Investigou-se a presença de assédio moral no trabalho e suas inter-relações com dimensão psicossocial, bem-estar e adaptação psicossocial positiva. As bases teóricas compreenderam: Abordagem Ecológica, Saúde Mental e Trabalho e Psicologia Positiva. No Estudo I, participaram 598 bancários, que responderam questionário biosociodemográfico e laboral, Questionário de Atos Negativos, Job Content Questionnaire, Medidas de Bem-Estar no Trabalho e Escala de Adaptação Psicossocial Positiva. Os dados foram submetidos a estatísticas descritivas, exploratórias e inferenciais. No Estudo II, realizaram-se 4 estudos de casos, e os dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Houve alta prevalência de assédio moral e associação com baixo controle, altas demandas, baixo apoio e alta insegurança no emprego. Os níveis de bem-estar no trabalho foram menores para as vítimas. Diferentes fontes de dados (incidência, correlações, preditores e vivências concretas de trabalhadores) indicaram transições ecológicas entre os papéis de vítima, testemunha e agressor e natureza principalmente organizacional do fenômeno. / The aim of this study was to investigate workplace bullying and its relations to psychosocial dimension, well-being and positive psychosocial adaptation. Theoretical basis comprehended: Ecological Theory, Work and Mental Health and Positive Psychology. In the first study, 598 banking workers answered demographic and labor questionnaire, Negative Acts Questionnaire, Job Content Questionnaire, Measurements of Well-Being at Work and Positive Psychosocial Adaptation scale. Data were submitted to descriptive, exploratory and inferential statistics. In the second study, 4 multiple case studies were conducted. Data were submitted to qualitative content analysis. The prevalence of workplace bullying was high. It was observed association with low control, high demands, low social support and high job insecurity. The taxes of well-being at work were lower for the victims. Different data resources (incidence, correlations, predictors and concrete experiences of worker) indicate ecological transitions among victims, observers and perpetrators, as well as a mainly organizational nature of workplace bullying.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa exploratória, sobre as relações conflituosas entre alunos e professores de quintas séries do ensino fundamental, em duas escolas públicas na cidade de Porto Alegre, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O grupo envolvido constituiu-se por 18 docentes, de perfis sócio demográficos diferenciados. As análises realizadas demonstram que essas relações conflituosas ocorridas no cotidiano podem transformar-se em fenômenos relacionados à Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente, sem contudo, serem percebidos como tais pelo grupo. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) e Dejours (2004; 1999) dentre outros. Adotou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo e análise de resultados de caráter qualitativo, com entrevistas individuais, grupos focais e Análise de Conteúdo, subsidiadas pelas propostas de Bauer e Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001) e Bardin (1977). Foi constatado a partir do material analisado que as repercussões em termos de doença, descritas de maneira muito contundente, relataram o sofrimento causado pela Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral e os consequentes transtornos psicossomáticos, como depressão, herpes, problemas na voz, entre outros, além, da desmotivação e decepção com a carreira profissional. Identificou-se estratégias de enfrentamento como racionalização, reclamação e vitimização e tentativas de exercício de autoridade. Discutiu-se a dificuldade dos docentes em serem protagonistas de seus papéis como educadores quando alvos da Violência Psicológica e do Assédio Moral. Segue como importante o aprofundamento das pesquisas no campo escolar público, com o intuito delimitar e desvelar as ocorrências de Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente. / This study is the result of a research about conflicting relations between teachers and students from the fifth grade of two elementary public schools in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The group studied was constituted by 18 teachers with different socio-demographic profiles. The analysis showed that these daily conflicting relations can be transformed into instances related to Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment without being noticed as such by the group involved. Were used as theoretical reference the authors: Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) and Dejours (2004; 1999), among others. A qualitative field research methodology was employed, using individual interviews and focus groups, based on authors such as Bauer and Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001), and to analyze the findings the technique of Bardin (1977) was chosen. On the basis of the data collected and analyzed it was found out that the repercussions in terms of illness, described with very strong words by the teachers when talking about the suffering caused by Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment, related psychosomatic disorders, like depression, herpes, vocal problems, among others, besides lack of motivation and disappointment with their careers. Strategies of confrontation were identified, like rationalization, complaining and victimization, and instances of the use of authority. The difficulties presented by the teachers to fulfill their roles as educators when victims of Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment were discussed. The deepening of researches in the field of public schools, in order to mark out and uncover the incidents of Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment remains of great importance.

