PTEN é um gene supressor de tumor, que resulta na proteína citoplasmática de mesmo nome, e possui a capacidade de modular a apoptose e o ciclo celular, assim como de inibir a migração celular. Por outro lado, o oncogene Akt promove a sobrevida celular e impede a apoptose. A ativação de Akt é inversamente relacionada com a ausência de PTEN em uma variedade de neoplasias malignas. Neste estudo, linhagens celulares derivadas de carcinoma epidermóide bucal (HN6, HN30, HN31 e uma linhagem de células controle, HaCat) foram submetidas ao método de invasão in vitro e clones celulares altamente invasivos foram isolados. Através das técnicas de imunofluorescência e Western blot foi verificada a expressão de ambas as proteínas nos novos clones (denominados HN6.1, HN30.1, HN31.1 e HaCat.1) e comparada às linhagens controle. A técnica da zimografia também foi realizada, desde que várias metaloproteinases (MMPs) têm demonstrado possuir papel importante no processo de invasão e metástase dos CEB. Nossos resultados revelaram que todas as linhagens celulares e seus respectivos clones invasivos mostraram marcação citoplasmática e nuclear para PTEN e pAkt, respectivamente. A exceção foi a HaCat.1 que apresentou marcação predominantemente citoplasmática para pAkt. A análise do Western blot revelou que os clones invasivos expressam menor quantidade de PTEN, não significantes estatisticamente. Essa diminuição foi expressiva somente na linhagem HaCat.1 (p<0.05). Em relação ao pAkt, foi observado uma discreta superexpressão dessa proteína nas linhagens invasivas de CEB. Contrariamente, a linhagem HaCat.1 sofreu uma significante diminuição de pAkt (p<0,05). Finalmente, a zimografia mostrou um discreto aumento de MMP-2 latente e/ou um significante aumento de MMP-9 ativa em todos os clo nes invasivos. Nossos resultados sugerem que não há uma relação inversa consistente e significativa entre as proteínas PTEN e Akt no processo de invasão in vitro com células derivadas de CEB. Não há somente um padrão de sinalização PTEN-PI3K-Akt no processo de carcinogênese desta neoplasia. A linhagem celular HaCat.1 se comportou diferente das linhagens derivadas de CEB e provavelmente sofreu diferenciação. Um aumento estatisticamente significante de secreção de MMP-9 ativa foi observado em 2 das 3 linhagens de CEB estudadas / PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a dual phosphates protein capable to modulate apoptosis and cell cycle and prevent cellular migration. On the other hand, Akt oncogene promotes both cell cycle progression and inhibits apoptosis. Akt activation is inversely correlated with PTEN lost in a variety of cancers. In this study, highly invasive clones of OSCC cell lines (HN6, HN30, HN31 and a control cell line, HaCat) were isolated using an in vitro assay method. The expression of both proteins in these cells was compared by immunofluorescence and western blot technique. The metalloproteinase activation was analyzed by gelatin zimography, since several MMPs have been shown to play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of OSCC. All OSCC cell lines and its new clones showed cytoplasmatic and nuclear staining for PTEN and pAkt, respectively. The western blot analysis revealed no significant decrease of PTEN expression in the most invasive clones (named HN6.1, HN30.1 and HN31.1). Only HaCat.1 had a significant decrease (p<0,05). However, there was no significant increase of Akt in the invasiveness clones and oppositely the expression of Akt was strongly reduced (p<0,05) in the HaCat.1. Finally, the zimography showed a discrete increase of inactive MMP-2 and/or a significant increase of active MMP-9 in all the most invasive cell lines. In conclusion, no correlation was seen between PTEN and pAkt in the process of invasion in vitro. There is not only a linear PTEN-PI3K-Akt pathway in OSCC. The HaCat.1 had a different behavior in relation to OSCC cell lines and probably allowed cellular differentiation. In addition, a significant increase of active MMP-9 was seen in 2 of 3 lines of cells derived from OSCC

