Title: Leadership and its implications on Work integrated social enterprises Level: Final study for Master Degree in Business Administration University of Gävle Department of Business Administration and Economic Studies 801 76 Gävle Sweden Telephone (+46) 26 64 85 00 Telefax (+46) 26 64 85 89 Web site http://www.hig.se Authors: Andreas Petersson and Ivette Solla Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Abstract Aim: Leadership and its implications on empowering employees of work integrated social enterprises Method: We based our study on the data gathered from two interviews of Coompanion in Sweden and four interviews on Work Integrated Social Enterprises of Hudiksvall. The data was gathered through case studies. Major focus of the study: How a leader and the way leadership is promoted within a social enterprise can influence the people working within a Social Enterprise and specifically the role of the empowerment in social enterprises are the major focus of this study. Situational leadership was used as the theoretic model to study the role of empowerment and motivation. In order to draw our conclusions we studied four social enterprises and Coompanion, which is an organization that works as an adviser of Social Enterprises. Result: Our analysis illustrates how the unique network consisting of the public sector, Coompanion Hudiksvall and the four Work Integrated Social Enterprises creates a win-win situation for all parts. It also creates the foundation of empowerment with a clear vision to the leaders of these four enterprises, which flows through them. Conclusion: The network, the work integrated social enterprises and the leaders within the social enterprises coexist to create social gain, increasing society’s welfare. Further studies: A quantitative research to find out what are the specific aspects that are relevant to the employees in terms of being motivated. Correlations between what the employee thinks are important and empowerment could be measured. Key words: Coompanion, motivation, empowerment, social enterprise, networking, Den glada Hudik-modellen, situational leadership, case study, qualitative method.

The aim of this study was to describe how male social workers who work in the section for children and family in one municipality in southern Sweden, experience that their gender influences their daily work. The main focus is to understand what it means to be a man in the social services department. The first research question was how the male social workers experienced how their gender influenced their contact with children and parents in terms of possibilities and obstacles. The second research question was how the male social workers experienced how their gender influenced their working place in terms of possibilities and obstacles. The third research question was how the male social workers experienced that their gender affected the work with women colleagues. The fourth and last research question was how the male social workers experienced what it means to be a man in the present society. The study was based on a qualitative method and contains semi-structured interviews done with five social workers. I analyzed my interviews with the help of a theory which focused on masculine hegemony and with the help of prior research in this area. My results show that male social workers experience both possibilities and obstacles because of their gender when working with children and parents. Male social workers also felt that their gender affected their work with women colleagues.

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study is to chart the experiences of Swedish general psychiatric care on a Swedish University hospital from a relative’s point of view. The study focus on how they are meet, satisfaction with and participation in the care. The study is done as an improvement project. Methods: The study was conducted by performing semi-structured interviews with eight close relatives to patients on a general psychiatric ward. The interviews lasted for 20-40 minutes. Results: The result shows that relatives are satisfied with the way they are meet by the staff on the ward, that they appreciate staff that are open, down to earth and are inviting to form a good relationship. It also shows that the relatives were not satisfied with the contact they had with the physicians. Furthermore it shows that the support efforts for relatives are successful when they are offered but many relatives don’t receive any information or offer about it. The relatives felt secure with the care that was on the ward. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the relatives are overall satisfied with the care given but that there are some areas within the psychiatric care that can be developed. These are the contact between relatives and physicians, information about the support efforts for relatives and more extensive information about the patient’s disease and the ongoing care.

Syftet med denna deskriptiva kvalitativa intervjustudie var att beskriva barns upplevelser av lustgasbehandling. Urvalet består av sex barn i åldern sex till fjorton år som behandlats med lustgas vid procedursmärta, akut eller planerat, på barnsjukhusets akutmottagning eller allmänna specialistmottagning. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Alla barnen upplevde annorlunda kroppskänslor eller abstrakta känslor som inte nödvändigtvis var obehagliga under lustgasbehandlingen. Samtidigt som flera av barnen beskrev en typ av frånvaro var de flesta medvetna om omgivningen och till viss del händelseförloppet. Vidare framkom att hörsel- och synintryck kunde förvrängas där ljud ibland förstärktes och kunde störa och påverka fokuseringen. Olika grader av smärta beskrevs. I barnens egen sammanfattning uttryckte fyra av barnen positiva upplevelser. Fem av barnen var positiva till att få lustgasbehandling igen om så behövdes medan ett barn svarade "kanske" och önskade i så fall en mindre mängd lustgas nästa gång. Behandlingen kan ytterligare utvecklas genom kombination med andra smärtstillande läkemedel. / The aim of this descriptive, qualitative interview study was to describe children´s experiences of treatment with nitrous oxide. The sample consists of six children aged six to fourteen who were treated with nitrous oxide for procedural pain, acute or planned, in the emergency room or special surgery of the Children´s hospital. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. All children experienced different feelings in the body or intangible feelings that were not necessarily unpleasant during the treatment with nitrous oxide. Although some of the children described some kind of absence, most of them were aware of the surroundings and to some part what happened during the treatment. Further it appeared that hearing and sight impressions could be distorted and sounds were sometimes amplified and could disturb and affect the focusing. Varying degrees of pain were described. In their own summary four of the children expressed positive experiences. Five of the children were positive to receive nitrous oxide in the future if needed, while one child answered "perhaps" and in that case wanted less amount of nitrous oxide next time. The treatment could be developed further by combining with other analgesics.

