Listeria monocytogenes é um micro-organismo Gram-positivo que está comumente associado a doenças de origem alimentar. Possui a capacidade de sobreviver a condições adversas e de formar biofilme em diferentes superfícies abióticas, tornando-se um problema constante para a indústria de alimentos, pois pode comprometer a sanitização e aumentar o risco de contaminação pós-processamento. A formação de biofilme pode ser regulada por um mecanismo denominado quorum sensing, no qual ocorre intensa comunicação célula-célula, mediada por moléculas químicas, chamadas de autoindutoras. Pouco se sabe sobre a ocorrência de interação entre bactérias Gram- positivas e negativas na formação de biofilmes, sendo mais frequentes estudos entre bactérias do mesmo grupo. A fim de avaliar a ocorrência de interação entre Escherichia coli e L. monocytogenes (Lm), desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa com os seguintes objetivos: i) verificar a capacidade de Lm sorotipo 1/2a selvagem e sua mutante isogênica (ΔprfA ΔsigB) formar biofilme em presença de Escherichia coli, avaliando-se a importância dos reguladores de virulência, prfA e sigB, no processo; e ii) verificar a produção e interferência de moléculas autoindutoras de E. coli E2348/69 na formação de biofilme por Lm. Os ensaios de formação de biofilme foram realizados utilizando-se lâminas de aço-inoxidável AISI 304 #4 imersas em caldo infusão de cérebro e coração (BHI) e em meio pré-condicionado (MPC) por E. coli, com incubação a 25 ºC. Foram testadas duas concentrações iniciais de Lm (102 e 106 UFC.mL-1) e amostragens em diferentes tempos de incubação. Utilizou-se um método de quantificação indireto com coloração do biofilme por cristal violeta e posterior leitura da absorbância. Observou-se que Lm 1/2a selvagem e sua mutante isogênica (ΔprfA ΔsigB) são capaz de formar biofilme na presença de Escherichia coli e que uma maior quantidade de biofilme foi formada por Lm selvagem quando comparada à sua mutante, em meio não pré-condicionado (controle), indicando que prfA e sigB estão envolvidos no processo de formação de biofilme. Quando em MPC, o biofilme formado pela cepa selvagem foi menor que no meio controle (BHI), indicando que E. coli E2348/69, utilizada no pré-condicionamento do meio, produz moléculas capazes de interferir no processo de formação e na quantidade de biofilme formado por Lm; e para o biofilme formado pela cepa mutante, houve uma maior quantificação em MPC em comparação ao meio controle, o que sugere que os genes deletados possam estar envolvidos no reconhecimento das moléculas autoindutoras. Assim, os dados obtidos permitem concluir que há interação e interferência por parte de E. coli na formação de biofilme por Lm mediante produção de moléculas autoindutoras. / Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a Gram-positive microorganism commonly associated with foodborne diseases. Due to its ability to survive under adverse environmental conditions and to form biofilm in different abiotic surfaces, this bacterium is a concern for the food industry, since it can compromise sanitation procedures and increase the risk of post-processing contamination. Biofilm formation can be regulated by a quorum sensing mechanism, in which there is intense cell-cell communication mediated by chemical molecules, called autoinducers. Little is known about the occurrence of interaction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on biofilm formation. Thus, in order to evaluate the occurrence of interaction between Escherichia coli and Lm, this study was developed including the following objectives: i) to evaluate the ability of Lm 1/2a and its isogenic mutant strain (ΔprfAΔsigB) to form biofilm on the presence of Escherichia coli, assessing the importance of virulence regulators, prfA and sigB, in this process; and ii) to verify the production and interference autoinducers of E. coli E2348/69 on biofilm formation by Lm. Biofilm formation assays were conducted using stainless steel AISI 304 #4 immersed into broth brain heart infusion (BHI) and into preconditioned medium (MPC) by E. coli, following incubation at 25 °C. Lm at two initial concentrations (102 and 106 CFU.mL-1) and under different incubation time was tested. An indirect method for quantification of cells was applied, using crystal violet to color the biofilm, followed by optical density measurement. It was observed that Lm 1/2a and its isogenic mutant (ΔprfA ΔsigB) are able to form biofilm in the presence of Escherichia coli and a larger amount of biofilm was formed by wild strain Lm compared to its mutant, in a non-preconditioned medium (control), indicating that prfA and sigB are involved in biofilm formation. For MPC, the biofilm formation by the wild strain was lower than in the control (BHI), indicating that E. coli E2348/69, used in the preconditioned medium, produces molecules that can affect the formation process and the amount of biofilm formed by Lm; and in the biofilm formed by the mutant strain, there was a higher quantification of MPC compared to the control, suggesting that the deleted genes may be involved in recognition the of autoinducers. These results suggest that there is an interaction and interference of E. coli on biofilm formation by Lm due the production of autoinducers.