Les micro-ARNs (miRNAs) sont des ARNs de 20-22 nucléotides, transcrits à partir du génome, dont la fonction est de réguler l’expression génique en s’appariant à des ARNm cibles, inhibant ainsi leur traduction et/ou entrainant leur dégradation. Dans les cancers, l’expression des miRNAs est fortement dérégulée. Une majorité de miRNAs est diminuée dans les tissus tumoraux par rapport aux tissus normaux, et un lien causal a été décrit entre inhibition globale des miRNAs et tumorigenèse. Par ailleurs, des miRNAs agissant comme des suppresseurs de tumeurs et d’autres comme des oncogènes ont été décrits. Dans ce contexte impliquant de plus en plus les miRNAs dans les pathologies néoplasiques, l’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier le rôle de la voie miRNA dans la biologie des cellules tumorales. Afin d’identifier des cellules tumorales dépendant de miRNAs oncogènes endogènes pour survivre ou proliférer, nous avons développé une stratégie d’inhibition globale de la biogenèse des miRNAs en ciblant Drosha ou DGCR8, les deux composants du microprocesseur, complexe nucléaire de maturation des miRNAs. Cette stratégie nous a permis d’identifier des lignées cellulaires tumorales dans lesquelles l’inhibition du microprocesseur conduit à un phénotype d’arrêt de prolifération durable. Nous avons mis à profit cette dépendance à la voie miRNA pour réaliser un crible positif de complémentation du défaut de prolifération observé grâce à l’expression de miRNAs individuels. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence des miRNAs capables de soutenir individuellement la prolifération de ces cellules tumorales. Cette stratégie nous a également permis de montrer des différences fonctionnelles entre miRNAs homologues ou de la même famille. La recherche des cibles régulées par ces miRNAs nous a permis d’élaborer des hypothèses concernant les cibles potentiellement impliquées dans le phénotype observé. Nous avons ainsi démontré la participation du suppresseur de tumeur PTEN à l’arrêt de prolifération induit par l’inhibition du microprocesseur. La stratégie d’inhibition globale de la voie miRNA suivie d’une complémentation phénotypique par des miRNAs individuels permet de s’affranchir de la grande redondance de séquence et de fonction des miRNAs et devrait pouvoir s’appliquer d’une manière plus générale à l’étude d’autres processus régulés par les miRNAs. / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-22 nucleotides RNAs, transcribed from the genome, which regulate gene expression by base-pairing to target mRNAs, thus inhibiting their translation and/or leading to their degradation. In cancers, miRNAs expression is strongly deregulated. A majority of miRNAs is diminished in tumoral tissues compared to normal tissues, and a causal link has been established between global inhibition of the miRNA pathway and tumorigenesis. In addition, miRNAs acting like tumor suppressors or oncogenes have been described. In this context of growing evidences implicating miRNAs in neoplasic diseases, this work aimed to investigate the role played by miRNA pathway in the biology of tumoral cells. In order to identify tumoral cells depending on endogenous oncogenic miRNAs to proliferate or survive, we developed a strategy of global inhibition of miRNAs biogenesis by targeting Drosha or DGCR8, the two components of the “microprocessor”, the nuclear miRNA maturation complex. This strategy allowed us to identify tumoral cell lines in which microprocessor inhibition led to a sustained growth arrest. We took advantage of this miRNA pathway dependency to screen for individual miRNAs able to complement the observed growth defect. This complementation screen allowed us to identify individual miRNAs able to sustain growth in those tumoral cells. This strategy also highlighted functional differences between homologous miRNAs or between miRNAs from the same family. The search for targets regulated by those miRNAs allowed us to develop hypothesis concerning the potential targets involved in the observed phenotype. By using this approach, we demonstrated that the tumor suppressor PTEN was involved in the growth arrest induced by microprocessor inhibition. The strategy of global miRNA pathway inhibition followed by phenotypic complementation by individual miRNAs allows overcoming the high sequence and function redundancy of miRNAs. We thus think it could be applied more generally to the study of other cellular processes regulated by miRNAs.

No description available.

