Syftet var att undersöka elevers fysiska och psykiska våld mot lärare utifrån personliga attribut hos lärarna samt om förekomst av våld kan förknippas med negativa emotionella konsekvenser. En enkät besvarades av 246 lärare (M = 46 år, SD = 10,50) och resultaten visade att lärarna upplevde att psykiskt våld förekom i högre utsträckning än fysiskt våld. Resultaten visade även att ju mer bristande auktoritet och klassrumshantering som lärarna uppvisade, desto mer frekvent upplevde de fysiskt och psykiskt våld. Vidare visade resultaten att ju mindre hjälpsam och uppskattad lärarna var av eleverna desto mer frekvent upplevde de det fysiska våldet. Ju mer lärarna hade hört talas om psykiskt våld visades även påverka lärarnas otrygghet, bristande engagemang och nedstämdhet. Sambandet mellan fysiskt våld och de tre kategorierna av konsekvenserna försvann när det även kontrollerades för kön och psykiskt våld. De olika kategorierna av konsekvenser visades även korrelera med varandra vilket innebar att när den ena kategorin ökade, ökade även de andra två. Sammanfattningsvis är det viktigt att även ta hänsyn till de lärare som enbart hör talas om våldsamma händelser eftersom de också upplever negativa konsekvenser av våldet. / The aim was to examine students´ physical and psychological violence against teachers based on personal attributes of the teacher and whether the occurrence of violence can be associated with negative emotional consequences. A questionnaire was answered by 246 teachers (M = 46years, SD = 10,50) and the results showed that the teachers experienced that the psychological violence was more frequent than the physical violence. The results also showed that the more lacking authority and classroom techniques the teachers inhibited, the more frequent they perceived the physical and psychological violence. Further, the less helpful and appreciated the teachers was perceived by the students, the more frequent they perceived the physical violence. How they perceived the violence was also shown to influence the teacher’s safety, lacking commitment and depression. The correlation between physical violence and the three categories of consequences disappeared when gender and psychological violence was controlled for. The three categories of consequences also correlated with each other which means that if one of the categories increased, so did the other two. In summary, it is important to also consider the teachers who only hear about violent events since they also suffer consequences from it.

La transmission intergénérationnelle de la violence envers les enfants et les perceptions reliées aux expériences personnelles de violence dans l’enfance ont été peu étudiées auprès de la population générale et encore moins auprès des pères. L’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer le lien entre, d’une part, la fréquence rapportée de la violence physique sévère vécue dans l’enfance et la légitimité perçue de cette violence et d’autre part, la violence physique mineure et psychologique envers les enfants au sein de la famille actuelle de 204 pères québécois. Les données sont issues de l’enquête sur la violence familiale dans la vie des enfants du Québec réalisée en 2004 par l’Institut de la Statistique du Québec. Il y a un lien significatif entre la fréquence rapportée de la violence physique sévère vécue dans l’enfance et sa légitimité perçue, ainsi qu’avec la violence envers les enfants dans la famille actuelle des pères. Les pères rapportant avoir souvent ou très souvent vécu de la violence physique sévère dans l’enfance ont actuellement des enfants qui vivent plus de violence psychologique que ceux qui en ont parfois vécu. Plus les pères considèrent la violence physique sévère vécue dans l’enfance comme méritée, plus leurs enfants vivent de la violence psychologique. Enfin, les enfants des pères qui considèrent la violence subie comme parfois méritée vivent moins de violence physique mineure que ceux des pères qui la considèrent comme souvent ou très souvent méritée. Les implications pour la recherche et la pratique sont discutées. / Intergenerational patterns of violence against children and perceptions of childhood abuse have not been studied a lot among general population or fathers. The objective of the present study is to determine the link between frequencies of childhood severe physical violence and its perceived legitimacy (first), and minor physical and psychological violence against children in actual family (second) in a sample of 204 fathers from Quebec. Results indicate a significant link between frequencies of childhood severe physical violence and its perceived legitimacy, and violence against children in actual family. Fathers who have often or very often lived childhood severe physical violence have children who suffer more psychological violence than fathers who have lived it sometimes. The more fathers think that childhood violence was deserved, the more their children suffer psychological violence. Finally, children of fathers who think that childhood severe physical violence was sometimes deserved suffer less minor physical violence than those of fathers who think that it was often or very often deserved. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The English novelist, Doris Lessing elucidates the rigidity of a society, which is based upon patriarchy, in her novels, The Fifth Child and Ben in the World. This essay illustrates the causes and the effects of a patriarchal system in the light of feminist ideology supported by Freud’s theories about the acquisition of gender roles. The analysis in this essay of patriarchy and masculinity shows that the novels’ societies as a whole, as well as their criminal subcultures are upheld by people who hold prejudice against others, who do not fit in society’s normal structures, believe in authoritarian social systems and prefer rational solutions to decisions for reasons of conscience. Lessing depicts the complexity of the social relations between characters of different social classes and their relations to society’s institutions. Her unprejudiced penetration into the minds of society’s marginalized people and into the minds of those who represent the oppressive established society illuminates different sides of patriarchy. Lessing gives us to understand that it is extremely difficult, from a moral point of view, to distinguish the established society from its criminal subcultures or society’s oppressors from its victims. Society’s accepted gender roles in the patriarchal system are often ironically described in these novels, certainly with the aim of making us question normative manners, habits and attitudes.