Muitos genes bacterianos são regulados pelo mecanismo de comunicação denominado quorum sensing (QS). Neste sistema, moléculas sinalizadoras ativam um comportamento de grupo, conforme a densidade celular, permitindo o controle da expressão gênica. Estudos sugerem o potencial de compostos extraídos de plantas sobre o QS, a exemplo da quercetina, um flavonol presente em concentrações elevadas em algumas frutas e hortaliças. Este composto é o flavonoide majoritário presente em cebola (Allium cepa), mas não existem estudos que mostrem a atividade anti-QS de extratos orgânicos deste vegetal. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial antimicrobiano e anti-QS de extratos orgânicos de cebola branca e cebola roxa, assim como de alguns de seus componentes majoritários identificados, em fenótipos regulados pelo QS como a produção de violaceína em Chrormobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, a motilidade tipo swarming e a formação de biofilmes em Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 e Serratia marcescens MG1. Extratos de cebola branca e roxa foram obtidos por extração em fase sólida utilizando coluna de poliamida e seus compostos identificados e quantificados pelas técnicas de Cromatografia líquida- ionização por elétron spray-espectrometria de massas e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodo. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelas curvas de multiplicação de cada micro-organismo. O efeito dos compostos quercetina aglicona (inibidor do QS já relatado na literatura e encontrado no extrato de cebola roxa) e quercetina-3-β-D-glicosideo (um dos compostos majoritários encontrados em ambos extratos) sobre os micro-organismos utilizados neste estudo foi também avaliado. Foram obtidos três extratos: cebola branca em metanol (CB-MeOH), cebola branca em metanol amônia (CBMeOH/ NH4) e cebola roxa em metanol (CR-MeOH). Os compostos quercetina 3,4\'- diglicosídeio, quercetina-4-glicosídeo, quercetina-3-β-D-glicosideo e quercetina aglicona foram os predominantes nos extratos das duas variedades de cebola. Cianidina-3-O-glicosideo também foi identificada no extrato de cebola roxa. A concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) dos extratos foi igual ou superior a 125 µg/ml (p/v) de extrato seco. Não foi observada inibição significativa da produção de violaceína em C. violaceum pelos extratos orgânicos de cebola e nem pela quercetina-3-β-D-glicosideo, nas concentrações sub-inibitórias avaliadas. No entanto, a quercetina aglicona inibiu significativamente a produção de violaceína em todas as concentrações. A glicosilação da quercetina pode ter afetado sua atividade sobre a inibição da produção de violaceina, já que estudos mostram menor atividade biológica deste composto quando glicosilado. Para a motilidade tipo swarming em P. aeruginosa PAO1 houve inibição significativa pelo extrato de cebola roxa, em todas as concentrações estudadas. Os demais extratos não apresentaram inibição contra este micro-organismo. Para S. marcescens MG1, foi observada inibição da motilidade swarming somente na concentração de 125 µg/ml de CBMeOH/ NH4. As análises de comparação entre os dois tipos de quercetina revelaram que, embora para as duas bactérias testadas os dois compostos apresentaram atividade inibitória sobre a motilidade tipo swarming, a quercetina-3-β-D-glicosideo foi menos eficiente que a quercetina aglicona na concentração de 125 µg/ml. A formação de biofilmes não foi influenciada pelos extratos e, inesperadamente, não se detectou inibição da formação de biofilmes por ambos tipos de quercetina avaliados. De forma geral, os extratos orgânicos de cebola mostraram pouco efeito sobre os fenótipos controlados pelo quorum sensing e a glicosilação da quercetina provavelmente explica a baixa atividade antimicrobiana e anti-QS dos extratos. / Many bacterial genes are regulated by a communication mechanism called quorum sensing (QS). In this system, signaling molecules activate a group behavior according to cell density, allowing the control of gene expression. Studies suggest the inhibitory potential of compounds extracted from plants on the QS system, like quercetin, a flavonol present in high concentrations in some fruits and vegetables. This compound is the main flavonoid found in onion (Allium cepa); however, there are no studies showing the anti-QS activity of organic extracts of this plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-QS potential of organic extracts of white and red onions, and their major components studied in QS-regulated phenotypes such as violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum, swarming motility and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Serratia marcescens MG1.White and red onion extracts were obtained by solid phase extraction using a polyamide column and its compounds were identified and quantified by Liquid Chromatography - Electron Spray-Mass Spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector. O The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by growth curves of each microorganism. The effect of non-glycosylated quercetin (a QS inhibitor already reported in the literature and found in red onion extract) and quercetin-3-β-D-glycoside (one of the major compounds found in both extracts) on the microorganisms