[pt] Esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar o grau de sintonia, entre as visões de clientes e fornecedores, que motiva a comercialização de soluções tecnológicas, considerando os principais atributos de decisão. Por meio desse estudo espera-se contribuir para um melhor entendimento do que as empresas de médio e grande porte buscam ao adquirir soluções tecnológicas, confrontando com o que os fornecedores consideram mais relevante na oferta de suas soluções. Ao longo do trabalho, procurou-se inicialmente fazer uma abordagem sobre a tecnologia da informação (TI), conceituando-a, buscando identificar sua aplicação e cobrir a importância atual da governança de TI nas empresas. Adicionalmente, apresentou-se a importância da tecnologia da informação no mundo corporativo, explorando sua utilização nas organizações e algumas medidas utilizadas para mensurar o retorno sobre esse investimento. O aspecto comportamental também é analisado, cobrindo-se o comportamento do comprador e do vendedor corporativo, no processo de comercialização de soluções tecnológicas. Por fim, para identificar os atributos comuns que formam as visões de clientes e fornecedores, utilizou-se grupos de foco, com compradores organizacionais e fornecedores de soluções de TI. Como resultado, identificaram-se oito principais atributos: alinhamento estratégico, custo, estrutura corporativa, entendimento da necessidade do negócio, marca, referências, relacionamento e risco. Em seguida foi realizada pesquisa de campo com 99 executivos representando compradores e fornecedores. A análise multivariada dos dados (análise conjunta) permitiu a identificação das principais convergências entre os segmentos estudados, comparando as visões de clientes e fornecedores. / [en] This work aims to identify the syntony degree, among clients and vendors visions, that motivates the commercialization of technological solutions, with regard to the main decision attributes. This study hopes to contribute for a better understanding, regarding what the medium and large companies seek to, when acquiring technological solutions, confronting with what vendors consider more important, when offering their solutions. Along the work, we search initially for doing a brief approach about information technology, conceptualizing it, trying to identify its application, highlighting to follow, the current importance of governance, for adoption of the IT in companies. Additionaly it presented the information technology value in the corporative world, exploring its utilization in the organizations and treating some metrics used to measure the return over the investments. The behavioral aspect also is analyzed, covering corporative buyer and corporative salesman´s behavior, in the commercialization process of technological solutions. Finally, to identify the common attributes that form the customers and vendors visions, it used focus groups, with corporative buyers and IT solutions suppliers. Like result, they identified eight main attributes: Strategic alignment, cost, corporative structure, need understanding to business, mark, references, relationship and risk. Soon after was performed field research with 99 (ninety nine) executives representing buyers and vendors. The multivariated analysis of the data (conjoint analysis) allowed the main convergences identification among studied segments, comparing customers and suppliers visions.

The thesis concerns with online purchases. It is more focused on the analysis of the target audience in the fitness studio, a production of a web and an online systém, their price calculation, involvement of the specific SEO optimalization for the fitness field and evaluation of the attendance measured by Google Analytics. It connects tools that are nearly free of charge and so e-mailing, social media Facebook and video canal YouTube. The company should make a decision about an investment in a new online presentation according to the discovered data.

El proyecto de rediseño del sistema se ha realizado para mantener la operación activa y el flujo de medicamentos en la empresa. Si bien la farmacia o el almacén principal representa el 10% de los ingresos netos de la organización, es la principal área de apoyo para los principales servicios ofrecidos por la clínica a los clientes, ya que es responsable del suministro médico al consumidor interno y externo donde se interactúa con las actividades de la empresa. La implementación del proyecto consistió en calcular los lotes óptimos para cada línea de productos que se agruparon para un mejor tratamiento de los medicamentos: 700 artículos a 50 familias. Las líneas de productos para aquellos con características similares se definieron y se pudieron comprar a un proveedor en particular. Además, se establecieron descuentos para reducir los niveles de precios en la farmacia. En relación con el control de stock, se estableció el Plan Cíclico basado en el análisis Multicriterio ABC. Como parte del alcance del proyecto, se tomó una muestra con un nivel de confianza del 90% de la implementación del tipo de producto "A" total para aplicar durante 3 meses. En efecto, los pedidos de productos elegidos en el Plan Piloto cayeron del 80% al 12.5% de las ventas no atendidas por la falta de disponibilidad de existencias y los altos precios. Los resultados se lograron con la implementación de nuevos procedimientos de POES que involucran a los responsables de las áreas de la Clínica. / The System redesign project has been done in order to maintain active operation and flow of medicines in the company. Although Pharmacy - or main warehouse - accounts for 10% of net income in the organization, it is the main area of support for the main services offered by the clinic to the customers, because it is responsible for the medical supply to consumer internal and external interacting with the activities of the company. The implementation of the project was to calculate the optimal batch order for each product line, which were grouped for better treatment of medicines - 700 items to 50 families. Product lines for those with similar characteristics were defined and could be purchased from a particular vendor. Also, discounts were established to reduce the levels of prices in the pharmacy. In relation to stock control, counting Cyclical Plan based on analysis Multicriteria ABC was established. As part of the project scope, a sample at 90% confidence level of total product type “A” implementation to apply for 3 months was taken. In effect, orders for products chosen in the Pilot Plan fell from 80% to 12.5% of sales not served by non-availability of stock and high prices. The results were achieved with the implementation of new POES procedures involving those responsible for the areas in the Clinic. / Tesis

