The HIV and AIDS pandemic is arguably the greatest threat facing the world today. The pandemic has a far-reaching impact on society, including the workplace. The effect in the workplace is observed in various areas including a reduction in certain skills levels, mortality and declining job performance of employees living with HIV or AIDS. In addition, the fear of discrimination and stigmatisation prevents infected employees from disclosing their HIV status, thus driving the pandemic underground. Despite the potential negative impact that is looming, many employers still do not have any workplace support programmes in place to manage HIV and AIDS in their organisations. However, some employers have implemented workplace support programmes. This research thus explored the influence of workplace support programmes on the job performance of employees that were living with HIV or AIDS. The findings suggest that job performance is positively influenced where workplace support programmes have been implemented. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

L'analyse statique correcte d'un programme consiste à obtenir des propriétés vraies de toute exécution de ce programme. Celles-ci sont utiles pour démontrer des caractéristiques appréciables du logiciel, telles que l'absence de dépassement de capacité ou autre erreur à l'exécution quelle que soient les entrées du programme. Elles sont presque toujours établies à l'aide d'invariants inductifs : des propriétés vraies de l'état initial et telles que si elles sont vraies à une étape de calcul, alors elles restent vraies à l'étape suivante de la transition de calcul, donc sont toujours vraies par récurrence. L'interprétation abstraite est une approche traditionnelle de la recherche d'invariants numériques, que l'on peut exprimer comme une interprétation non-standard du programme dans un domaine abstrait choisi et ne tenant compte que de certaines propriétés intéressantes. Même dans un domaine aussi simple que les intervalles (un minorant et un majorant pour chaque variable), ce calcul ne converge pas nécessairement, et l'analyse doit recourir à des opérateurs d'élargissement pour forcer la convergence au détriment de la précision. Une autre approche, appelée itération de politique et inspirée par la théorie des jeux, garantit de trouver le plus fort invariant inductif dans le domaine abstrait choisi après un nombre fini d'itérations. Cependant, la description originale de cet algorithme souffrait de quelques faiblesses : elle se basait sur une conversion totale du programme en un système d'équations, sans intégration ni synergie avec les autres méthodes d'analyse. Notre nouvel algorithme est une forme locale de l'itération de politique, qui la replace dans l'itération de Kleene mais avec un opérateur d'élargissement spécial qui garantit d'obtenir le plus petit invariant inductif dans le domaine abstrait après un nombre fini de ses applications. L'itération de politique locale opère dans les domaines de contraintes linéaires données par patron, qui demandent de fixer d'avance la «forme» de l'invariant (p.ex. "x + 2y" pour obtenir "x + 2y <= 10" ). Notre seconde contribution théorique est le développement et la comparaison de plusieurs stratégies de synthèse de patrons, utilisées en conjonction avec l'itération locale de politiques. De plus, nous présentons une méthode pour générer des arbres d'accessibilité abstraite par interprétation abstraite, permettant la génération de traces de contre-exemples, et ensuite la génération de nouveaux patrons à partir d'interpolants de Craig. Notre troisième contribution concerne l'analyse interprocédurale de programmes, éventuellement récursifs. Nous proposons un algorithme qui génère pour chaque procédure un résumé, applicable à toute interprétation abstraite et notamment à l'itération de politique locale. Nous pouvons ainsi générer les invariants inductifs les plus forts dans le domaine pour un nombre fixé de résumés pour un programme récursif. Notre dernière contribution théorique est une méthode d'affaiblissement permettant de trouver des invariants inductifs, éventuellement disjonctifs, à partir de formules obtenues par exécution symbolique. Nous avons mis en œuvre toutes ces approches dans le système d'analyse statique CPAchecker, un logiciel libre, ce qui permet des communications et collaborations entre analyses. Nos techniques utilisent des résolveurs de satisfiabilité modulo théorie, capables, étant donné une formule de logique du premier ordre sur certaines théories, d'en donner un modèle ou de démontrer qu'aucun n'existe.Afin de simplifier les communications avec ces outils, nous présentons la bibliothèque JavaSMT, fournissant une interface générique. Cette bibliothèque a déjà démontré son utilité pour de nombreux chercheurs. / Static analysis concerns itself with deriving program properties which holduniversally for all program executions.Such properties are used for proving program properties (e.g. there neveroccurs an overflow or other runtime error regardless of a particular execution) and are almostinvariably established using inductive invariants: properties which holdfor the initial state and imply themselves under the program transition, and thushold universally due to induction.A traditional approach for finding numerical invariants is using abstractinterpretation, which can be seen as interpreting the program in the abstractdomain of choice, only tracking properties of interest.Yet even in the intervals abstract domain (upper and lower boundsfor each variable) such computation does not necessarily converge, and theanalysis has to resort to the use of widenings to enforceconvergence at the cost of precision.An alternative game-theoretic approach called policy iteration,guarantees to findthe least inductive invariant in the chosen abstract domain under the finitenumber of iterations.Yet the original description of the algorithm includes a number of drawbacks:it requires converting the entire program to an equation system,does not integrate with other approaches,and is unable to benefit from other analyses.Our new algorithm for running local policy iteration (LPI)instead formulates policy iteration as traditional Kleene iteration,with a widening operator that guarantees to return the least inductiveinvariant in the domain after finitely many applications.Local policy iteration runs in template linear constraint domains whichrequires setting in advance the ``shape'' of the derived invariant (e.g.$x + 2y$ for deriving $x + 2y leq 10$).Our second theoretical contribution involves development and comparison ofa number of different template synthesis strategies, when used in conjunctionwith LPI.Additionally, we present an approach for generating abstract reachabilitytrees using abstract interpretation,enabling the construction of counterexample traces,which in turns lets us generate new templates using Craig interpolants.In our third contribution we bring our attention to interprocedural andpotentially recursive programs.We develop an algorithm parameterizable with any abstract interpretation forsummary generation, and we study it's parameterization with LPI.The resulting approach is able to generate least inductive invariants in the domain for a fixed number of summaries for recursive programs.Our final theoretical contribution is a novel "formula slicing''method for finding potentially disjunctive inductive invariantsfrom program fragments obtained by symbolic execution.We implement all of these techniques in the open-source state-of-the-artCPAchecker program analysis framework, enabling communication and collaborationbetween different analyses.The techniques mentioned above rely onsatisfiability modulo theories solvers,which are capable ofgiving solutions tofirst-order formulas over certain theories or showingthat none exists.In order to simplify communication with such toolswe present the JavaSMT library, which provides a generic interface for suchcommunication.The library has shown itself to be a valuable tool, and is already used by manyresearchers.