used in this study was also evaluated. Three extracts were obtained: white onion in methanol (CB-MeOH), white onion in methanol ammonia (CB-MeOH / NH4) and red onion in methanol (CR-MeOH). Our results showed that quercetin 3,4\'- diglycoside, quercetin-4-glycoside, quercetin-3-β-D-glycoside and non-glycosylated quercetin were predominant in the extracts of the two onion varieties. Cyanidin-3-O-glycoside has also been identified in the purple onion extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts was equal or greater than 125 µg / ml (w / v) of dry extract. There was no significant inhibition of violacein production in C. violaceum by organic onion extracts or by quercetin-3-β- D-glycoside at the sub-inhibitory concentrations evaluated. However, non-glycosylated quercetin showed a significant inhibition of violacein production in all tested concentrations. The glycosylation of Quercetin could have altered its inhibition activity towards violacein production, and in fact, some studies have shown less biological activity of some phenolic compounds when they have been glycosylated. For swarming motility in P. aeruginosa PAO1 there was significant inhibition by red onion extract, in all studied concentrations. The other extracts did not present inhibition against this microorganism. For S. marcescens MG1, inhibition of swarming motility was observed only at the concentration of 125 µg / ml of CB-MeOH / NH4. Comparative analyses between the two types of quercetin showed that, although for the two bacteria tested the two compounds showed inhibitory activity on swarming motility, quercetin-3-β-D-glycoside was less efficient than non-glycosylated quercetin in the concentration of 125 µg / ml. Biofilm formation was not influenced by the extracts and unexpectedly, both types of quercetin evaluated did not show inhibition towards biofilm formation. In general, organic onion extracts showed little effect on quorum sensing controlled phenotypes and glycosylation of quercetin probably explains the low antimicrobial and anti-QS activity of the extracts.

Chez les Vibrio spp., le QS est impliqué dans de nombreuses fonctions comme la colonisation de niche écologiques, les stratégies de survie ou encore la virulence. Cependant, pour la majorité des espèces de Vibrio, la diversité des AHLs produites reste largement sous-estimée et l'étude du QS est encore limitée à quelques espèces modèles ou pathogènes. Toutefois, dans les environnements aquatiques, ces espèces sont minoritaires et les espèces les plus abondantes ne sont que très peu étudiées. Nos résultats ont révélé une importante diversité d'AHLs mais aussi, de façon surprenante, une hétérogénéité dans les phénotypes de production d'AHL au sein d'une même espèce de Vibrio. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis en évidence qu'une même souche de Vibrio pouvait présenter des phénotypes de production d'AHLs différent au cours du temps et une approche statistique a révélé l'implication de certains déterminants biotiques et abiotiques dans ces variations temporelles. Par ailleurs, une approche à micro-échelle a révélé une structuration des populations de Vibrio en unités fonctionnelles constituées de souches phylogénétiquement proches qui partagent des niches écologiques spécifiques et des comportements sociaux. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que les modalités de communication pouvaient être hétérogènes suggérant l'absence d'un langage commun au sein de ces unités fonctionnelles. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis d'apporter de nouvelles connaissances sur le QS chez les Vibrio dans l'environnement marin, de la souche à la population, et propose une vision intégrée des mécanismes de régulation de la production d'AHLs dans l'environnement. / Quorum sensing is an important mechanism among Vibrio species and is involved in many vital functions such as niche colonization, survival strategies or virulence. However, AHL diversity still largely underestimated for the majority of Vibrio species and the current knowledge on AHL-mediated QS is limited to a few pathogenic or bioluminescent species. Nonetheless, these species are weakly abundant in seawater while dominant species in the environment are poorly studied. Our results revealed a unexpected diversity of AHL molecules but also a quite surprising intra-species diversity of AHL production phenotypes. For the first time, we showed that different isolates of a single genotype switched between different AHL production phenotypes among time and we revealed the potential involvement of abiotic and biotic parameters in these variations. However, it appears that when studied at a microscale, Vibrio populations are showing a functional structuration in ecological units consisting of phylogenetically close strains sharing habitat and social traits. In this context, it was necessary to determine if these different AHL production phenotypes were associated to different micro-habitats in the water column. We did not demonstrate that a common language was spoken within ecological populations. This thesis work provide new insights on AHL-mediated QS among a broader range of species and among Vibrio populations and depicts the potential impact of multiple aspects of marine environments on AHL production.