The aim of this master thesis is to examine how Swedish public libraries approaches purchasing potentially controversial and anti-democratic books. According to the The Swedish Library Act, libraries should work towards the development of the democratic society and act for the benefit of free speech. If that is the case, how do libraries approach non-democratic works, for example works that speculate in racism or even genocide? This have been a widely discussed topic in media the last couple of years, fuelled by two decisions by the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman (Justitieombudsmannen) that ruled that two public libraries acted wrongly in their decisions to deny purchase of a couple of controversial books that had been requested to be purchased by patrons. This study is based on five qualitative interviews of managers representing five different Swedish public libraries, supplemented by a review of the libraries steering documents. To summarize this study finds that there has been a shift over the last couple of years how public libraries approach potentially controversial books. In the past, it was more common for libraries to not carry any books considered anti-democratic or xenophobic. However, today it is very common for libraries to add these kinds of books to their collection. The only aspect a library can deny a purchase on is the “quality” of the work, not the values or opinions expressed in it. Because of the lack of a national definition of what exactly “quality” entails some libraries have worked out their own definition that they use when making decisions regarding media purchases. The representatives didn’t think that a national definition was needed and that and under the current configuration the libraries have more manoeuvrability and can apply their professional competence to a higher degree.

Stigande byggkostnader är idag ett faktum. Materialkostnaderna för ett projekt motsvarar ungefär 45 % av den totala byggkostnaden, vilket innebär att effektivare inköp av material kan leda till stora besparingar. Som ett led i detta har byggföretagen i större utsträckning satsat på att göra internationella inköp av material från utlandet. Detta examensarbete kommer att avgränsa sig mot inköp av glasfasadelement. Skanska Sverige köper idag in glasfasader från olika glasleverantörer i Europa, med detta hoppas man kunna minska sina byggkostnader. Att köpa in material från utlandet kan även föra med sig merkostnader som minskar besparingarna som görs. Syftet med examensarbetet är att lokalisera var dessa merkostnader förekommer och ge förslag på åtgärder hur dessa kan minskas. Studierna baseras på resultatet från två av Skanskas projekt där man i ena projektet använt sig av en svensk glasleverantörer och i det andra ett utländskt. Arbetet med att lokalisera merkostnaderna har utförts genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner inom företagen som varit delaktiga i projekten. Det som framgick ur intervjuresultaten var främst brister i projektering och montering av glasfasaderna som orsakats av kommunikationsbrist och missförstånd. Slutsatsen är att Skanska skulle möjligtvis kunna använda en enhet av projekt-koordinatorer som är delaktiga i arbetet vid projektering och montering med expertis inom internationella inköp samt utländsk arbetskraft. Detta skulle ge en bättre samordning av arbetet med de internationella inköpen och förhoppningsvis kunna minska merkostnaderna. / Increase in construction costs are now a fact. The material costs for a project is approximately 45% of the total construction cost. A more efficient purchase of materials can lead to big savings. As a part of this, the construction companies are now increasingly investing in international purchases of materials from abroad. This thesis will define itself in the purchases of curtain walls. Skanska Sweden is today purchasing curtain walls from various glass suppliers in Europe with hope to reduce their construction costs. To purchase materials from abroad may also impose additional costs that may reduce the savings. The aim of this thesis is to locate where these additional costs exists and to suggest measures on how these costs can be reduced. The studies will be based on the results from two of Skanska’s projects were one of the projects has a Swedish supplier and the other a foreign supplier of curtain walls. Efforts to locate additional costs have been done through interviews with key individuals within the companies which were involved in the projects. What emerged from the interview results were mainly shortcomings in the design and installation of the curtain walls caused by lack of communication and misunderstandings. The conclusion is that Skanska would possibly be able to use a unit of project coordinators who are involved in the work of design and installation with expertise in international purchases and foreign workers. This would provide a better coordination of the work with international purchases and hopefully be able to reduce the additional costs.