Der PTEN/PI3K/AKT-Signalweg spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Regulation von Proliferation, Migration und Apoptose. Mäuse mit Defekten innerhalb dieses Signalweges weisen multiple Veränderungen in B- und T-Zell- Homöostase auf, welche zu Thymushyperplasie, Lymphadenopathie, Auto- immunität und Lymphomen führen können. Die Entwicklung und der Erhalt von Foxp3+ regulatorischen T-Zellen ist vom PTEN/PI3K/AKT-Signalweg abhängig. Die immunologischen Konsequenzen von PTEN-Defekten beim Menschen sind bisher nicht verstanden. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache wurden sechs Patienten mit PTEN-Hamartom-Tumor-Syndrom auf immunologische Veränderungen unter- sucht. Die gefundenen Dysregulationen beinhalteten Thymushyperplasie, Tonsillenhypertrophie und ausgedehnte lymphoide Hyperplasien des oberen und unteren Gastrointestinaltraktes. Eine erhöhte Anzahl von naiven Lymphozyten zirkuliert im peripheren Blut und akkumuliert in lymphoiden Organen. Intestinale lymphoide Hyperplasien waren mit einer gesteigerten Phosphorylierung von AKT assoziiert, zeigten jedoch normale Proliferation in T-Zell-Zonen sowie eine normale Verteilung CD3+Foxp3+ T-Zellen. Foxp3+ T-Zellen zeigten jedoch eine gesteigerte Proliferation und Aktivierung des mTORC1-Pfades in situ, was auf einen Schwelleneffekt für PTEN-Aktivität hinweisen könnte. Auffällig war eine reduzierte Apoptose bei gleichzeitig gesteigerter Proliferation und erhöhter mTOR- Aktivität bei CD20+CD10+ B-Zellen des Keimzentrums. Diese Daten zeigen, dass ein Verlust von PTEN-Aktivität auch beim Menschen mit Defekten in B- und T-Zell- Homöostase assoziiert ist. Dies führt zur Akkumulation von Lymphozyten und intestinaler lymphoider Hyperplasie bei weitgehend erhaltener Immunkompetenz.

O Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) é o tipo de tumor cerebral maligno com maior incidência na população. A perda do gene PTEN (fosfatase e tensina homóloga) é uma alteração comum associada ao GBM (até 60%) e esse gene codifica uma enzima que antagoniza a ação de PI3K, inibindo a fosforilação de AKT e, desse modo, regulando vias de sinalização relativas à sobrevivência celular e proliferação. Mutações em PTEN têm sido associadas à instabilidade genômica e ao aumento no número de quebras de fita dupla, além de serem relacionadas também à redução da expressão de RAD51, a qual é uma proteína-chave da via de reparo por recombinação homóloga (HR). Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o status de PTEN interfere na expressão de RAD51 e proteínas parálogas (RAD51C e RAD51B) e, consequentemente, se PTEN é capaz de influenciar a eficiência de HR. Com o objetivo de induzir a formação de quebras de fita duplas (DSBs) no DNA, as células foram tratadas com a droga antitumoral etoposídeo, que produz quebras no DNA, principalmente duplas (DSBs). Duas linhagens de GBM com status diferentes de PTEN foram utilizadas: T98G (PTEN mutado) e LN18 (PTEN tipo selvagem). As células de GBM foram tratadas com etoposídeo em diferentes experimentos ou ensaios: proliferação celular, quantificação da necrose e apoptose, cinética do ciclo celular, imunofluorescência da proteína ?- H2AX, quantificação dos níveis de expressão de RAD51 e parálogas e o silenciamento de PTEN na linhagem LN18. Os resultados mostraram que a linhagem LN18 foi mais sensível à droga nos tempos iniciais (24 e 72 h) (até 61,2% de redução), em comparação com a T98G (até 12,3% de redução); no tempo mais tardio de análise (120 h), ambas as linhagens sofreram redução acentuadana proliferação. Adicionalmente, a LN18 exibiu maior porcentagem de células apoptóticas e necróticas, em comparação com a linhagem T98G, nos tempos de24, 72 e 120 horas após o tratamento. O ensaio de imunofluorescência revelou maior indução de células positivas para ?-H2AX na linhagem LN18 em relação à T98G (p =<0,001), após tratamento com etoposídeo (50 e 75 ?M). Nessas concentrações, a análise da cinética do ciclo celular mostrou um bloqueio na fase G2 em ambas as linhagens (p<0,01) nos tempos analisados (24, 48 e 72h), mas apenas a linhagem LN18 revelou bloqueio na fase S. A expressão de RAD51, RAD51B e C foi mais elevada em LN18 em comparação com a T98G e U87MG, nas células tratados (75?M) e controles. PTEN foi silenciado (siRNA-PTEN) na linhagem LN18 para verificar se a redução da expressão desse gene reduziria também a expressão de RAD51 e parálogas. Após 72 horas de silenciamento, com 69,9% de inibição de PTEN, a expressão de RAD51 e RAD51C também se mostrou reduzida em relação ao grupo controle. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que o status de PTEN é crucial para as vias de sobrevivência, controle do ciclo celular e indução de apoptose nas células de GBM, indicando a relação entre PTEN e RAD51 e parálogas nas células de GBM tratadas com um indutor de quebras no DNA. Adicionalmente, outras ferramentas de estudo são requeridas para investigar as vias moleculares e possíveis interações e complexos proteicos envolvendo a participação de PTEN e RAD51 e suas proteínas parálogas / Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. Loss of PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) gene is the most frequent alteration associated with GBM and encodes a phosphatase enzyme that antagonizes the PI3K, by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation thereby regulating signaling pathways related to cell survival and proliferation. PTEN deficiency has been associated with genomic instability and increased endogenous DSBs, as well as reduced expression of RAD51, which is a key gene with crucial role in HR. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the PTEN status in GBM cell lines can affect RAD51 expression and HR efficiency under conditions of treatment with the antineoplastic drug etoposide, which targets the DNA topoisomerase II enzyme, thus leading to the production of DNA breaks. T98G (PTEN mutated) and LN18 (PTEN wild-type) cells were treated with etoposide, and several assays were carried out: cell proliferation, detection and quantification of necrosis and apoptosis, cell cycle kinetics, immunofluorescence staining, RAD51 (and paralogs) protein expression, and PTEN silencing in LN18 cell line, by using the siRNA method. LN18 cells showed a greater reduction in cell proliferation, compared to T98G after treatments (25, 50, 75 e 100 µM) at 24, 72 and 120h. Both cell lines showed a significant increase (p=<0.001) in cell death induction, but LN18 presented a greater percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells than T98G (24, 72 and 120h). The induction of DSB was analyzed by immunostaining (with ?-H2AX antibody), and for the concentrations (50 and 75 µM) tested, LN18 showed higher levels of ?-H2AX positive cells than that observed for T98G (p=<0.001). The analysis of cell cycle kinetics performed for cells treated with etoposide (50 and 75 µM) and collected at 24, 48 and 72h, LN18 presented a greater G2-blockage, as compared to T98G; only LN18 showed a blockage at the S-phase. The expression of RAD51, RAD51B and C was higher in LN18 compared to T98G and U87MG cells treated with etoposide (75 µM) and controls. When we silenced PTEN in LN18 linage, to check if PTEN silencing may reduce the expression of RAD51 and its paralogs, we found a 69.9% reduction in PTEN protein expressions, and the expression of RAD51 and RAD51C was also found reduced, compared to the control group. Taken together, the results obtained in this study indicate that the status of PTEN is critical for survival pathways, cell cycle control and induction of apoptosis in GBM cells, confirming the relationship between PTEN and RAD51 and its paralogs in GBM cells treated with an inducer of DNA breaks. These results contribute with relevant information for further studies on molecular pathways underlying the interaction between PTEN and RAD51 and its paralogs

Orientador: José Andres Yunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:50:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jotta_PatriciaYoshioka_D.pdf: 8922035 bytes, checksum: 3734371a320410ba431d6e6ce6579e55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) é o câncer mais frequente na infância, e destas, 15% são do tipo T (LLA-T). A hiperativação da via PI3K/Akt tem sido amplamente descrita em tumores e em linhagens celulares de LLA-T. PTEN é o principal regulador negativo dessa via e frequentemente encontra-se inativado em cânceres humanos. Com frequência, pacientes com LLA-T apresentam mutações ativadoras de NOTCH1. NOTCH1 pode regular transcricionalmente PTEN, contudo ainda não está claro como as mutações ativadoras de NOTCH1 influenciariam a expressão de PTEN nas LLA-T. Nós encontramos uma ocorrência de 11 (17,7%) mutações no éxon 7 do