Les bactéries ont longtemps été considérées comme des organismes unicellulaires. Cependant, elles se comportent comme des systèmes multicellulaires dans lesquels des cellules séparées communiquent ensemble en utilisant des systèmes moléculaires appelés autoinducteurs. Ce processus, appelé Quorum Sensing (QS), est capable de détecter la densité de population bactérienne et régule ainsi l'expression de certaines fonctions biologiques importantes, telles que la virulence bactérienne ou la formation de biofilm, liées à la pathogénicité humaine ou à la croissance végétale. Comme le QS implique plusieurs types de molécules, il s'agit donc d’une thématique intéressante pour les études à l’interface chimie biologie visant à synthétiser des molécules capables de moduler le QS. Deux aspects du QS sont étudiés dans cette thèse: Le premier est la conception, la synthèse et l'évaluation biologique d’analogues d’autoinducteurs en tant que modulateur QS bactérien. Dans cette section, différentes relations structure-propriété d'un type d'auto-inducteur chez les bactéries Gram-négatives : les Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHL) ont été étudiées. Ces études montrent que la chiralité de l’homosérine lactone est importante, que le remplacement du groupe amide central par des hétérocycliques ou des composés AHL structurellement non apparentés jouent un rôle important dans la modulation QS. Dans une deuxème partie, une étude structurale a permis de comprendre comment l’agrocinopine A a été en mesure d'intervenir dans le processus du QS c’est à dire la production de signaux AHL et d'activer la virulence bactérienne chez la bactérie Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Le rôle clé du groupement pyranose-2-phosphate de l'agrocinopine est démontré comme étant responsable de sa reconnaissance par les protéines de transport AccA et de la régulation du QS. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse est la combinaison de deux composés organiques synthétiques liés au QS, tous deux destinés à améliorer les connaissances de base de ce processus biologique, contribuant potentiellement à l'avenir à de nouvelles stratégies capables d'influencer la pathogénicité bactérienne. / Over the past decades, it has been recognized that the social communication of bacteria either play a beneficial role or can worse pathogenicity in plant and human health. The language of bacteria used for communication are signal molecules called auto-inducers (AIs), which are regulated by themselves. This specific bacterial regulation process is termed as “quorum sensing (QS)”, by which bacteria coordinate various phenotypes such as biofilm formation or virulence factors in many microorganisms. To artificially alter the QS response of bacteria through design of QS chemical signal molecules for improving the pathogenicity have attracted the attention with innovative antibacterial strategies. Two chemical approaches towards bacteria QS have been studied in this thesis. One contributed to the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel QS inhibitors, another focused on the investigation of the role of agrocinopine and analogues in QS regulation in a specific bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT). Both aimed at improving basic knowledge on QS biological processes in bacteria. The first part figured out the chirality-activity relationship of Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHLs), studied the replacement of the central amide group of AHLs by heterocyclic scaffolds, and designed a family of nitroaniline derivatives as LuxR-regulated QS inhibitors. The L-one of enantiomeric AHLs was found to be predominant in QS modulation, and some AHLs unrelated nitroaniline compounds were capable of inhibiting LuxR type of QS, whereas the bioactivity of heterocyclic scaffolds depends on its substitution sites. The second part elaborated the mechanism by which agrocinopine A and its analogues were able to involve QS process, and activate virulence spread in AT. A series of analogues of agrocinopine A have been synthetized for investigating their binding properties with AccA. A specific key pyranose-2-phosphate motif has been identified to be responsible for both antibiotic import and QS regulation in AT.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, nosocomial pathogen for which antibiotic resistance and biofilm development is common. Quorum sensing communication is known to be a major controlling factor in virulence gene expression, biofilm development, antibiotic resistance factors, and specifically MexAB-OprM multi-drug efflux pump expression in P.aeruginosa. MexAB-OprM efflux pumps contribute to antibiotic resistance of tetracycline and other antibiotics in pseudomonads and other organisms. P.aeruginosa infections are problematic in cystic fibrosis and burn patients; it is also the number one causative agent of respiratory infections for intensive care unit patients. Present day antibiotics are losing the battle against these infections. In theory, quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) reduce pathogencity of the