Social entrepreneurship and international business theory have not been properly introduced. Many authors conducted micro-studies within their field of interest but limited information has been published on the opportunity selection models and entry mode strategies that social entrepreneurs use to venture into foreign countries. The primary purpose of this study was then to introduce these distinct industries to one-another, transferring international business's best practices into the social entrepreneurship arena. The outcome of the study is a Global Social Investment Model that will empower social entrepreneurs and investors with a means to structure their project proposals prior to entering a new country and to highlight problem areas within their existing proposals. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.

Learning readiness is deficient in many first time school-going children. Learning readiness depends on a well-functioning neural network. Research has shown that movement as an early learning experience is necessary for optimal neural development. Presumably it is movement that activates the neural wiring in the brain. It influences neural organisation and stimulates the specific neurological systems required for optimal functioning and development of the brain. Some children are faced with motor proficiency deficits which may influence their learning and their readiness to learn. This study aimed at determining whether movement programmes are a means to promote and achieve learning readiness. A selected group of Grade two learners who participated in a specifically designed movement programme for ten weeks showed improvement in their levels of learning readiness based on their movement proficiency and academic level. Based on these findings, recommendations were made for the inclusion of movement in the school curriculum. / Educational Studies / M Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Research in training and development at organisations has produced important results in the previous two decades. The results indicate that higher motivation and satisfaction levels of employees are the result of training and development effectiveness with relation to work and employees’ productivity. The aim and purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of training and development in enhancing organisational productivity. The researcher wanted to determine whether training and development did in fact enhance the productivity of employees. A non-probability sampling method was employed when conducting the research. The research methods used were a combination of observations, a questionnaire, a workshop, a survey and interviews with participants. A qualitative research approach guided this process in order to accomplish the aim and purpose of the study and was based on data collection and analysis of information, documents and interviews to determine training and development for performance improvement. / Human Resources Development / NM. Tech. (Human Resources Development)

