Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs (GoA 4/UTO) auf ETCS und weitere ZZS-Umsysteme. Dafür werden die verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen systematisch untersucht. Es werden Basisfunktionen und Umsysteme aufgestellt, um den GoA 4-Betrieb zu beschreiben. Es wird gezeigt, dass der GoA 4-Betrieb zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt in Deutschland nicht rechtssicher durchführbar ist und die aktuellen betrieblichen Regelwerke nicht geeignet sind. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass ETCS für den GoA 4-Betrieb geeignet und eine Weiterentwicklung der Spezifikation angebracht ist. Es entstehen neue Schnittstellen. Ein Vergleich der Automatisierungsgrade offenbart teils deutliche systemische Unterschiede. Die Fernsteuerung der Fahrzeuge und Fahrzeugbedienungen ist ein elementares System zur Anwendung in der Rückfallebene in niedrigeren Automatisierungsgraden. Insgesamt besteht ein hoher Anpassungsaufwand gegenüber den aktuell gültigen Anforderungen, was sich z. B. durch signifikant höhere Konnektivitätsanforderungen zeigt.:1 Einleitung 2 Rahmenbedingungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 3 Funktionen und Umsysteme des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 4 Einfluss des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs auf ETCS 5 Systemische Unterschiede der Automatisierungsgrade 6 Vertiefte Betrachtung ausgewählter Aspekte 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / The objective of this diploma thesis is to analyse the effects of fully automatic rail operations (GoA 4/UTO) on ETCS and further CCS systems. For this purpose, the various framework conditions are systematically investigated. Basic functions and further systems are defined in order to describe UTO. It is shown that UTO is not legally feasible in Germany at present and that the current operational regulations are not suitable. This thesis concludes that ETCS is suitable for application in GoA 4 and that the further development of the specification is reasonable. New interfaces are emerging. A comparison between the grades of automation partly reveals significant systemic differences. The remote control of vehicles and vehicle operations is a fundamental system for use in the fall-back level at lower grades of automation. Overall, there is a high need for adjustments compared to the currently existing requirements, which is shown, e. g., by significantly higher connectivity requirements.:1 Einleitung 2 Rahmenbedingungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 3 Funktionen und Umsysteme des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 4 Einfluss des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs auf ETCS 5 Systemische Unterschiede der Automatisierungsgrade 6 Vertiefte Betrachtung ausgewählter Aspekte 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

A solução de problemas é parte fundamental da manutenção da qualidade e da melhoria contínua. Ao longo dos anos diversos métodos foram desenvolvidos para solucionar problemas, todavia nem todos os métodos são aplicáveis em todos os problemas ou adequados para todos os setores. Caracterizado pelo ambiente em constante mudança, o setor hospitalar possui problemas complexos, cuja solução necessita de uma abordagem adequada e robusta. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar o desempenho de três métodos normalmente utilizados para solução de problemas: A3, RCA e FRAM, quando aplicados em ambiente hospitalar. Para esse fim, os três métodos foram aplicados no mesmo processo, de prescrição e medicação, de um hospital universitário. Os resultados das aplicações foram analisados de acordo com os critérios: número total de ações de melhoria propostas, dificuldade de implementação, a possibilidade de replicação das ações entre as unidades do hospital, o tempo necessário para aplicação dos métodos, o número de envolvidos, a necessidade de capacitação da equipe e um indicador de prioridade das ações propostas. Além disso, a percepção dos profissionais da saúde em relação aos métodos foi analisada. Os resultados demonstram que, no contexto avaliado, os métodos apresentaram um bom desempenho, por terem apresentado melhorias que, em média, foram consideradas adequadas pela instituição. / Problem solving is a fundamental part for quality maintenance and continuous improvement. Through the years many methods were developed to solve problems, though these methods do not apply to every problem, or are suitable to every type of activity. Kwon for its constant changing nature, hospitals have complex problems, which need a suitable and robust approach to solve. Thus, the present study has the objective of evaluating the performance of three methods usually used for problem solving: A3, RCA and FRAM, when applied on a hospital. For this, the three methods were applied in the same process, of prescription and medication, in an academic hospital. The results were analyzed accordingly to the following criteria: the total number of improvement actions proposed, implementation difficult, replication possibility along the departments of the hospital, the time needed to apply the methods, the number of people involved, the need of training for the team and an indicator for prioritization. Besides that, the health sector workers’ perception regards the methods was analyzed. The results evidence that, in the studied context, the methods had good performance, because introduced improvements that, on average, were considered suitable for the institution.