PTEN em 62 casos de LLA-T estudados consecutivamente. Contudo, nenhuma mutação foi encontrada na análise de 71 casos de LLA-B derivada. A maioria das mutações de PTEN apresentavam inserções/deleções de mais de 3 nucleotídeos. Não encontramos associação entre mutações em PTEN e o gênero, a idade e a contagem de glóbulos brancos ao diagnóstico. Pacientes com alterações no PTEN apresentaram uma tendência a pior sobrevida global (OS, p=0.07). Dentre os pacientes de LLA-T classificados como alto risco (n=56), aqueles possuindo anormalidades no PTEN mostraram-se associados significativamente a menor OS (p=0.019) e sobrevida livre de leucemia (LFS 47% vs 76%; p=0.045). As curvas de LFS foram significativamente diferentes (p=0.003), mesmo considerando apenas pacientes que atingiram a remissão no dia 28 do tratamento para a análise. Nosso estudo também mostrou que pacientes com mutações em NOTCH1 apresentavam aumento na transcrição de MYC e menor expressão de PTEN mRNA comparados a pacientes com NOTCH1 selvagem. Nós recentemente demonstramos que células de LLA-T apresentavam fosforilação de PTEN mediada por CK2, resultando na estabilização e consequentemente inativação da proteína PTEN. Corroborando ao estudo anterior, os casos de LLA-T analisados, independente do status de mutação em NOTCH1, expressam níveis significativamente mais altos de proteína PTEN do que controles normais. Para avaliar o impacto da regulação transcricional de NOTCH e a inativação postranscricional por CK2 de PTEN, nós tratamos as células de LLA-T com inibidores de gamma-secretase (DAPT e de CK2 (DRB/TBB). Nosso estudo enfatiza a relevância biológica e clínica da regulação do PTEN em LLA-T. E sugerimos o uso combinado de inibidores de gamma-secretase e CK2 devem possuir potencial terapêutico nas LLA-T / Abstract: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for approximately 15% of pediatric ALL. Patients with T-ALL are at increased risk of relapse compared with children treated for B-cell precursor ALL. Mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene leading to PTEN protein deletion and subsequent activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are common in cancer. PTEN is the main negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt survival pathway. T-ALL patients frequently display NOTCH1 activating mutations and Notch can transcriptionally down-regulate the tumor suppressor PTEN. However, it is not clear whether NOTCH1 mutations associate with decreased PTEN expression in primary T-ALL. We report that PTEN exon 7 mutations occurred in 11 (17.7%) out of 62 consecutive pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) but in none of 71 precursor B-ALL patients. Most PTEN mutations were insertions/deletions of more than 3 nucleotides. No associations were found between PTEN mutation and age, gender, WBC at diagnosis, early response to therapy and remission rate. Patients with PTEN mutation (n=11) had a tendency toward worse overall survival (OS, p=0.07). Remarkably, PTEN mutations were significantly associated with lower OS (p=0.019) and leukemia-free survival (LFS 47% vs 76%, p=0.045) within patients classified in the high risk group (n=56). LFS curves were significantly different (p=0.003) even if only patients who reached remission on day 28 were considered for analysis. We compared patients with or without NOTCH1mutations and report that the former presented higher MYC transcript levels and decreased PTEN mRNA expression. We recently showed that T-ALL cells frequently display CK2-mediated PTEN phosphorylation, resulting in PTEN protein stabilization and concomitant functional inactivation. Accordingly, the T-ALL samples analyzed, irrespectively of their NOTCH1 mutational status, expressed significantly higher PTEN protein levels than normal controls. To evaluate the integrated functional impact of NOTCH transcriptional and CK2 post-translational inactivation of PTEN, we treated TALL cells with both the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT and the CK2 inhibitors DRB/TBB. Our data suggest that combined use of gamma-secretase and CK2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in T-ALL. And emphasize the biological and clinical relevance of PTEN regulation in pediatric T-ALL / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the tyrosine amino-acids in proteins play an important role in