Text in Afrikaans / lnternasionale erkenning van die konsep van kinderregte skep die grondslag vir state om op nasionale vlak inisiatiewe te loads wat op die kweek van 'n kinderregtekultuur gerig is, wat sal meebring dat 'n sensitiwiteit vir kinderregte ontwikkel en prioriteit aan die beskerming van daardie regte verleen word. Dit is 'n omvattende taak wat grondwetlike bepalings raak en wetgewing en administratiewe programme vereis ten einde 'n balans te vind tussen ouers se aansprake op gesinsoutonomie en die strewe om in gepaste gevalle aan kinders die bevoegdheid te verleen om self besluite oar hul lewens te neem. Die belangeatweging vind plaas teen die agtergrond van die primere oorweging van die beste belange van kinders ten opsigte van aspekte wat hulle raak . . / International recognition of the concept of children's rights lays the foundation for states to launch initiatives on national level which are aimed at developing a culture of children's rights. This will lead to an increased sensitivity to children's rights and the fact that priority will be given to the protection of those rights. It is a wide·ranging task which affects constitutional provisions and requires legislation and administrative programmes in order to strike a balance between parents' claims to the autonomy of the family and the attempt to enable children, in suitable instances, to make decisions about their lives themselves. This weighing up of interests takes place against the background of the primary consideration of the best interests of children with respect to aspects which affect them. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / (LL.M)

The need for personal guidance was identified amongst senior primary school pupils within a specific environment but no applicable programme was found and a programme needed to be designed. A literature study investigated the development of senior primary children, the field of guidance and five need areas to include in a guidance programme. Guidelines for designing a programme were also identified. An empirical study examined guidance needs of the pupils through a questionnaire administered to them, their parents, teachers, and older pupils_. Senior primary pupils were not able to provide clear information as to their needs. Older pupils and parents did identify certain need areas. Based on this, and on the literature, plans . to draw up a guidance programme to include all five need areas could continue. An introductory programme would also be run for parents and senior primary pupils. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Most of the training programmes received by the health advisers in the Gauteng health promotion directorate, are delivered in a lecture form, whereby trainers prepare their presentations according to themes chosen by management, without the involvement of trainees. After training, the health advisers adopt the same attitude with the individuals they educate. This study describes how participatory research was carried out to investigate how health advisers in the Gauteng Province experience and utilise these training programmes. It articulates the roles of the researcher and participants in the research process. The study showed that while it is true that trainees must receive theoretical information, it is equally true that they must be able to relate that information to their practical situations. The study indicates that this can occur by introducing a form of training in which the focus is on both the trainer and trainees as co-learners in the learning situation. / Social Work / M.A. Soc. Sc. (Mental Health)

In this qualitative ethnological study I explore the local development work undertaken by the municipal Botkyrka, located south of Stockholm. The material is primarily based on the municipals development programs and interviews with officials from the municipal working with local development. Their work is primarily based on achieving sustainable development in various problem areas such as education, unemployment, urban environment, climate change. My aim was to investigate how a municipality, with a declared focus on the benefits of diversity, that at the same time struggles with unequality (in regard to ethnic segregation and disparities in income, education, employment, housing and health), through its local development work presented its different districts. Guided by discourse analysis and postcolonial theory I focused on how the citizens in the districts where portrayed and how the physical and natural environment in these where described. The result shows that the municipal through its local development work is differentiating the districts and their citizens by adopting neoliberal labour market and housing policies, reproducing urban planning ideals and ideas regarding national beloning. / <p>POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>När man tänker på Botkyrka kommun, söder om Stockholm, är det nog främst till norra Botkyrka associationerna går. Miljonprogramsområdena och röda linjens tunnelbanestationer Alby, Fittja, Norsborg och Hallunda. Eller kanske har man hört sloganen ”Långt ifrån lagom” och vet att kommunen är en av Sveriges mest blandade vad gäller befolkningens ursprung. Men Botkyrka består också av en södra halva och här ligger områdena Tumba, Tullinge, Vårsta och Grödinge. Inte lika kända och inte heller på samma självklara sätt kopplade till Botkyrka som de ovan nämnda områdena i norr.</p><p>I min studie har jag undersökt hur Botkyrka kommun arbetar med områdesbaserad utveckling i sina kommundelar. Utgångspunkten för min analys är själva basen i detta arbete: kommundelarnas långsiktiga utvecklingsprogram. När jag samlade materialet till denna studie fanns tre sådana program framtagna, ett för Alby, ett för Tullinge och ett för Fittja. I dessa program formuleras de viktigaste nyckelområden som varje kommundel behöver arbeta kring för att uppnå en hållbar och långsiktig utveckling. Det intressanta med dessa program och det arbete som dessa föranleder är det skillnadsskapande som görs mellan norra och södra Botkyrka. I Fittja och Alby kretsar arbetet kring medborgarnas utbildning och sysselsättning samt områdenas stadsmiljöer. I Tullinge är målen: att utveckla och säkra områdets kvaliteter, att utveckla dialogen med medborgarna och att möjliggöra att leva klimatsmart.</p><p>Genom att titta på hur områdena och de människor som befolkar dem beskrivs i utvecklingsprogrammen och hur de kommunala tjänstemän som arbetar med detta förhåller sig till dessa frågor har jag utifrån en diskursanalytisk och postkolonial ansats kommit fram till att det områdesbaserad utvecklingsarbetet i Botkyrka kommun är del i en politisk och samhällelig åskådning som särskiljer platser och människor. Det områdesbaserade utvecklingsarbetet medverkar därmed till att reproducera bilden av den problematiska invandrarförorten och det idylliska villasamhället. Framställningarna som görs i mitt material visar hur kommunen positionerar sina kommundelar i relation till varandra. Tullinge utgör det oproblematiska, normativa och osynliga medan Alby och Fittja representeras av problembilder, det annorlunda och hjälpbehövande. Kommunen marknadsför sig som en progressiv aktör som arbetar för mångfald och mänskliga rättigheter, emot rasism och diskriminering samtidigt som man genom det områdesbaserad arbetet är delaktig i stigmatiseringen av platserna och människorna i norra Botkyrka. </p>