Background Under five years of age child mortality rates and the violence against women are prevalent in Rwanda. The violence is known to negatively affect the women’s and their children’s health. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal experience of lifetime intimate partner violence and symptoms of common illnesses (fever, diarrhea, cough, breathing problems) among the children under five years of age in Rwanda. Methods The study was a cross-sectional, based on the data of 2019 –20 Rwanda’s Demographic Health Survey, including 1,290 women and their children. To examine the association between physical, sexual and psychological intimate partner violence and the symptoms of common illnesses, bivariate analysis was performed, followed by logistic regression, where models were adjusted for potential confounders. Results Among the mothers, 36% had experienced physical, 14.7% sexual, and 33.7% psychological intimate partner violence. Around 43% of their children had had symptoms of common illnesses within two weeks before the data collection. In adjusted regression analysis, the experience of physical (OR 1.79, CI 1.41 – 2.27), sexual (OR 1.68, CI 1.22 – 2.30) and psychological intimate partner violence (OR 2.08, CI 1.63 – 2.65) were significantly associated with symptoms of common illnesses among children under five years of age. Conclusion This study showed that maternal experience of lifetime intimate partner violence increases the likelihood of their young children having symptoms of common illnesses in Rwanda. The finding suggests the importance of investing in strategies against intimate partner violence to lower the mortality rates of children within the country.

The purpose of the study has been to, through a qualitative interview create an understanding of abused women and their experience of psychological violence, how it has affected their emotional experiences and mental health and how relationships with people outside the relationship have been affected. Four female participants were interviewed where they shared their experiences and opinions of living with psychological violence in a close relationship based on the following questions: How do women feel that their emotions and health are affected by being exposed to psychological violence? How have abused women's relationships with people outside the relationship been affected? The study is based on previous research that deals with abused women's emotions, mental health, and social relationships as well as sociological theories. The theories used are Thomas Scheff's social bond and shame theory, Susan Scott's theory of role-playing and guilt, Erving Goffman's theory of prominence and facade, and Catherine Haslam, Alexander Haslam and Jolanda Jetten's theory of social ties and mental illness. The results show that the informants experienced strong feelings of guilt and shame, as their everyday lives were marked by violations, guilt, and manipulation. Women's social relationships with those around them were affected due to controlling behaviors or feelings of shame. All informants became ill in mental illness, where eating disorders were most common. / Syftet med studien har varit att genom en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning skapa förståelse hur våldsutsatta kvinnor upplever att psykiskt våld i en parrelation påverkat deras emotionella upplevelser och psykiska hälsa samt hur relationer till personer utanför parrelationen påverkas. Fyra kvinnliga deltagare har intervjuats där dem delat med sig av sina upplevelser och erfarenheter av att leva med psykiskt våld i nära relation utifrån följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever kvinnor att deras emotioner och hälsa påverkats av att utsättas för psykiskt våld? Hur har våldsutsatta kvinnors relationer till personer utanför parrelationen påverkats? Studien baseras på tidigare forskning som behandlar våldsutsatta kvinnors emotioner, psykiska hälsa och sociala relationer samt sociologiska teorier. Teorierna som används är Thomas Scheff sociala band och skam teori, Susan Shotts teori om rolltagande och skuld, Erving Goffmans teori om framträdande och fasad, samt Catherine Haslam, Alexander Haslam och Jolanda Jettens teori om sociala band och psykisk ohälsa. Resultatet visar att informanterna upplevde starka känslor av skuld och skam, då deras vardag präglades av kränkningar, skuldbeläggning och manipulation. Kvinnornas sociala relationer till sin omgivning påverkades på grund av kontrollerande beteenden eller känslor av skam. Samtliga informanter blev sjuka i psykisk ohälsa, där ätstörning var mest förekommande.