韓國與台灣分別在1960年代初和1950年代末採取外向型出口導向型發展戰略，迄今依然以出口帶動經濟發展為主要策略。1990年代以來，中國改革開放不斷深化，對外貿易量快速增加，中國佔韓台整體對外貿易的比重日益升高，2004年更取代美國成為韓台兩國第一大出口夥伴。 　　根據韓台對中國出口產業結構，韓台兩國對中國的出口明顯以生產高附加價值的高技術產業(High-Tech Industries)為主。其中，在雁行模式為主的東亞分工結構下，半導體與液晶顯示器分別為韓台兩國輸往中國的第一、第二大產品，為兩國對中國出口貢獻最大的共同產品。對於這兩種產品，韓台兩國一直以來形成你追我趕的競爭關係。尤其在2008年全球金融海嘯的大背景下，中國政府採取家電下鄉及依舊換新等擴大內需政策，使得韓台兩國對中國半導體及液晶顯示器出口依賴度進一步增加，兩國在中國市場競爭更為加深。 　　國家所扮演的重要角色是戰後東亞國家發展的主要動力，韓國與台灣為發展型國家的典範之一。尤其就半導體及液晶顯示器等高技術產品發展而言，政府的支持與推動絕對是影響產業發展的關鍵因素。此外，目前各國的廠商跨越國家疆界而成為重要貿易平台。政府產業政策及廠商競爭策略對於產業出口競爭力及貿易型態的形成，扮演關鍵性的角色。 　　以此為基礎，本論文利用顯示性比較優勢指數(Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, RCA)及產業內貿易指數(Intra-Industry Trade Index,IIT)與貿易專業化指數(Trade Specialization Index, TSI)等三個指標來衡量2005-2010年期間韓台對中國半導體與液晶顯示器出口競爭力與貿易型態及其變化，進而比較分析韓台兩國政府政策及主要廠商競爭策略對該些產業出口競爭力及貿易型態有何影響。

Cattle are responsible for the deterioration of aquatic and riparian ecosystems throughout the North American prairies. Marked preference for riparian areas has resulted in vegetation loss, stream bank destabilization, changes in sediment particle size, and increased nutrient loads in the streams. A grazing experiment in Grasslands National Park of Canada manipulated the density of cattle to represent a range of grazing intensities (from no grazing to very heavy grazing, 70% forage utilization). This experiment provided the opportunity to study how streams in the semi-arid mixed-grass prairie environment respond to a range of grazing pressure. Nine experimental pastures located on previously ungrazed land within the park boundary and four located within the adjacent community pastures were created, each subjected to a specified grazing treatment. Sampling occurred in the autumn from 2007 to 2009 and included the measurement of 33 physical, chemical, and biological habitat metrics and the characterization of the aquatic invertebrate community. Linear regressions were performed to determine if the habitat variables had a significant relationship to grazing intensity (P < 0.05). Of the habitat variables, two sediment particle size categories were significantly related to grazing intensity: per cent of fine gravel (4-8 mm diameter) (P =0.003) and per cent of medium gravel (8-16 mm diameter) (P = 0.007). The only other habitat variable with a significant linear relationship to grazing intensity was the concentration of suspended carbon in the stream water (P = 0.050). Three invertebrate community metrics were focused on for their expected response to changes associated with cattle impacts: iii per cent Chironomidae (%Chiron), per cent Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera (%EOT), and taxa richness. There was a significant non-linear relationship between %Chiron (P = 0.005) and grazing intensity, no linear or non-linear relationship between %EOT and grazing intensity, and a non-linear trend between richness and grazing intensity (P = 0.083). A Reference Condition Approach was used to test for the effects of grazing on the invertebrate community. Multiple regression was used to create a model predicting the invertebrate community from habitat metrics. Of the three community metrics, only richness resulted in a model with acceptable predictive ability. The predicted richness values for each test site were calculated and their residuals were determined and compared to the distribution of residuals observed in the reference sites. Using this technique, I determined that 73.3% of the sites subjected to grazing deviated significantly for the reference condition and were therefore deemed to be impacted. There was no significant relationship between the test site residuals and grazing intensity. The macroinvertebrate community in this semi-arid environment is already under a lot of stress, the addition of cattle to the environment, even at low intensities, pushed the community beyond the reference condition.