Investigou-se a presença de assédio moral no trabalho e suas inter-relações com dimensão psicossocial, bem-estar e adaptação psicossocial positiva. As bases teóricas compreenderam: Abordagem Ecológica, Saúde Mental e Trabalho e Psicologia Positiva. No Estudo I, participaram 598 bancários, que responderam questionário biosociodemográfico e laboral, Questionário de Atos Negativos, Job Content Questionnaire, Medidas de Bem-Estar no Trabalho e Escala de Adaptação Psicossocial Positiva. Os dados foram submetidos a estatísticas descritivas, exploratórias e inferenciais. No Estudo II, realizaram-se 4 estudos de casos, e os dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Houve alta prevalência de assédio moral e associação com baixo controle, altas demandas, baixo apoio e alta insegurança no emprego. Os níveis de bem-estar no trabalho foram menores para as vítimas. Diferentes fontes de dados (incidência, correlações, preditores e vivências concretas de trabalhadores) indicaram transições ecológicas entre os papéis de vítima, testemunha e agressor e natureza principalmente organizacional do fenômeno. / The aim of this study was to investigate workplace bullying and its relations to psychosocial dimension, well-being and positive psychosocial adaptation. Theoretical basis comprehended: Ecological Theory, Work and Mental Health and Positive Psychology. In the first study, 598 banking workers answered demographic and labor questionnaire, Negative Acts Questionnaire, Job Content Questionnaire, Measurements of Well-Being at Work and Positive Psychosocial Adaptation scale. Data were submitted to descriptive, exploratory and inferential statistics. In the second study, 4 multiple case studies were conducted. Data were submitted to qualitative content analysis. The prevalence of workplace bullying was high. It was observed association with low control, high demands, low social support and high job insecurity. The taxes of well-being at work were lower for the victims. Different data resources (incidence, correlations, predictors and concrete experiences of worker) indicate ecological transitions among victims, observers and perpetrators, as well as a mainly organizational nature of workplace bullying.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa exploratória, sobre as relações conflituosas entre alunos e professores de quintas séries do ensino fundamental, em duas escolas públicas na cidade de Porto Alegre, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O grupo envolvido constituiu-se por 18 docentes, de perfis sócio demográficos diferenciados. As análises realizadas demonstram que essas relações conflituosas ocorridas no cotidiano podem transformar-se em fenômenos relacionados à Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente, sem contudo, serem percebidos como tais pelo grupo. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) e Dejours (2004; 1999) dentre outros. Adotou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo e análise de resultados de caráter qualitativo, com entrevistas individuais, grupos focais e Análise de Conteúdo, subsidiadas pelas propostas de Bauer e Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001) e Bardin (1977). Foi constatado a partir do material analisado que as repercussões em termos de doença, descritas de maneira muito contundente, relataram o sofrimento causado pela Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral e os consequentes transtornos psicossomáticos, como depressão, herpes, problemas na voz, entre outros, além, da desmotivação e decepção com a carreira profissional. Identificou-se estratégias de enfrentamento como racionalização, reclamação e vitimização e tentativas de exercício de autoridade. Discutiu-se a dificuldade dos docentes em serem protagonistas de seus papéis como educadores quando alvos da Violência Psicológica e do Assédio Moral. Segue como importante o aprofundamento das pesquisas no campo escolar público, com o intuito delimitar e desvelar as ocorrências de Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente. / This study is the result of a research about conflicting relations between teachers and students from the fifth grade of two elementary public schools in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The group studied was constituted by 18 teachers with different socio-demographic profiles. The analysis showed that these daily conflicting relations can be transformed into instances related to Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment without being noticed as such by the group involved. Were used as theoretical reference the authors: Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) and Dejours (2004; 1999), among others. A qualitative field research methodology was employed, using individual interviews and focus groups, based on authors such as Bauer and Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001), and to analyze the findings the technique of Bardin (1977) was chosen. On the basis of the data collected and analyzed it was found out that the repercussions in terms of illness, described with very strong words by the teachers when talking about the suffering caused by Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment, related psychosomatic disorders, like depression, herpes, vocal problems, among others, besides lack of motivation and disappointment with their careers. Strategies of confrontation were identified, like rationalization, complaining and victimization, and instances of the use of authority. The difficulties presented by the teachers to fulfill their roles as educators when victims of Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment were discussed. The deepening of researches in the field of public schools, in order to mark out and uncover the incidents of Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment remains of great importance.