[pt] A violência psicológica é uma forma de violência contra mulher que pode ser definida como causar dano emocional à mulher que a prejudique e perturbe seu pleno desenvolvimento ou que vise a degradar ou a controlar suas ações, comportamentos, crenças e decisões, mediante ameaça, constrangimento, humilhação, manipulação, isolamento, chantagem, ridicularização, limitação do direito de ir e vir ou qualquer outro meio que cause prejuízo à sua saúde psicológica e autodeterminação (Lei Federal número 14.188, 2021 Art. 147- B). Este trabalho é uma reunião de artigos científicos cujo objetivo principal é compreender os fatores preventivos (de risco e de proteção) que envolvem a violência contra a mulher; compreender, descrever a violência psicológica contra a mulher (o fenômeno e o seu conceito), a sua presença ou ausência na literatura, e suas possíveis consequências. Para além disso, buscou-se articular e deixar um caminho preparado para a possibilidade de um agir para além da denúncia do sistema dominante e algumas ideias do que fazer diante disso e de pensar que elementos podem ser colocados para que políticas públicas possam ser desenvolvidas com vista a minimizar o problema da VPCM. Por meio da metodologia da revisão teórica, da revisão sistemática de literatura e da revisão narrativa, foram elaborados 3 artigos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de maior destaque para a violência psicológica e os fatores envolvidos na mesma, assim como apontam a necessidade de um maior investimento e reavaliação do papel dela no fenômeno da violência contra mulher. / [en] Psychological violence is a form of violence against women that can be defined as causing emotional harm to a woman that harms her and disrupts herfull development or that aims to degrade or control her actions, behaviors, beliefsand decisions, through threat, embarrassment , humiliation, manipulation,isolation, blackmail, ridicule, limitation of the right to come and go or any other means that causes harm to their psychological health and self-determination(Federal Law number 14,188, 2021 Art. 147- B). This work is a collection of scientific articles whose main objective is to understand the preventive factors (risk and protection) that involve violence against women; understand, describe psychological violence against women (the phenomenon and its concept), its presence or absence in the literature, and its possible consequences. Furthermore, we sought to articulate and leave a path prepared for the possibility of acting beyond the denunciation of the dominant system and some ideas of what to do in the face of this and to think about what elements can be put in place so that public policies can be developed with a view to minimizing the problem of VPCM.Through the methodology of theoretical review, systematic literature review and narrative review, 3 articles were prepared. The research results point to the need for greater emphasis on psychological violence and the factors involved in it, as well as the need for greater investment and reassessment of its role in the phenomenon of violence against women.

The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding about the nature of psychological violence in heterosexual relationships. The study's method consists of a qualitative research approach where the data source consists of six autobiographies. A thematic, theory-driven, text analysis of the autobiographies has been made, where the gender power perspective is used as a theoretical grid. The thematic text analysis has generated four main themes with two or three sub-themes. The study contributes to an increased understanding of the factors that determine why women stay in destructive relationships and provides an insight into the vulnerability of women in a patriarchal society. The results of the study highlight that men's acts of violence is a strategy to gain a superior position over women. In addition, it is noted that psychological violence is expressed in different ways and what contributes to the violence becoming invisible to women. The study also shows that the nature of psychological violence enables a power imbalance between the parties, where women adapt their behavior and men's violence against them escalates. Finally, it is noted that there are internal and external factors that determine why women stay in violent relationships, as well as the psychosocial consequences of the violence. / Studiens syfte är att få en fördjupad förståelse för det psykiska våldets karaktär i heterosexuella parrelationer. Studiens metod utgörs av en kvalitativ forskningsansats där datakällan består av sex självbiografier. En tematisk, empiridriven, textanalys av självbiografierna har gjorts, där könsmaktsperspektivet används som ett teoretiskt raster. Den tematiska textanalysen har genererat fyra huvudteman med två till tre underteman. Studien bidrar till att öka förståelsen för vilka faktorer som är avgörande för att kvinnor stannar i destruktiva relationer och dessutom ge en inblick i kvinnors utsatthet i ett patriarkalt samhälle. Studiens resultat lyfter att männens våldshandlingar är en strategi för att få en överordnad position gentemot kvinnorna. Dessutom uppmärksammas att psykiskt våld uttrycks på olika sätt och framför de faktorer som bidrar till att våldet blir osynligt för kvinnorna. Studien visar även att det psykiska våldets karaktär möjliggör en maktobalans mellan parterna, där kvinnorna anpassar sina beteenden gentemot männen och att våldet gentemot kvinnorna eskalerar. Slutligen uppmärksammas att det finns inre och yttre faktorer som är avgörande för att kvinnor stannar i våldsamma relationer, samt vilka psykosociala konsekvenser våldet ger.