Video games have become a great source of entertainment and emerged as a massive industry in the past few decades. Technological advancements and evolution of smartphones have made it easier for developers to develop and launch their games on different platforms mostly in digital form. Where the technology has facilitated game developers, it has also made this industry very competitive. Companies/developers need to consistently review their monetization strategies and make necessary changes to them in order to stay profitable. This study evaluates the monetization approaches of a case game by conducting a public survey. By analyzing the responses received from users from different regions of the world, this study found out how users from different regions have different attitudes towards gaming and how these can affect monetization approaches. Users from different regions spend time on gaming differently and their total number of gaming hours also vary. The findings from the thesis show that the specific hours might be a potential for gaming companies monetization investigation. In-game advertisements is one of the most popular monetization approaches and majority of the users from all age groups, regions, genders, and professions have no issues watching ads to receive some in-game benefits. Similarly, in-app purchase model of the case game proved to be very popular among its users. Subscriptions model, on the other hand, may prove to be another popular model for generating revenue, however, the company needs to address some issues to make users continue with their subscriptions. This study points out some reasons why users stop spending money on the case game. The study identifies some mitigation points as potential aspects that might have impact on monetization.

[pt] O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi verificar a aderência das contratações da Marinha do Brasil ao desenvolvimento sustentável e propor um modelo de contratações sustentáveis. A relevância do estudo está baseada no potencial da contratação pública enquanto instrumento capaz de contribuir para o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável. A pesquisa foi delimitada às contratações de bens e serviços, por meio da modalidade pregão, sob a forma eletrônica, no período de 2017 a 2020, realizadas por cinco Organizações Militares (OM) da MB. Trata-se de um estudo de caso exploratório, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Buscou-se identificar como está a aplicação dos critérios de sustentabilidade nas contratações das OM selecionadas no presente estudo e os resultados alcançados, bem como identificar como os militares das OM selecionadas, dentro de suas respectivas atribuições no processo de contratação, veem a aplicação desses critérios e suas eventuais barreiras. Verificou-se que a aplicação de critérios de sustentabilidade afetos à dimensão social vem obtendo resultados mais relevantes, enquanto os afetos à dimensão ambiental enfrentam maiores obstáculos em sua implementação. Outrossim, emergiram como as maiores barreiras, segundo os militares que atuam no setor de compras das OM em estudo, a falta de capacitação dos atores envolvidos no processo de compras e a insegurança jurídica conferida pelo arcabouço legal, em especial na sustentabilidade ambiental. O modelo de Contratações Públicas Sustentáveis proposto pode ser utilizado por todas as OM da MB, sendo aplicável nos processos de licitação e, no que couber, nos processos de dispensa de licitação. / [en] The general objective was to verify the adherence of the Brazilian Navy procurement to sustainable development and to propose a model. The relevance is based on the potential of public procurement as an instrument capable of contributing to the achievement of sustainable development. The research was limited to the hiring of goods and services, through the auction modality, in electronic form, in the period 2017 to 2020, carried out by five Military Organizations. This is an exploratory case study, carried out through bibliographical, documental and field research. We sought to identify how the sustainability criteria are applied in the hiring of the Military Organizations selected in this study and the results achieved, as well as to identify how the military personnel of the selected Military Organizations, within their respective attributions in the hiring process, see the application of these criteria and its possible barriers. It was found that the application of sustainability criteria related to the social dimension has obtained more relevant results, while those related to the environmental dimension face greater obstacles in their implementation. Moreover, the lack of training of the actors involved in the procurement process and the legal uncertainty conferred by the legal framework, especially in environmental sustainability, emerged as the biggest barriers, according to the military who work in the procurement sector of the units under study. The proposed sustainable public procurement model can be used by all units of the Brazilian Navy, being applicable in bidding processes and, where appropriate, in bidding waiver processes.

Title: Willing to shop like a (wo)man? - A consumer perspective on the perception of Pink Tax Subject: Bachelor thesis in business administration, 15 hp Authors: Maja Eriksson & Elina Magnusson Purpose: The purpose of this study is, therefore, to compare the perceptions about the Pink Tax between men and women in Sweden, including how the price influences the willingness to buy as well as perceived price fairness and perception of gendered products. Methodology: The study was conducted by qualitative interviews with a semi structured interview. 8 respondents within the ages of 20-25 were interviewed. Empirical findings: Swedish men and women both perceive Pink Tax as discriminatory and unethical. They also share an understanding of the potential consequences of the issue. Both men and women are heavily influenced by the gender specification of products and gender based marketing. Women have a more extensive awareness of the Pink Tax and the price discrimination it causes. Men however, understand the reasonings behind gender based pricing to a greater extent than women do. Women are more likely to purchase items marketed towards the opposite sex than men are. Lastly, men and women’s shopping behaviors are based on internal and external factors such as the involvement of products and personal values, rather than solely being distinguished by their gender. Limitations: Due to the limited time frame given, the respondents for the empirical study had to be limited, making it more difficult to generalize the results on the entire swedish population within the ages 20-25. Implications: Bringing attention to the unexplored issue of perception of the Pink Tax on the Swedish market is something this study aims to shine a light on. In the hope of stimulating the conversation of the Pink Tax, the society could become more aware of this subject, provoking action from companies as well as legislators in addition to increasing the knowledge among consumers.  Key words: Pink Tax, price discrimination, gender based pricing, perception, pricing, purchases, gender, men, women and Sweden.