Unga vuxna tenderar att spendera mer tid på sociala medier än på någon annan daglig aktivitet, där det populäraste sättet att kommunicera är genom att dela bilder. Samtidigt har intresset för hälsa och fitness hos allmänheten ökat de senaste åren. Tidigare studier påvisar att ett ständigt fokus på hälsa och fitness kan leda till låg självkänsla och missnöje över sin kropp. Majotiteten av de tidigare studierna har fokuserat på de negativa hälsoutfallen med sociala medier och påverkan på människors hälsa. Syftet med studien var att ur en neutral synvinkel, beskriva unga kvinnors upplevelser samt påverkan av sociala mediers exponering av kost och träning. En kvalitativ metod tillämpades med två fokusgrupper där deltagarna rekryterades via ett strategiskt urval med kriterierna: kvinna, mellan 18-30 år samt använder sig av minst två sociala medier. Vid analys av data tillämpades en manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultatet visar att sociala medier används mellan sex till tio timmar om dagen och de vanligaste sociala medierna är Facebook och Instagram. Det framkom både positiva och negativa hälsoutfall med exponeringen, som motivation och inspiration samt upplevd press och ångest, men trots de negativa effekterna upplevde respondenterna exponeringen som övervägande positiv. / Young adults tend to spend more time on social media than on any other daily activity, where the most popular way to communicate is by sharing pictures. At the same time, interest in health and fitness among the public has increased in recent years. Previous studies indicate that a constant focus on health and fitness can lead to low self-esteem and dissatisfaction with one´s body.  The majority of the previous studies have focused on the negative aspects of social media and the impact on people's health. The aim of the study was to describe young women´s experiences, and the impact of social media exposure of diet and exercise, from a neutral point of view. A qualitative method was applied with two focus groups where participants were recruited through a purposive sample with the criteria: woman between 18-30 years and the use of at least two social media. A manifest content analysis with an inductive approach was applied in the analysis of the data. The result shows that social media is used between six and ten hours a day and the most common social medias are Facebook and Instagram. Both positive and negative aspects of exposure were revealed, such as motivation and inspiration, and perceived pressure and anxiety, but despite the negative effects, respondents experienced exposure predominantly positive.