organism; making it less virulent, thus allowing either the host immune system to clear the infection or use of a QSI in combination with an antibiotic to clear more persistent pathogens. For these reasons two alternative modes of treatment were explored in this study: quorum sensing inhibition by folk-medicinal plant extracts and an example of combination drug therapy, the “thyme-tetracycline effect”. Fifty folk-medicinal plant extracts were screened for potential anti-quorum sensing activity using two quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) reporter strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa QSIS2 and Chromobacterium violaceum 12725. These were used to test specifically for C4-C6 and C12 HSL quorum sensing inhibition. Of the fifty plants tested, thirty plant families were represented. Eleven plant extracts (basil, chaparral, clove, cranberry, oregano, pomegranate, rosemary, sage, sassafras, thyme and witch hazel) showed C4 HSL quorum sensing inhibition as determined by both assays. Interestingly, five of the plants were from the Lamiaceae family. Thymus vulgaris (thyme), also from the Lamiaceae family, was chosen for further assessment. Previous research has shown that thyme extract can synergistically augment tetracycline activity against tetracycline-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginos, creating the “thyme-tetracycline effect.” Disc diffusion assay, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and TLC bioassay techniques were used to show that thymol is the active component in the thyme extract that augments tetracycline activity against resistant Pseudomonas. This study also showed that thymol is a potent C4 HSL quorum sensing inhibitor. The collective data suggests a potential mode of action for the thyme-tetracycline effect: thymol appears to prevent MexAB-OprM efflux pump gene expression. By blocking MexAB-OprM expression, tetracycline antibiotic accumulation can occur within the cell, thus allowing cellular damage.

Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) is a quorum sensing signal employed by bacteria to coordinate their response to environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between presence of AI-2 molecules, exposure to sub-therapeutic tetracycline, the expression of genes associated with the conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids, and the conjugal transfer of these plasmids in Escherichia coli. The studies showed that AI-2 activity increased in Tets E. coli in the presence of tetracycline (2 µg/mL) under both batch and continuous culture conditions. The presence of AI-2 molecules induced tetracycline tolerance development in Tets E. coli. The studies showed that the survival rates of Tets E. coli exposed to AI-2 molecules were significantly higher compared to the cells not exposed to AI-2 molecules or cells that were exposed to only LB (Lauria-Bertani) broth. Molecular analyses using real-time PCR indicate that the expression of at least one conjugation-associated gene (trbC) is increased 9-fold in cells exposed to AI-2 molecules in the presence of sub-therapeutic tetracycline compared to its negative controls. The transconjugation frequency of the plasmid RP4 carrying the tet(A) gene increased between 10-100 fold in the presence of AI-2 molecules. In companion studies, AI-2-like activity was detected in fish, tomatoes, cantaloupes, carrots and milk samples. Interestingly, ground beef and poultry meat contained substances that appear to inhibit AI-2 activity. Collectively, these results highlight the potential importance of bacterial quorum sensing signals such as AI-2 in the response of bacterial cells to environmental stimuli and the possible role of quorum sensing signals in the quality and safety of foods.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Study program: Pharmacy Candidate: Jana Roubalová Consultant: RNDr. Klára Konečná, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Optimization of methods for sensitivity evaluation of biofilm-forming microbial agents towards substances with antimicrobial potential Background: The aim of this diploma thesis was to optimize the methodical approach to the production of yeast biofilms in vitro on the so-called pegs and the walls of the wells of the 96-well panel. This biofilm formation system should be an analogous approach to the commercially available Calgary Biofilm Device. 10 strains of Candida yeast and 4 different culture media (nutritionally poor / rich) were used to optimize the methodology. Both the reference strains and the clinical isolates were among the yeast strains tested. Methods: The ability to form yeast biofilms by different strains in different culture media was evaluated by the approach of fixation, staining of the formed biofilms by crystal violet and extraction and spectrophotometric measurement of the intensity of the extracted color. Results: Individual strains, after cultivation in different media, were categorized according to their ability to form biofilm. Larger yeast adherence occurs in the wells than on pegs where the yeast adhered very...