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa exploratória, sobre as relações conflituosas entre alunos e professores de quintas séries do ensino fundamental, em duas escolas públicas na cidade de Porto Alegre, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O grupo envolvido constituiu-se por 18 docentes, de perfis sócio demográficos diferenciados. As análises realizadas demonstram que essas relações conflituosas ocorridas no cotidiano podem transformar-se em fenômenos relacionados à Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente, sem contudo, serem percebidos como tais pelo grupo. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) e Dejours (2004; 1999) dentre outros. Adotou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa de campo e análise de resultados de caráter qualitativo, com entrevistas individuais, grupos focais e Análise de Conteúdo, subsidiadas pelas propostas de Bauer e Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001) e Bardin (1977). Foi constatado a partir do material analisado que as repercussões em termos de doença, descritas de maneira muito contundente, relataram o sofrimento causado pela Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral e os consequentes transtornos psicossomáticos, como depressão, herpes, problemas na voz, entre outros, além, da desmotivação e decepção com a carreira profissional. Identificou-se estratégias de enfrentamento como racionalização, reclamação e vitimização e tentativas de exercício de autoridade. Discutiu-se a dificuldade dos docentes em serem protagonistas de seus papéis como educadores quando alvos da Violência Psicológica e do Assédio Moral. Segue como importante o aprofundamento das pesquisas no campo escolar público, com o intuito delimitar e desvelar as ocorrências de Violência Psicológica e Assédio Moral vertical ascendente. / This study is the result of a research about conflicting relations between teachers and students from the fifth grade of two elementary public schools in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The group studied was constituted by 18 teachers with different socio-demographic profiles. The analysis showed that these daily conflicting relations can be transformed into instances related to Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment without being noticed as such by the group involved. Were used as theoretical reference the authors: Barreto (2006); Soboll (2008); Hirigoyen (2006; 2008); Guedes (2008); Guareschi (2008); Freire (1986; 1992; 2001) and Dejours (2004; 1999), among others. A qualitative field research methodology was employed, using individual interviews and focus groups, based on authors such as Bauer and Gaskell (2002); Minayo (2001), and to analyze the findings the technique of Bardin (1977) was chosen. On the basis of the data collected and analyzed it was found out that the repercussions in terms of illness, described with very strong words by the teachers when talking about the suffering caused by Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment, related psychosomatic disorders, like depression, herpes, vocal problems, among others, besides lack of motivation and disappointment with their careers. Strategies of confrontation were identified, like rationalization, complaining and victimization, and instances of the use of authority. The difficulties presented by the teachers to fulfill their roles as educators when victims of Psychological Violence and Moral Harassment were discussed. The deepening of researches in the field of public schools, in order to mark out and uncover the incidents of Psychological Violence and upward Moral Harassment remains of great importance.

Bakgrund Våld i nära relationer utgör ett stort globalt problem för individer men även samhället i stort. Kvinnor drabbas av våld i nära relationer i mycket större utsträckning än vad män gör. De som är utsatta för våld i nära relationer kan drabbas av både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa och våldet har även en negativ påverkan på andra faktorer i det vardagliga livet. Begreppet våld som används i den här studien inkluderar fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Syfte Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur kvinnors hälsa påverkas av våld i nära relationer. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt utfördes baserat på sammanlagt 21 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna hämtades från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och i databaserna gjordes sökningar med hjälp av relevanta Mesh-termer samt Subject Headings. De inkluderade artiklarna är primära källor som var högst tio år gamla och som kvalitetsgranskats till hög och medelkvalitet. Med hjälp av de inkluderade artiklarna sammanställdes det två huvudkategorier till resultatet: fysisk hälsa och psykisk hälsa. Resultat Litteraturöversiktens resultat presenterades i form av två huvudkategorier. Den första huvudkategorien var fysisk hälsa med underkategorierna fysiska besvär, långvariga hälsokonsekvenser och missbruk. Den andra huvudkategorien var psykisk hälsa med underkategorierna ångest, depression och PTSD, självskadebeteende, suicid och suicidförsök, samt slutligen psykosocialt välmående. Våld i nära relationer bidrog till att kvinnor drabbades av fysisk och psykisk ohälsa samt att livskvaliteten försämrades. Kvinnor som varit utsatta för våld i nära relationer hade sämre hälsa än kvinnor som aldrig upplevt våld i nära relationer. Våld i nära relationer kunde leda till långvariga fysiska och psykiska hälsokonsekvenser. Att uppleva en kombination av olika typer av våld samtidigt ledde till en större negativ hälsopåverkan jämfört med att endast uppleva en typ av våld. Slutsats Våld i nära relationer påverkade kvinnors hälsa negativt och våldsutsatta kvinnor hade generellt sämre hälsa än icke-våldsutsatta kvinnor. Alla typer av våld bidrog till en försämring av kvinnors hälsa. Resultatet tyder på att våldsutsatta kvinnor i stor utsträckning drabbas av både fysiska och psykiska besvär till följd av våldet och att även deras livskvalitet försämras. Den negativa hälsopåverkan som våldet för med sig i form av både fysiska och psykiska hälsobesvär kan bestå lång tid efter att en relation har upphört, alternativt plåga kvinnan resten av livet. / Background  Intimate partner violence is a major global problem for individuals but also for society at large. Women are affected by violence in close relationships to a much greater extent than men. Those who are exposed to intimate partner violence can suffer from both physical and mental illness and the violence also has a negative impact on other factors in everyday life. The term violence used in this study includes physical, psychological and sexual violence. Aim  The aim of the study was to describe how women's health is affected by intimate partner violence. Method A non- systematic literature review was performed based on a total of 21 scientific articles. The articles were retrieved from the databases PubMed and Cinahl. Searches were made on the databases using relevant Mesh terms and Subject Headings. The included articles are primary sources that were a maximum of ten years old, and they had been quality reviewed to high and medium quality. Using the included articles two categories were compiled for the results: physical health and psychological health. Results  The results of the literature review were presented in the form of two main categories. The first main category was physical health with the subcategories physical ailments, long-term health consequences and addiction. The second main category was mental health with the subcategories anxiety, depression and PTSD, self harm, suicide and suicide attempts and lastly psychosocial well-being. Intimate partner violence contributed to women suffering from physical and mental illness and the quality of life deteriorating. Women who were exposed to intimate partner violence had poorer health than women who never experienced violence in close relationships. Intimate partner violence could lead to long-term physical and mental health consequences. Experiencing a combination of different types of violence at the same time led to a greater negative health impact compared to only experiencing one type of violence. Conclusions  Intimate partner violence had a negative effect on women’s health, and abused women generally had poorer health than non-abused women. All types of violence contributed to the deterioration of women’s health. The results indicate that women who were exposed to violence to a large extent suffer from both physical and mental health problems as a result of the violence and that their quality of life also deteriorates. The negative health impact that violence leads to in the form of both physical and mental ailments can persist long after a relationship has ended, or alternatively torment the woman for the rest of her life.

The purpose of this essay has been to understand the experiences of people who are victims of domestic violence and especially a part of psychological violence called gaslighting. This is to achieve a deeper understanding for the phenomenon and to see if gaslighting can manifest itself in different ways. The qualitative research has been conducted by analyzing life stories through autobiographical literature. The qualitative content analysis was done using the normalisation process as theoretical view, where the concepts of internalisation, isolation and adaptation have been used.  The results of the study show that gaslighting essentially consists of confusing the victim and making them doubt themselves and their world view. It is a process that usually goes on for a long time. The experiences of gaslighting occur in different contexts, but mainly at home behind closed doors. Furthermore, the results show that the gaslighter can use several different methods to create self-doubt. These include crazy-making, silent-treatment, threats to leave the relationship and insults.