Cette thèse étudie la vérification automatique de propriétés de sûreté de systèmes logico-numériques discrets ou hybrides. Ce sont des systèmes ayant des variables booléennes et numériques et des comportements discrets et continus. Notre approche est fondée sur l'analyse statique par interprétation abstraite. Nous adressons les problèmes suivants : les méthodes d'interprétation abstraite numériques exigent l'énumération des états booléens, et par conséquent, ils souffrent du probléme d'explosion d'espace d'états. En outre, il y a une perte de précision due à l'utilisation d'un opérateur d'élargissement afin de garantir la terminaison de l'analyse. Par ailleurs, nous voulons rendre les méthodes d'interprétation abstraite accessibles à des langages de simulation hybrides. Dans cette thèse, nous généralisons d'abord l'accélération abstraite, une méthode qui améliore la précision des invariants numériques inférés. Ensuite, nous montrons comment étendre l'accélération abstraite et l'itération de max-stratégies à des programmes logico-numériques, ce qui aide à améliorer le compromis entre l'efficacité et la précision. En ce qui concerne les systèmes hybrides, nous traduisons le langage de programmation synchrone et hybride Zelus vers les automates hybrides logico-numériques, et nous étendons les méthodes d'analyse logico-numérique aux systèmes hybrides. Enfin, nous avons mis en oeuvre les méthodes proposées dans un outil nommé ReaVer et nous fournissons des résultats expérimentaux. En conclusion, cette thèse propose une approche unifiée à la vérification de systèmes logico-numériques discrets et hybrides fondée sur l'interprétation abstraite qui est capable d'intégrer des méthodes d'interprétation abstraite numériques sophistiquées tout en améliorant le compromis entre l'efficacité et la précision. / This thesis studies the automatic verification of safety properties of logico-numerical discrete and hybrid systems. These systems have Boolean and numerical variables and exhibit discrete and continuous behavior. Our approach is based on static analysis using abstract interpretation. We address the following issues: Numerical abstract interpretation methods require the enumeration of the Boolean states, and hence, they suffer from the state space explosion problem. Moreover, there is a precision loss due to widening operators used to guarantee termination of the analysis. Furthermore, we want to make abstract interpretation-based analysis methods accessible to simulation languages for hybrid systems. In this thesis, we first generalize abstract acceleration, a method that improves the precision of the inferred numerical invariants. Then, we show how to extend abstract acceleration and max-strategy iteration to logico-numerical programs while improving the trade-off between efficiency and precision. Concerning hybrid systems, we translate the Zelus hybrid synchronous programming language to logico-numerical hybrid automata and extend logico-numerical analysis methods to hybrid systems. Finally, we implemented the proposed methods in ReaVer, a REActive System VERification tool, and provide experimental results. Concluding, this thesis proposes a unified approach to the verification of discrete and hybrid logico-numerical systems based on abstract interpretation, which is capable of integrating sophisticated numerical abstract interpretation methods while successfully trading precision for efficiency.