La galle du collet, caractérisée par la formation d'une tumeur, représente la bactériose la plus répandue chez la vigne et entraine d'importantes pertes économiques à travers le monde. L'agent responsable de cette maladie est le plasmide Ti (pTi) qui confère à ces bactéries hôtes, telles que des Allorhizobium vitis, leur pouvoir pathogène. En plus du pTi, les A. vitis sont aussi les hôtes d'autres plasmides dont les fonctions et les modes de dissémination sont peu documentés. Afin d'étudier l'adaptation particulière des souches d'A. vitis à la vigne, nous nous sommes intéressés à la diversité de ces pathogènes ainsi qu'au rôle de ces plasmides et à la régulation de leur dissémination. Tout d'abord, nous avons analysé la diversité des isolats provenant de vignobles du Maroc atteints par la galle du collet. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que l'ensemble des isolats pathogènes (e.g. porteur d'un pTi) forme 4 groupes génétiques se distinguant par le type d'opine produit. Nous nous sommes par la suite intéressés à la souche A. vitis S4 qui héberge 5 plasmides dont 3 possèdent un mécanisme de transfert pouvant être régulé par un système de communication bactérienne nommé quorum sensing (QS). Nous avons montré que le système QS du plasmide p130 (renommé pApi) contrôle non seulement le transfert conjugatif du pApi mais aussi d'autres fonctions plasmidiques non caractérisées. Ce système QS nécessite la synthèse d'une molécule signal de type N-acyl-homosérine lactone qui d'après nos travaux de caractérisation possède une structure atypique. De plus, des analyses génomiques couplées à des tests de résistance au cuivre nous ont permis d'identifier, sur le plasmide p79 d'A. vitis S4, un îlot de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans la résistance au cuivre de cette souche. Via des analyses de diversité ainsi que l'étude d'une souche modèle, nos travaux fournissent des connaissances sur l'adaptation d'Allorhizobium vitis à son unique plante hôte, la vigne / Crown gall disease, characterized by the formation of a tumor, represents the most widespread bacteriosis in the vineyard and causes significant economic losses throughout the world. The causing agent is the Ti plasmid (pTi) which confers pathogenicity to their bacterial hosts, such as Allorhizobium vitis. In addition to pTi, A. vitis harbours other plasmids whose functions and ways of dissemination are poorly documented. In order to study the peculiar adaptation of A. vitis strains to grapevine, we studied the diversity of these pathogens as well as the role of plasmids and the regulation of their dissemination.First, we analyzed the diversity of isolates from vineyards of Morocco affected by crown gall. We highlighted that all the pathogenic isolates (e.g. carrying a pTi) form 4 genetic groups that are distinguished by the type of opine produced and the ability to induce a hypersensitive response. We then focused on strain A. vitis S4, which contains 5 plasmids, including 3 possessing a transfer mechanism that can be regulated by a bacterial communication system called quorum sensing (QS). We demonstrated that the QS system of plasmid p130 (renamed pApi) controls not only the conjugative transfer of the pApi but also other uncharacterized plasmid-encoded functions. This QS system requires the synthesis of a N-acyl-homoserine lactone signal molecule with an atypical structure. In addition, genomic analyzes combined with copper resistance assays allowed us to identify, on plasmid p79 of A. vitis S4, a genomic island that is likely involved in copper resistance of this strain.Through analyzes of diversity and study of a model strain, our work provides insight into adaptation of Allorhizobium vitis to its unique host plant, grapevine

