of strategic options that structural choices, often irreversible, are carried out, in other words at the level of documents such as town and country planning, to mention only the most current. That's why were adopted Directive SEA of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of certain plans and programs on the environment, as well as the Kiev Protocol of May 2003 on "Strategic Environmental Assessment", two very ambitious texts concerning a large pan of decision making in the public sector. It is also, only after having carefully determined the scope of the procedure and many difficulties it raises, it will then be possible to appreciate, in a more circumspect way, the "strategic" contributions or legal perspectives of the new requirement, the French ten years experience and a groping transposition, revealing in this regard that the path could still be long to go before full compliance with European and UN constraints.

Les langages synchrones sont apparus autour des années quatre-vingt, en réponse à un besoin d’avoir un modèle mathématique simple pour implémenter des systèmes temps réel critiques. Dans ce modèle, le temps est découpé en instants discrets durant lesquels tous les composants du système reçoivent et produisent une donnée. Cette modélisation permet des raisonnements beaucoup plus simples en évitant de devoir prendre en compte le temps de calcul de chaque opération. Dans le monde du logiciel critique, la fiabilité du matériel et de son fonctionnement sont primordiaux, et on accepte d’être plus lent si on devient plus sûr. Afin d’augmenter cette fiabilité, plutôt que de concevoir manuellement tout le système, on utilise des machines qui synthétisent automatiquement le système souhaité à partir d’une description la plus concise possible. Dans le cas du logiciel, ce mécanisme s’appelle la compilation, et évite des erreurs introduites par l’homme par inadvertance. Elle ne garantit cependant pas la bonne correspondance entre le système produit et la description donnée. Des travaux récents menés par une équipe INRIA dirigée par Xavier Leroy ont abouti en 2008 au compilateur CompCert d’un sous-ensemble large de C vers l’assembleur PowerPC pour lequel il a été prouvé dans l’assistant de preuve Coq que le code assembleur produit correspond bien à la description en C du programme source. Un tel compilateur offre des garanties fortes de bonne correspondance entre le système synthétisé et la description donnée. De plus, avec les compilateurs utilisés pour le temps réel critique, la plupart des optimisations sont désactivées afin d’éviter les erreurs qui y sont liées. Dans CompCert, des optimisations elles aussi prouvées sont proposées, ce qui pourrait permettre ces passes dans la production de systèmes temps réel critiques sans en compromettre la fiabilité. Le but de cette thèse est d’avoir une approche similaire mais spécifique à un langage synchrone, donc plus approprié à la description de systèmes temps réel critiques que ne l’est le C. Un langage synchrone flots de données semblable à Lustre, nommé Ls, et un langage impératif semblable au langage C, nommé Obc y sont proposés ainsi que leur sémantique formelle et une chaîne de compilation avec des preuves de préservation de sémantique le long de cette chaîne. / Synchronous languages first appeared during the 80’s, in order to provide a mathematical model for safety-critical systems. In this model, time is discrete. At each instant, all components of the system simultaneously receive and produce some data. This model allows simpler reasonning on the behaviour of the system, as it does not involve the time required for each of the operations for every component. In safety-critical systems, safety is the rule, so a poor performance behaviour can be allowed if it improves safety. In order to improve safety, rather than conceiving directly the system, machines are used to automatically design the system from a given concise description. In the case of software, this machine is called a compiler, and avoids issues due to some human inadvertence. But it does not ensure that the produced system and the description specification really show the same behaviour. Some recent work from an INRIA team lead by Xavier Leroy achieved in 2008 the realisation of the CompCert compiler from a large subset of C to PowerPC assembly, for which it was proven inside of the Coq proof assistant that the produced system fits its source description. Such a compiler offers strong guarantees that the produced system and its given description by the programmer really fit. Furthermore, most current compiler’s optimizations are disabled when dealing with safety-critical systems in order to avoid tedious compilation errors that optimizations may introduce. Proofs for optimizations may allow their use in this domain without affecting the faith we could place in the compiler. The aim of this thesis is to follow a similar path, but this one on a language which would be more suited for safety-critical systems than the C programming language. Some dataflow synchronous programming language very similar to Lustre, called Ls is described with its formal semantics, as well as an imperative programming language similar to a subset of C called Obc. Furthermore some compilation process is described as well as some proofs that the semantics is preserved during the compilation process.