the regulation of many cellular processes in all eukariotic organisms, including the regulation of cell cycle control, growth control, cellular differentiation and gene and synaptic transmission. The involvement of the phosphatase genes in human carcinogenesis was long-suspected, but PTEN is the first important phosphatase gene proven to be a true tumour suppressor. The basic function of normal PTEN is the dephosphorylation of the kinases and inhibition of the integrin and growth factor mediated kinase signalling pathways. The central hypothesis of this study is that PTEN plays an important role in tumours of the upper female genital tract. The involvement of aberrations in the coding regions of this gene was studied in specific gynaecologic tumours and tissues using polymerase chain reaction based mutation analysis. The research model was to study both the malignant tumour and the closest available pre-malignant or benign counterpart to demonstrate different levels of involvement of PTEN in the evolving steps. The PTEN gene was found to be intimately involved in endometrial carcinogenesis. Involvement was demonstrated in hyperplasia and was common in endometroid carcinoma (54%). Pathogenic PTEN mutations were much more common in cancer than in hyperplasia (10%). Multiple mutations were found in some late stage tumours, suggesting that the already malignant tumour cells accumulate more genetic mutations over time. All tumours with more than one pathogenic mutation occurred in African patients. The latter twofindings are unique to the current study. Selective involvement of the PTEN gene was demonstrated in uterine soft tissue tumours. PTEN involvement was neither found in benign soft tissue tumours nor significantly in leiomyosarcoma or endometrial stromal sarcoma. However, PTEN plays a significant role in uterine carcinosarcoma (13%) and specifically in tumours with an endometroid epithelial component, where mutations were found in 17%. This finding is a highly significant and unique research result which supports the hypothesis of the endometrial origin of these tumours. It also supports the observation of a strong link between this gene and endometroid differentiation, with morphology strongly linked to cellular genetics. PTEN gene mutation was demonstrated in ovarian endometroid carcinoma in ~29% of cases investigated. This finding confirms PTEN involvement in carcinogenesis in this tumour type. The finding suggests that PTEN involvement is linked to endometroid epithelial morphology. We could not sufficiently test the involvement of the gene in benign or pre-malignant ovarian endometroid lesions and thus cannot comment on the chronology of mutations in this tissue type. When all tumour types were included, there was a tendency towards a lower frequency ofPTEN mutations in African women. PTEN mutations correlated with endometroid histology. In combination, these results confirm the racial disparity in tumour type distribution or morphology. In summary this study demonstrated significant though highly selective PTEN gene involvement and a strong and interesting association between genotype and histological phenotype was confirmed. The findings enhance our understanding of carcinogenesis and should lead to translational research into new anti-neoplastic drugs. AFRIKAANS: Fosforilering en defosforilering van die tirosien aminosure in proteine speel ‘n belangrike rol in die regulering van sellulêre prosesse in alle eukariotiese organismes. Dit sluit die regulering van selsikluskontrole, groeikontrole, sellulêre differensiasie sowel as genetiese en sinaptiese oordrag in. Dit word lank reeds gespekuleer dat die fosfatase-gene betrokke is in menslike karsinogenese, maar die PTEN geen is die eerste fosfatase geen wat bewys word om ‘n ware tumoronderdrukker geen te wees. As basiese funksie defosforileer normale PTEN die kinases en inhibeer dit die kinase sinjaal kontrolepaaie wat deur integrien en groeifaktor beheer word. Die sentrale hipotese van hierdie studie is dat PTEN ‘n belangrike rol speel in tumore van die boonste genitale traktus. Die frekwensie van abnormaliteite in die koderingsareas van hierdie geen is bestudeer in spesifieke ginekologiese tumore en weefsels met die gebruik van polimerase kettingreaksie gebaseerde mutasie-analise. Die maligne tumore sowel as die mees verwante pre-maligne of benigne weefsel- of