O fitopatógeno Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (XAC) é o agente causal do cancro em citros. O desenvolvimento da infecção depende do sucesso de XAC na colonização do hospedeiro. Para isso, além do sistema de secreção tipo III, que injeta efetores de virulência dentro da célula do hospedeiro, Xanthomonas também conta com o processo de quorum-sensing. O aumento da densidade celular em XCC (Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris) promove o acúmulo da molécula sinalizadora difusível (DSF) produzida por RpfF, que ativa o sistema de dois componentes formado pelas proteínas RpfC e RpfG, as quais transduzem o sinal de ativação para o fator de transcrição Clp (CAP Like Protein - homóloga da proteína CAP de E. coli). A proteína RpfG contém um domínio de fosfodiesterase conservado (HD-GYP) que regula a concentração de diGMP cíclico (c-diGMP), um segundo mensageiro bacteriano. Dessa forma o domínio HD-GYP atua contrapondo-se à atividade dos domínios diguanilato ciclases (GGDEF). No caso de XCC, foi demonstrado que a ativação do domínio HD-GYP de RpfG reduz a concentração de c-diGMP na célula e promove a ligação e ação positiva de Clp no promotor do gene de engXCA. Com intuito de estudar a via Rpf em XAC, produzimos mutantes não-polares de rpfF, rpfC, rpfG, dos genes que codificam os domínios GGDEF que interagiram com RpfG (Andrade et al. 2006), clp, fliC, pilT, gumD e também geramos mutantes dos operons xcs e xps, que codificam sistemas de secreção do tipo 2 em XAC. Análise por HPLC-MS/MS mostrou que a deleção de rpfG, mas não clp, promoveu um aumento de aproximadamente 4 vezes dos níveis celulares de c-diGMP. Também foi demonstrado por EMSA que c-diGMP inibe a ligação de Clp ao promotor do operon xcs. Os mutantes ΔrpfF-C-G e Δclp mostraram um comprometimento da mobilidade, redução da biossíntese de exopolissacarídeos e na produção de fatores de virulência. Em adição, observamos uma diminuição significativa no crescimento dos mutantes ΔrpfG e Δclp dentro do hospedeiro. Além disso, identificamos também novos fatores envolvidos no metabolismo do c-diGMP e (p)ppGpp em XAC. Além do c-diGMP, outro segundo mensageiro o (p)ppGpp, cuja concentração na célula é regulada pelas proteínas SpoT e RelA, pode afetar a expressão de maneira dependente da subunidade ω da RNA polimerase em XAC. Finalmente, propusemos um modelo onde a concentração de c-diGMP sob controle da via do quorum-sensing e a sinalização por (p)ppGpp podem convergir para alguns efetores que regulam a mobilidade e a patogenicidade em XAC. / In Xanthomonas, the cell-cell signaling mediated by diffusible molecules is known to play an important role in regulating physiological process, including the formation and dispersal of biofilms and virulence. It has been shown that the ability of Xanthomonas species to incite disease depends on several factors, including adhesins, synthesis of extracellular enzymes, type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors and the exopolysaccharide (EPS) xanthan. The rpf genes act to positively regulate the synthesis of extracellular enzymes, EPS and pathogenicity. The rpfF, rpfC and rpfG genes are implicated in a regulatory system involving a diffusible signal factor (DSF) whose synthesis of DSF depends on RpfF. DSF perception and signal transduction are mediated by the two-component system comprising RpfC and RpfG. High cell densities are thought to lead to the phosphorylation of RpfG by RpfC which in turn activates the RpfG HD-GYP phosphodiestarase domain whose substrate has been shown to be the important second messenger cyclic diGMP (c-diGMP) (Ryan et al., 2006). This work was prompted to by the observation that the HD-GYP domain of RpfG interacts with a subset of diguanylate cyclase (GGDEF) proteins (Andrade et al., 2006), responsible for c-diGMP synthesis in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (XAC). In order to study rpf signaling in XAC, we produced non-polar knockouts of rpfF, rpfC, rpfG, all genes coding the GGDEF domains shown to interact with RpfG, CAP-like protein (clp), fliC, pilT, gumD and polar insertions in the operons of both type 2 secretion systems coded by the XAC genome. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the deletion of rpfG, but not clp, promoted an approximate 4-fold increase in cellular c-diGMP levels. We Also demonstrated that c-diGMP inhibits the binding of Clp to the promoter of the XAC0694 gene, the first gene in the operon coding the type 2 secretion system. The rpf genes and clp knockouts have impaired motility, reduction in exopolissacarides and extracellular enzyme production. Furthermore, we observe a significant decrease in the growth of rpfG and clp mutants in host tissues. Our results demonstrate that RpfF-RpfC-RpfG-Clp signaling in XAC is associated with cellular c-diGMP levels and is important for XAC virulence, motility, and EPS production. In addition, we have identified new factors involved to metabolism of c-diGMP and (p)ppGpp in XAC. The (p)ppGpp synthesis and degradation is under control of the proteins SpoT and RelA; However the effect of (p)ppGpp on gene expression seems to depend of the ω subunit of RNA polimerase in XAC. Finally, we propose the model where c-diGMP levels controlled by quorum-sensing and the (p)ppGpp signalization may converge to regulate the motility and pathogenicity of XAC.