The attitude of the building sector towards innovation and its intellectual and organizational preparedness for dealing with the issues of innovation is the aim of this study. The core question can be formulated as follows: Why does a building company accept certain innovations but not others? The fundamental ideas of the study are rooted in the central European tradition of the historico-qualitiative school of thought. Another basic idea for the thesis is Dewcy’s and Bcntley's theory of transactional cognition introduced in Sweden by Hanssen under the term ""field concept" according to which the content and object of knowledge are seen as an entirety. The reason for approaching the problem qualitatively. that is through not highly structured interviews based on the author's long personal experience in the sector, is its compound and many face ted nature a long with the fact that verbal discussion is firmly grounded in building sector tradition. Innovations has to pass trough three different filters. These filters are at the point where the innovation enters the company, during the bid preparation process and upon the absorption of the innovation into the project. Important factors influencing the passage through these filters arc papyrophobia, the old boy network (OBN) and the structure of the production system. Papyrophobia is expressed in a general reluctance to deal with theoretical issues and documentation. OBN denotes an informal communication network. Production is run by and within project organizations. i.e. repetitive ad hoc aggregates independent of the parent organization. These factors in combination with time and financial pressure obstruct the possibility of creating a research tradition. Characteristic features of the socio-cultural tradition of the sector are that it is male dominated, that the educational system classifies those working in the field according to trade and profession, and that the strong position of production aspects have brought to the forefront the energetic practitioner. His values are strictly professional. Information is to a great extent transmitted orally. There is strength in the ability of Swedish construction firms to plan and improvise within an established frame. However, a certain streak of marginalism with the potential of inhibiting innovation does exist in their pattern of action. Also typical of the tradition is the ideal of the free entrepreneur and the organization of large companies as confederations of a number of small and medium size firms. Finally, a fundamental cultural feature of the construction industry is openness. News spreads rapidly to a competitor. Innovations are disseminated in several ways, but one dominant pattern persists that cannot be seen in other industries. While the projects are important for testing and diffusion of innovations, the companies arc more intrumental in propagating information of innovations. The building materials industry's R&amp;D work follows a pattern similar to that of production companies in other sectors. The building sector's readiness to follow and work with innovation issues can generally be rated as low. The confinement of interest to production aspects combined with the marked open· ness provides ample room for the materials manufacturers and companies outside the sector to introduce new products and materials. In the long run, it is the gradual change in this assortment that will transform building techniques and technology. Change is generated by other sectors. / <p>Felaktigt ISBN <em>91-7870-087</em> är angivet i avhandling. ISBN är korrigerat till <em>91-7870-087-6</em>.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine the threats from climate change coverage in the media. The climate threats start to appear more frequently in the media and because of that it is important to examine what the media conveys to the viewers and readers since it may effect how people act when it comes to climate threats. In this study newspaper has been examined, more specifically daily press and evening press. The papers chosen was Aftonbladet and Expressen, which represented evening press, and Dagens Nyheter represented daily press. The method applied was both a quantitative and qualitative text analysis. With the quantitative method variables were formed and tested against the material. After that the result were analyzed qualitative to gain greater depth with the result. The theory used in this study is primarily framing but also agenda setting and news value are used. The variables were formed after the theories, which mainly focused on framing, and specific frames. The specific frames were: conflict frame, human interest frame, economic consequences frame, morality frame and responsibility frame. The result showed that the newspapers framed the issue pretty similar. All the newspapers used the conflict frame and the human interest frame the least. The responsibility frame was used often and the government was usually given the responsibility. The newspapers differ when it comes to morality frame and the economic consequences frame. The daily paper used the morality frame more often then the evening press and the evening press used the economic consequences frame more frequently, portraying the climate threat.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka varför fyra olika organisationer använder vissa rekryteringsmetoder. Utifrån detta syfte formulerades en frågeställning om vilka bakomliggande orsaker som kan påverka valet av rekryteringsmetoder i dessa fyra olika organisationer. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativasemistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra organisationer, varav två verkade inom privat sektor och tvåverkade inom offentlig sektor. Studien visar att de fyra olika organisationerna använder ett flertal olika rekryteringsmetoder vid tillsättandet av lediga tjänster. Valet av de olika metoderna kan ses grunda sig på olika bakomliggande orsaker; organisationernas uppgift, organisationens omvärld, makt och styrning samt tillgången på resurser. Därmed kan det finnas flera sätt att förstå vad det är som gör att enorganisation väljer en viss rekryteringsmetod och därmed väljer bort andra metoder. Det är därför viktigt att förstå organisationernas specifikaförutsättningar då alla verkar inom olika kontexter där en och samma rekryteringsmetod intealltid kan tänkas vara optimal för alla. Därmed kan en och samma organisation ses påverkas av flera av varandra oberoende faktorer, som i samspelet med varandra hjälper till att forma en organisations hela rekryteringsprocess. / Thestudy's purpose was to investigate why four different organizations use certain recruitment methods. Based on this purpose, the writers of this study formulated a question about the underlying causes that may affect the choice of recruitment methods in these four different organizations. The study was conducted using qualitative semi-structured interviews with four organizations, two of which appeared in the private sector and two of which appeared in the public sector. The study shows that the four different organizations use a variety of recruitment methods for the filling of vacancies. The choice of the different methods can be based on different underlying causes; organizations' mission, the organization's environment, power and control and the availability of resources. Thus, there may be several ways to understand what it is that makes an organization choosea particular method of recruitment and thus deselect other methods. It is therefore important to understand organizations' individual conditions and that theyall operate in different contexts in which the same recruitment method may not beoptimal for all. Thus, one and the same organization can be influencedby several independent factors whichin interaction with each other helps to shape an organization's entire recruiting process.