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers’ experiences of power relations as psychological violence and the impact it has on their health. This study, using a qualitative approach, thus investigates the association between power relations and the dimensions thereof and how it manifests as psychological violence. In turn, it may have detrimental effects on the health of the teacher and the whole teaching-learning process. Based on the findings, recommendations for this - and future research - are proposed. Open-ended phenomenological interviews were used to collecct the qaulitative data. Eleven participants indicated their willingness to be individually interviewed for the study. The qualitative findings indicated that teachers experience power relations as psychological violence, it is experienced severely and emanates mostly from colleagues in management positions. The most prevalent and severe forms of power relations as psychological violence as experienced by teachers include being subjected to power abuse from principals; being subjected to autocratic management styles and management’s power abuse through the abdication of responsibility. The most severe physical health consequenses as experienced by teachers include feeling tired and experiencing physical ill health. It further emerged that the most severe phychological health consequenses were experienced in the form of feelings of helplessness and feeling emotional or wanting to cry. Teachers’ lack of work productivity and motivation were the most severe behavioural consequense because of the experience of power abuse as psychological violence. Teachers’ personal and family relations and teachers withdrawing socially were the most evident social consequense due to negative experiences. The findings from the study indicated that teachers experience power relations as psychological violence in various forms and that it is highly prevalent. The research results have shown that teachers identified many dimensions of power relations, such as management styles, the perception or experience of someone’s power or “weak point”, possessing no power or status, female teachers being treated in a subordinate manner and racial or cultural differences of others as a contributer to abuse power in relationships at school. This study contributes towards the power relations and psychological violence literature in general and in particular, teachers’ experiences in South Africa. In the light of the findings the study recommends that teacher support programmes should be put in place in order to address the experience of power relations as psychological violence. It further recommends that teachers and students studying to become teachers should be provided with information about power relations as psychological violence to create awareness. / Thesis (MEd (Educational Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers’ experiences of power relations as psychological violence and the impact it has on their health. This study, using a qualitative approach, thus investigates the association between power relations and the dimensions thereof and how it manifests as psychological violence. In turn, it may have detrimental effects on the health of the teacher and the whole teaching-learning process. Based on the findings, recommendations for this - and future research - are proposed. Open-ended phenomenological interviews were used to collecct the qaulitative data. Eleven participants indicated their willingness to be individually interviewed for the study. The qualitative findings indicated that teachers experience power relations as psychological violence, it is experienced severely and emanates mostly from colleagues in management positions. The most prevalent and severe forms of power relations as psychological violence as experienced by teachers include being subjected to power abuse from principals; being subjected to autocratic management styles and management’s power abuse through the abdication of responsibility. The most severe physical health consequenses as experienced by teachers include feeling tired and experiencing physical ill health. It further emerged that the most severe phychological health consequenses were experienced in the form of feelings of helplessness and feeling emotional or wanting to cry. Teachers’ lack of work productivity and motivation were the most severe behavioural consequense because of the experience of power abuse as psychological violence. Teachers’ personal and family relations and teachers withdrawing socially were the most evident social consequense due to negative experiences. The findings from the study indicated that teachers experience power relations as psychological violence in various forms and that it is highly prevalent. The research results have shown that teachers identified many dimensions of power relations, such as management styles, the perception or experience of someone’s power or “weak point”, possessing no power or status, female teachers being treated in a subordinate manner and racial or cultural differences of others as a contributer to abuse power in relationships at school. This study contributes towards the power relations and psychological violence literature in general and in particular, teachers’ experiences in South Africa. In the light of the findings the study recommends that teacher support programmes should be put in place in order to address the experience of power relations as psychological violence. It further recommends that teachers and students studying to become teachers should be provided with information about power relations as psychological violence to create awareness. / Thesis (MEd (Educational Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

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