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_rita_de_cassia_dos_santos_da_conceicao.pdf: 1008237 bytes, checksum: 314712b961ce0f1c183271a96a57f4ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-21 / Salmonella spp. is the most commonly bacterium transmitted through contamined food. The foods of animal are the most responsible for the worldwide distribution of this bacterium. Salmonella spp. is able to induce a variety of diseases, ranging from an enteric fever, septicemia, gastroenteritis and infections focused. This is due to the bacteria produce different pathogenicity factors and these factors, the flagellum was the target of our study and it is one of the pathogenicity factors induced by Quorum Sensing. Quorum Sensing is a bacterial signaling system that operates through the so-called autoinducer (AI). Gram-negative bacteria produce three auto-inducers. Studies find that catecholamines are able to use the same pathway the autoinducer 3 (AI-3) to active certain genes. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines that are present in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract can modulate bacterial gene expression. This work had as objectives to evaluate the Quorum Sensing signaling system on motility, on the growth and flagellar assembly gene expression of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and do a review about pathogenicity factors of Salmonella spp. induced by Quorum Sensing. ST was exposed to different concentrations of epinephrine and conditioned medium and its association. The combination of 500 μM epinephrine with 50 % conditioned medium increased ST bacterial motility, growth and increased the expression of the fliC, motA, motB and fliA genes. These results suggest that epinephrine in association with conditioned medium increases ST growth and motility, by modulating the expression of genes involved in flagellum assembly. These observations provide valuable insight into the association between catecholamine and autoinducer and their role in the outcome of Salmonella spp. infection. / Salmonella spp. é um dos principais patógenos transmitidos por alimentos. Os produtos de origem animal são os maiores responsáveis pela distribuição mundial desta bactéria. Salmonella spp. é capaz de induzir uma série de doenças, que vão desde uma febre entérica, septicemia, gastroenterite e infecções focalizadas. Isto é decorrente da bactéria produzir diferentes fatores de patogenicidade e dentre estes fatores, o flagelo foi o alvo no nosso estudo e é um dos fatores de patogenicidade induzidos por Quorum Sensing. Este é um de sistema de sinalização entre as bactérias, através de substâncias denominadas de auto-indutores (AI). As bactérias Gram-negativas produzem três auto-indutores. Estudos verificaram que catecolaminas são capazes de usar a mesma via de sinalização do auto-indutor 3 (AI-3) para ativar determinados genes. Adrenalina e noradrenalina são catecolaminas presentes no trato gastrointestinal de humanos e animais que são capazes de modular a expressão de gênica de bactérias. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o sistema de sinalização Quorum Sensing (AI-3) na motilidade, no crescimento celular e na expressão de genes envolvidos na montagem do flagelo de Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium (ST) e fazer uma revisão bibliográfica de fatores de patogenicidade de Salmonella spp. induzidos por Quorum Sensing. ST foi exposta a diferentes concentrações de adrenalina e esta associada ao meio condicionado. A combinação de 500 μM de adrenalina + 50% de meio condicionado aumentou a motilidade de ST, o crescimento celular e induziu a expressão dos genes motA, motB, fliA e fliC. Estes resultados sugerem que a maior motilidade de ST foi decorrente de uma maior expressão de genes envolvidos com a montagem do flagelo. Estas observações fornecem dados valiosos sobre a associação da adrenalina com os auto-indutores e seu papel na infecção causada por Salmonella spp..