[pt] O trabalho desenvolve um modelo de licitações públicas com favoritismo e uma regra de decisão em dois estágios. Devido à existência de favoritismo, a qualidade mínima exigida pela agência para aprovar um projeto é determinada de forma a beneficiar uma das firmas. Mostramos que, mesmo supondo simetria ex-ante entre as firmas participantes e independência entre as distribuições de custo e qualidade, as ofertas de preço serão assimétricas em equilíbrio. Em particular, a firma beneficiada escolhe preços maiores do que as demais para um dado nível de custo. Além disso, simulações do modelo indicam que revelar o número de participantes qualificados diminui o preço que o governo espera pagar pelo bem. / [en] We study procurement auctions under favoritism and a two-stage decision rule. Because of favoritism, the minimum quality required in order to approve a project is endogenously determined to benefit the recipient of the agency s bias. We show that, even with ex-ante symmetry and independence between the distributions of costs and quality, equilibrium bidding behavior will be asymmetric and the favorite firm will bid less aggressively than the others. A mechanism design approach indicates that revealing the number of qualified participants or adopting a second-price rule would decrease expected prices and costs of realizing the project, due to the elimination of the asymmetric bidding behavior. Finally, simulations for the uniformly distributed case show that while adopting one of the alternative rules increases efficiency, it also increases the favorite firm s ex-ante profits and therefore may facilitate collusion between the agency and a firm.

The new European Central Bank’s strategy review, unveiled in July 2021, has placed climate change at the core of its new monetary policy strategy. As climate change affects price stability through physical and transition risks, climate change considerations belong to the Eurosystem’s primary mandate. Since climate risks are not integrated into prices by the financial markets, neither by the rating agencies in their credit ratings, the Eurosystem must integrate its own climate criteria in its monetary policy instruments. This paper focuses on the corporate sector asset purchases instrument, namely the Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) and the private sector part of the Pandemic- Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). It combines monetary policy and climate data to develop Climate Change scores for each eligible issuer. The score aims to identify the best and worst issuers in terms of climate change considerations to operate a tilting of purchases towards the best and away from the worst. The paper first sets forth the construction of the Climate change score, built on backward-looking, forward-looking and disclosure metrics, to make it robust against critics, robust over time but also scalable to ensure feasibility. It then analyses the empirical results and its operational implications on the tilting. It concludes that the tilting is heavily influenced by the skewness characteristic of the eligible universe. It also elucidates the need for more granularity, both for the sector’s taxonomy, the scores and the envelopes. Finally, it shows how the final design depends on policy objectives, whether it is to finance the green transition or a purely balance-sheet protection, or a combination of both. / I Europeiska centralbankens nya strategiöversyn, som presenterades i juli 2021, har klimatförändringen placerats i centrum för den nya penningpolitiska strategin. Eftersom klimatförändringarna påverkar prisstabiliteten genom fysiska risker och övergångsrisker hör klimatförändringshänsyn till Eurosystemets primära mandat. Eftersom klimatrisker inte integreras i priserna av finansmarknaderna och inte heller av kreditvärderingsinstituten i deras kreditbetyg, måste Eurosystemet integrera sina egna klimatkriterier i sina penningpolitiska instrument. Denna artikel fokuserar på instrumentet för köp av tillgångar i företagssektorn, nämligen Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) och den privata sektorns del av Pandemic-Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). Den kombinerar penningpolitiska och klimatrelaterade data för att ta fram ett klimatrelaterade betyg för varje kvalificerad emittent. Poängen syftar till att identifiera de bästa och sämsta emittenterna för att kunna styra inköpen mot de bästa och bort från de sämsta. I artikeln beskrivs först hur poängsystemet konstrueras. Det bygger på data som är såväl bakåtblickande som framåtblickande samt på hur väl emittenten kommunicerar sitt klimatarbete. Syftet är att utveckla ett poängsystem som är robust mot kritik, robust över tid men också skalbart för att säkerställa genomförbarheten. Därefter analyseras de empiriska resultaten och dess operativa implikationer. Slutsatsen är att viktningen är starkt påverkad av den skevhet som kännetecknar det stödberättigade universumet. Den belyser också behovet av mer detaljerad information, både när det gäller sektorns taxonomi, poängsättningen och kluster. Avslutningsvis visar den hur den slutliga utformningen beror på val av politiska mål, huruvida målet är att finansiera den gröna omställningen eller ett rent balansräkningsskydd, eller en kombination av båda.