This study investigated the effectiveness of staff training and development programmes and policies at the Unisa Library. The aim of the study was to establish how staff training and development needs were met and also how staff felt about the centralisation of the Human Resources Department. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among the Unisa Library staff including the Unisa Branch Libraries. Interviews with four divisional managers were also conducted. Staff development is an ongoing process that, by means of a systematic approach, serves to orient, train, and develop each member of the library staff to work together and to serve their customers with the skills necessary to deliver a quality service. As a result, training can be viewed as an essential vehicle to efficient and effective performance by staff and also as a process that develops the skills, awareness or expertise of staff. This is important for both professional and non-professional employees. Chapter one of this dissertation provided the orientation of this study. Chapter two looked at how the study was conducted, including the research design and methods. Chapter three provided information on the legal aspects of training and development in the workplace and what employees need to be aware of and to know. Chapter four dealt with staff training and development and a literature survey. Chapter five gave an analysis and interpretation of the research findings. Chapter six described the situation at Unisa with respect to staff training and development, while in chapter seven recommendations were made based on the findings of this study. It was found that the personal development of staff was hindered as only job - related training is supported by the Library's STD workgroup. It is recommended that a training needs analysis be compiled in the Library based on the individual staff training requirements expressed during annual performance appraisals. Fifty percent of the staff who were surveyed thought it was good to centralise the Human Resources Department. / Information Science / M. A. (Information Science)

HEIs have, over the recent decade, been involved in internationalisation of their academic programmes and in the delivery of their degrees in international locations. Internationalisation is associated with the incorporation of international facets into the composition of curriculum, faculty, and students through a combination of activities and policies. One such activity associated with internationalisation is transnational education, in which the degree students are located in a different country than where the institution delivering the education is based. Transnational education is often categorised in many forms: franchise, twinning, articulations, double degree programme, partnership, distance education, and international branch campus. Hospitality and tourism programmes have been identified as having been involved not only in internationalising their degree programmes, but also in delivering their degrees internationally in branch campus locations. However, even though the narrative has been on the start-up, operations, and management of these IBCs, less is known about the impacts the international branch campus has on the exporting hospitality and tourism programme. This research, based in management, tourism, and international education, and viewed through a post positivism and critical realist perspective, presents an understanding of the effects that exist between hospitality and tourism programmes in HEIs and their IBCs. This is achieved through developing a typology of the influences that overseas expansion has on the exporting hospitality and tourism programme. To address the objective of this research, a case strategy approach was used to support the exploratory and descriptive nature of this topic of study. The methodological design consisted of a mixed-methods approach, exploring three hospitality-tourism programmes in the United States delivering their degrees at international branches campuses. A conceptual framework based on elements associated with overseas expansion of both firms and HEIs and the theoretical foundations regarding internationalisation, guided data collection and analysis. The significance of this study is twofold. First, it contributes to greater understanding of IBCs from the perspective of the home campus. Much of the literature surrounding exporting education through IBCs broadly focuses on three themes: market entry, risks and benefits, and quality control issues. Understanding these influences back at the home campus programme contributes to an underdeveloped area in the transnational literature. Secondly, the research contributes to the topic of internationalisation specific to the academic field of hospitality and tourism management. Although there is much consensus that academic programmes should prepare students for an international industry and a global marketplace, it is unclear the role that exporting hospitality and tourism degrees on IBCs has in internationalising the exporting degree programme specific to students, faculty, and curriculum. Greater insight was gained regarding IBCs and internationalisation by assessing the influences of IBCs through the experiences of home campus faculty and staff. Additionally, findings may also prove useful to organisations, both academic and commercial, seeking to expand internationally. Findings of this research demonstrate that delivering a degree internationally is motivated by both internal and external factors, but home programme leadership combined with pull factors from the international location may be the catalyst in the decision to expand internationally. Additionally, the justification for international expansion and the outcome of this activity appears to be most associated with expanding the programme's brand and credibility in the area of international education. Impacts on faculty, students, and curriculum diverge somewhat when considering the mobility between both the home campus and international branch campus. Students at the home campus experience internationalising influences based on two factors. The first is their study abroad experiences at the branch campus, and the second is their interactions with foreign students who transfer to the home campus. Similarly, faculty who engage with the branch campus onsite in the international location are in some cases gaining international exposure that allows them to internationalise their perspective on the industry and their students. Faculty and staff at the home campus identify the challenges of supporting both the necessary resources of the international branch campus, and the requirements to serve the changes associated with the home campus environments.