Papperslösa människor är en utsatt grupp i samhället då de ofta lever i en oviss situation vad gäller arbete, boende, framtid, det sociala umgänget och tillgången till hälso- och sjukvård. Deras möte med sjukvården kan präglas av att känna sig kränkt, alternativt rädsla för att bli nekad vård eller för att någon av vårdpersonalen ska ringa polisen eller migrationsverket. Till följd av detta kan det ta lång tid innan de vågar söka vård, ibland undviker de vården medvetet (Urrutia-Rojas, Marshall, Trevino, Lurie &amp; Munguia-Bayona, 2006). Då vi som blivande sjuksköterskor kommer att möta papperslösa på exempelvis en akutavdelning, är det viktigt att försöka få en förståelse för hur de upplever mötet med sjukvården. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva papperslösas erfarenheter av svensk sjukvård. Studien har en kvalitativ metodansats och berättelserna har analyserats med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att papperslösas erfarenheter av svensk sjukvård många gånger var negativa, dock fanns det tillfällen där erfarenheterna varit positiva. Dessa positiva erfarenheter kunde handla om att de papperslösa människorna hade fått bekräftelse av vårdpersonal vilket skapade en trygghet för dem i deras vårdrelation. Kategorierna som framkom i resultatet var: Hopplöshet, Frustration, Att inte blir tagen på allvar, Rädsla, Betydelsen av trygghet samt Ovisshet. Konklusionen visar på att den ovisshet som dessa människor ständigt lever i många gånger skapar otrygghet som i sin tur ofta leder till ohälsa och ytterligare behov av vård. / Undocumented people are a vulnerable group in our society who often live in a precarious situation as regards to their future, living, work, social intercourse and the access to health care. Undocumented peoples meeting with the Swedish health care system often differ from others. Their constant fear of being denied care, being violated in consultations with the health care, fear of the nursing staff contacting police or the Immigration Service often results in the delay of seeking medical care, or that they avoid it completely (Urrutia-Rojas, Marshall, Trevino, Lurie &amp; Munguía-Bayona, 2006). When we, as future nurses, will meet people who are undocumented in our profession, it is important to have an understanding of how they experience the encounter with the Swedish health care system. The aim was to describe undocumented people’s experiences of the Swedish health care system. The study has a qualitative method and the stories were analyzed with content analysis. The results showed that undocumented people’s experiences of the Swedish health care system are often negative, however there were positive examples occasionally. The categories that emerged from the results were: Hopelessness, Frustration, Not to be taken seriously, Fear, The importance of security and Lack of assurance. The conclusion displays the uncertainty and constant insecurity that these people live with on a day to day basis, which in turn often leads to illness and needs of care.

Stroke är en stor orsak till funktionsnedsättningar. Dödligheten från stroke har minskat de senaste åren och därmed har antalet överlevanden med funktionsnedsättningar ökat. Svårigheten av en funktionsnedsättning kommer sig av vad den leder till för den enskilde individen. Målet vid omvårdnaden vid stroke ska individualiseras och arbeta för att uppnå största möjliga hälsa. Meleis transitionsteori beskriver en individs övergång från ett stabilt tillstånd till ett nytt och processen däremellan. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva patienternas upplevelser av funktionsnedsättningar efter stroke. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: De strokedrabbade upplevde emotionella reaktioner av de funktionsnedsättningar som de drabbats av. De upplevde också förändringar i sina dagliga aktiviteter och hur de genomförde dessa. De upplevde en förlust av sin identitet och de förlorade sin autonomi i och med att de inte längre kunde klara sig själva. Slutsats: Denna litteraturstudie visar att patienter upplever funktionsnedsättningar efter stroke som en livsförändrande händelse som påverkar hela deras liv. De som drabbas är inte förberedda på i hur stor utsträckning de kommer att påverkas, både socialt och emotionellt, av funktionsnedsättningarna. De tvingas att omstrukturera vardagen, vilket ofta upplevs frustrerande och är tidskrävande / Stroke is a major cause of disability. Mortality from stroke has decreased in recent years and therefore the number of survivors with disabilities has increased. The difficulty of a disability is defined from what impact the disability has on the individuals’ life. The goal of nursing in stroke should be individualized and aim to achieve maximum health. Meleis transition theory describes an individual's transition from one stable state to a new one and the process in between. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe patients' experiences of disability after stroke. Method: Literature study based on ten scientific articles. Results: The stroke victims experienced emotional reactions from the disabilities that they had suffered. They also experienced changes in their daily activities and how they carried them through. They experienced a loss of their identity and they lost their autonomy in that they no longer could care for themselves Conclusion: This literature review shows that patients experience impairments after stroke as a life-changing event that affects their entire lives. Those affected are not prepared for how much they will be affected, both socially and emotionally, by their impairment. They are forced to restructure everyday life which is often frustrating and time-consuming