Psychological violence is mistreatment that is severe enough to influence the target person's health, to destroy his work or total career and overstrain his relationship with his family or friends. The impact of psychological violence has compelled many a company and organization to introduce policy to stop the serious consequences thereof. It seems not to be the case in the South African education. The mixed method research design was used in this study to investigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on the health of secondary school educators in the Free State. Strategies were proposed to reduce educators' experiences of psychological violence and the impact thereof on their health. Two measuring instruments were used in this study to collect the quantitative data, namely the Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the Symptoms Checklist. Both these measuring instruments were distributed amongst 727 secondary school educators at 82 schools in the five education districts of the Free State. The qualitative data collection was done with 32 educators. The sources of psychological violence, likewise in the literature, are management, learners and parents. Psychological violence often causes enormous stress and it leads to a situation where educators feel depressed and traumatised. The general aim of this study is to invsetigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on secondary school educators in the Free State. Some of the findings in this study are that there are not differences between men and women with regard to exposure to psychological violence; older educators experience more exposure to psychological violence; teaching experience, qualifications and ethnicity are indeed determining factors with regard to exposure. It is also possible, as appears from the findings, that here a minority group is exposed more to psychological violence. The results of both data sets, quantitative and qualitative, are mutually confirming. It was found in this study that secondary school educators indeed experience psychological violence. The assumption is that the findings of this study will help to strengthen information that will be useful for the enhancement of educator health at schools. / PhD (Educational Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Psychological violence is mistreatment that is severe enough to influence the target person's health, to destroy his work or total career and overstrain his relationship with his family or friends. The impact of psychological violence has compelled many a company and organization to introduce policy to stop the serious consequences thereof. It seems not to be the case in the South African education. The mixed method research design was used in this study to investigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on the health of secondary school educators in the Free State. Strategies were proposed to reduce educators' experiences of psychological violence and the impact thereof on their health. Two measuring instruments were used in this study to collect the quantitative data, namely the Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the Symptoms Checklist. Both these measuring instruments were distributed amongst 727 secondary school educators at 82 schools in the five education districts of the Free State. The qualitative data collection was done with 32 educators. The sources of psychological violence, likewise in the literature, are management, learners and parents. Psychological violence often causes enormous stress and it leads to a situation where educators feel depressed and traumatised. The general aim of this study is to invsetigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on secondary school educators in the Free State. Some of the findings in this study are that there are not differences between men and women with regard to exposure to psychological violence; older educators experience more exposure to psychological violence; teaching experience, qualifications and ethnicity are indeed determining factors with regard to exposure. It is also possible, as appears from the findings, that here a minority group is exposed more to psychological violence. The results of both data sets, quantitative and qualitative, are mutually confirming. It was found in this study that secondary school educators indeed experience psychological violence. The assumption is that the findings of this study will help to strengthen information that will be useful for the enhancement of educator health at schools. / PhD (Educational Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les jeunes adultes commettent plus souvent des conduites violentes au sein de leur couple que les adultes plus âgés. Le but de cette étude est de proposer une classification de jeunes adultes violents au sein de leur couple à l’aide de variables motivationnelles et d’évaluer la validité discriminante des profils au niveau de variables liées à la violence psychologique et physique et de comparer les profils motivationnels à un groupe de jeunes adultes non violent. Les 457 participants de cette étude sont des jeunes adultes de la population générale provenant de la région de Québec et de Montréal. L’analyse de classification two-step cluster à permis de trouver trois profils distincts : (1) le réactif (2) le commun et (3) l’hostile. Les analyses comparatives démontrent que les réactifs sont ceux qui commettent le plus d’actes de violence physique différents, que les communs sont les moins violents, les moins en détresse et perçoivent l’impact de leur violence moins négativement et que les hostiles sont ceux qui sont les plus violents, les plus en détresse et perçoivent l’impact de leur violence plus négativement. Les individus non violents sont significativement moins en détresse et consomment moins d’alcool que tous les profils violents. Les résultats serviront à obtenir une meilleure compréhension des individus violents, à améliorer le dépistage des individus les plus à risque de recourir à la violence au sein de leur couple et d’effectuer de la prévention en les sensibilisant aux caractéristiques des individus violents. / Young adults exhibit violent behavior within their relationships more frequently than do older adults. The goal of this study, using motivational variables, is to propose a classification of young adults who perpetrate relationship violence and assess the discriminant validity of profiles in terms of variables linked to psychological and physical aggression and compare the motivational profiles to those of non-violent young adults. The 457 participants in this study are young adults from the general population in the Quebec City and Montreal areas. Classification based on a two-step cluster analysis resulted in three distinct profiles: (1) reactive, (2) common and (3) hostile. Comparative analyses suggest that those with a reactive profile engage in the greatest number of different acts of aggression, those with a common profile are the least violent, the least distressed and perceive the impact of their violence less negatively, whereas those with a hostile profile are the most violent, they experience the greatest distress and perceive the impact of their aggression most negatively. Non-violent individuals are significantly less distressed and consume less alcohol than all those with violent profiles. Findings will lead to a better understanding of violent individuals as well as improve detection of individuals who are most likely to resort to relationship violence and prevent this by raising awareness of the characteristics of violent individuals.