tumortipes wat beskikbaar was, is gebruik as navorsingsmateriaal om sodoende die verskillende vlakke van PTEN betrokkenheid in die ontwikkeling van neoplasie te demonstreer.Intieme betrokkenheid van die PTEN geen is gevind in endometriële karsinogenese. PTEN mutasies is in hiperplasie gevind en dit was algemeen in endometroiede karsinoom (54%). Patogene mutasies was baie meer algemeen in kanker as in hiperplasie (10%). Veelvuldige mutasies is in sommige laat stadium tumore aangetoon, wat suggereer dat reeds maligne selle meer genetiese mutasies oor tyd verkry. Alle tumore waar meer as een patogeniese mutasie gevind is het voorgekom by swart pasiënte. Die laaste twee bevindinge is uniek tot hierdie studie.Selektiewe betrokkenheid van die PTEN geen is gevind in die ontwikkeling van sagte weefsel tumore van die uterus. PTEN mutasies is nie in benigne sagte weefsel tumore gevind nie en geen betekenisvolle betrokkenheid is in leiomiosarkome of endometriële stromale sarkome aangetoon nie. PTEN was egter betekenisvol betrokke in karsinosarkome van die uterus (13%) en veral in tumore met ‘n endometrioiede epiteelkomponent waar mutasies in 17% gevind is. Hierdie bevinding is ‘n hoogs betekenisvolle en unieke navorsingsbevinding wat die hipotese ondersteun dat hierdie tumore uit die endometrium ontstaan. Dit onderskryf ook die indruk dat ‘n sterk band bestaan tussen hierdie geen en endometroiede differensiasie, met morfologie sterk gekoppel aan sellulêre genetika.Mutasie in die PTEN geen is aangetoon in ovariële endometroiede karsinoom in ~29% van gevalle wat ondersoek is. Die bevinding bevestig PTEN betrokkenheid in karsinogenese in hierdie tumortipe. Weereens toon die resultaat dat PTEN betrokkenheid gekoppel is aan endometroiede morfologie. Die ondersoek van benign of pre-maligne letsels in hierdie orgaan was nie voldoende om kommentaar oor die tydsberekening van mutasie te kan lewer nie.Met alle tumortipes in ag genome, is daar ‘n tendens aangetoon van minder PTEN mutasies in swart vroue. PTEN mutasies korreleer met endometroiede histologie. In kombinasie bevestig hierdie resultaat ‘n rasse-diskrepansie in die distribusie van tumourtipe of morfologie. In opsomming is die bevinding van hierdie studie dat daar betekenisvolle dog hoogs selektiewe PTEN geen betrokkenheid in boonste genitale traktus tumore is. ‘n Sterk en interessante verband is bevestig tussen genotipe en histologiese fenotipe. Hierdie resultate verbeter die begrip van karsinogenese en behoort ‘n bydrae te lewer in die soeke na nuwe anti-neoplastiese middels. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / unrestricted

Der PTEN/PI3K/AKT-Signalweg spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Regulation von Proliferation, Migration und Apoptose. Mäuse mit Defekten innerhalb dieses Signalweges weisen multiple Veränderungen in B- und T-Zell- Homöostase auf, welche zu Thymushyperplasie, Lymphadenopathie, Auto- immunität und Lymphomen führen können. Die Entwicklung und der Erhalt von Foxp3+ regulatorischen T-Zellen ist vom PTEN/PI3K/AKT-Signalweg abhängig. Die immunologischen Konsequenzen von PTEN-Defekten beim Menschen sind bisher nicht verstanden. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache wurden sechs Patienten mit PTEN-Hamartom-Tumor-Syndrom auf immunologische Veränderungen unter- sucht. Die gefundenen Dysregulationen beinhalteten Thymushyperplasie, Tonsillenhypertrophie und ausgedehnte lymphoide Hyperplasien des oberen und unteren Gastrointestinaltraktes. Eine erhöhte Anzahl von naiven Lymphozyten zirkuliert im peripheren Blut und akkumuliert in lymphoiden Organen. Intestinale lymphoide Hyperplasien waren mit einer gesteigerten Phosphorylierung von AKT assoziiert, zeigten jedoch normale Proliferation in T-Zell-Zonen sowie eine normale Verteilung CD3+Foxp3+ T-Zellen. Foxp3+ T-Zellen zeigten jedoch eine gesteigerte Proliferation und Aktivierung des mTORC1-Pfades in situ, was auf einen Schwelleneffekt für PTEN-Aktivität hinweisen könnte. Auffällig war eine reduzierte Apoptose bei gleichzeitig gesteigerter Proliferation und erhöhter mTOR- Aktivität bei CD20+CD10+ B-Zellen des Keimzentrums. Diese Daten zeigen, dass ein Verlust von PTEN-Aktivität auch beim Menschen mit Defekten in B- und T-Zell- Homöostase assoziiert ist. Dies führt zur Akkumulation von Lymphozyten und intestinaler lymphoider Hyperplasie bei weitgehend erhaltener Immunkompetenz.

Pten est une protéine qui possède des activités lipides phosphatases et tyrosines phosphatases. Certaines de ses fonctions semblent être indépendantes de son activité phosphatase, mais simplement dû à ses interactions protéiques. Des mutations de Pten sont associées à plusieurs syndromes présentant des hamartomes et un risque accru de cancer tel le syndrome de Cowden. La perte d'un seul allèle de Pten entraîne la formation d'hyperplasie et de dysplasie du tractus gastro-intestinal ainsi que de nombreuses tumeurs. Cependant, les rôles de Pten exclusivement au sein de l'épithélium intestinale ne sont pas connus. Nos travaux ont révélé qu'une mutation de Pten exclusivement à l'épithélium intestinal n'est pas suffisante pour induire une tumorigénèse de l'intestin et que lorsque l'on amorce la tumorigénène avec une mutation dans la voie de Wnt, Pten n'entraîne pas d'avancement de la tumorigénène mais une exacerbation du phénotype. Dans l'épithélium intestinal, Pten se révèle être essentiel à la maturation des cellules de Paneth et des cellules caliciformes. Pten entraîne également une modification des cellules des sous populations endocriniennes de l'intestin. Ces dernières semblent être suractivées par la perte de Pten . Le métabolisme du glucose en est d'ailleurs altéré, nous constatons une absorption intestinale plus rapide du glucose avec une disparition sanguine accélérée par la perte de Pten. Nos résultats ont permis de voir que la perte de Pten au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal avait un impact sur l'expression des protéines des jonctions serrées et adhérentes et que certaines modifications des protéines de jonction sont probablement responsable des fusions et fissions des villosités intestinales. Il est probable même que cette modification soit responsable des quelques hamartomes observés dans les souris mutantes pour Pten et pour le phénotype général dés hamartomes dans les syndromes associé à la perte de Pten . Une délétion épithéliale de Pten a un impact important sur les cellules subépithéliales, entraînant une modification des populations cellulaires. Il y a également augmentation des plaques de Peyer et des facteurs associés à la formation des plaques de Peyer. En conclusion Pten , au sein de l'épithélium dans les modèles murins, est important pour la maturation et la différenciation des cellules de l'ensemble de l'intestin. La délétion de Pten influence le métabolisme du glucose dans l'organisme. Il aurait également une influence sur l'accumulation de cellules lymphocytaires dans l'intestin. Finalement, la perte de Pten n'induit pas la tumorigénèse, mais exacerbe le phénotype de celle déjà initiée.

In the last four years, seven new drugs have been FDA approved for the treatment of late stage melanoma, for the field of melanoma, this marks an incredibly exciting. Three of these new therapies, vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib are small molecule kinase inhibitors that target the MAPK pathway and as such have been approved for the treatment of BRAFV600 mutant melanomas. Yet despite recent advances, mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance continue to undermine uniform and long-lasting therapeutic responses. Several studies have shown that the reactivation of MAPK signaling is a critical event leading to BRAF inhibitor resistance. These studies lead to the evaluation and subsequent FDA approval of frontline BRAF (dabrafenib) plus MEK (trametinib) inhibitors to delay drug resistance. Though this approach has meaningful clinical benefit, there are still a number of patients who do not respond to therapy or who, through unknown mechanisms, succumb to refractory disease. In an effort to identify drivers of MAPK inhibitor resistance, several studies have relied on traditional genomics methods. While gene-based approaches have guided precision medicine, they do not address the dynamics of the global signaling changes that occur following acquired resistance. The dissertation herein will describe our efforts to fill these gaps of knowledge and will expand upon the evolution and development of our understanding of intrinsic and acquired MAPK pathway inhibitor resistance. This work will elaborate on our early understanding of single agent BRAF inhibitor resistance, the use of genomic and proteomic approaches to further elucidate these mechanisms, and evidence based approaches to delay and overcome single agent BRAF inhibitor resistance. This work will describe global phosphoproteomic and bioinformatics methodologies to elucidate the underlying processes of both single (BRAF) and dual agent (BRAF plus MEK) inhibitor resistance as well as strategies to constrain dual agent BRAF plus MEK inhibitor resistance.