A solução de problemas é parte fundamental da manutenção da qualidade e da melhoria contínua. Ao longo dos anos diversos métodos foram desenvolvidos para solucionar problemas, todavia nem todos os métodos são aplicáveis em todos os problemas ou adequados para todos os setores. Caracterizado pelo ambiente em constante mudança, o setor hospitalar possui problemas complexos, cuja solução necessita de uma abordagem adequada e robusta. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar o desempenho de três métodos normalmente utilizados para solução de problemas: A3, RCA e FRAM, quando aplicados em ambiente hospitalar. Para esse fim, os três métodos foram aplicados no mesmo processo, de prescrição e medicação, de um hospital universitário. Os resultados das aplicações foram analisados de acordo com os critérios: número total de ações de melhoria propostas, dificuldade de implementação, a possibilidade de replicação das ações entre as unidades do hospital, o tempo necessário para aplicação dos métodos, o número de envolvidos, a necessidade de capacitação da equipe e um indicador de prioridade das ações propostas. Além disso, a percepção dos profissionais da saúde em relação aos métodos foi analisada. Os resultados demonstram que, no contexto avaliado, os métodos apresentaram um bom desempenho, por terem apresentado melhorias que, em média, foram consideradas adequadas pela instituição. / Problem solving is a fundamental part for quality maintenance and continuous improvement. Through the years many methods were developed to solve problems, though these methods do not apply to every problem, or are suitable to every type of activity. Kwon for its constant changing nature, hospitals have complex problems, which need a suitable and robust approach to solve. Thus, the present study has the objective of evaluating the performance of three methods usually used for problem solving: A3, RCA and FRAM, when applied on a hospital. For this, the three methods were applied in the same process, of prescription and medication, in an academic hospital. The results were analyzed accordingly to the following criteria: the total number of improvement actions proposed, implementation difficult, replication possibility along the departments of the hospital, the time needed to apply the methods, the number of people involved, the need of training for the team and an indicator for prioritization. Besides that, the health sector workers’ perception regards the methods was analyzed. The results evidence that, in the studied context, the methods had good performance, because introduced improvements that, on average, were considered suitable for the institution.

A solução de problemas é parte fundamental da manutenção da qualidade e da melhoria contínua. Ao longo dos anos diversos métodos foram desenvolvidos para solucionar problemas, todavia nem todos os métodos são aplicáveis em todos os problemas ou adequados para todos os setores. Caracterizado pelo ambiente em constante mudança, o setor hospitalar possui problemas complexos, cuja solução necessita de uma abordagem adequada e robusta. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar o desempenho de três métodos normalmente utilizados para solução de problemas: A3, RCA e FRAM, quando aplicados em ambiente hospitalar. Para esse fim, os três métodos foram aplicados no mesmo processo, de prescrição e medicação, de um hospital universitário. Os resultados das aplicações foram analisados de acordo com os critérios: número total de ações de melhoria propostas, dificuldade de implementação, a possibilidade de replicação das ações entre as unidades do hospital, o tempo necessário para aplicação dos métodos, o número de envolvidos, a necessidade de capacitação da equipe e um indicador de prioridade das ações propostas. Além disso, a percepção dos profissionais da saúde em relação aos métodos foi analisada. Os resultados demonstram que, no contexto avaliado, os métodos apresentaram um bom desempenho, por terem apresentado melhorias que, em média, foram consideradas adequadas pela instituição. / Problem solving is a fundamental part for quality maintenance and continuous improvement. Through the years many methods were developed to solve problems, though these methods do not apply to every problem, or are suitable to every type of activity. Kwon for its constant changing nature, hospitals have complex problems, which need a suitable and robust approach to solve. Thus, the present study has the objective of evaluating the performance of three methods usually used for problem solving: A3, RCA and FRAM, when applied on a hospital. For this, the three methods were applied in the same process, of prescription and medication, in an academic hospital. The results were analyzed accordingly to the following criteria: the total number of improvement actions proposed, implementation difficult, replication possibility along the departments of the hospital, the time needed to apply the methods, the number of people involved, the need of training for the team and an indicator for prioritization. Besides that, the health sector workers’ perception regards the methods was analyzed. The results evidence that, in the studied context, the methods had good performance, because introduced improvements that, on average, were considered suitable for the institution.

Through identifying failure manufacturing companies compete in today’s world to gain beneficial attributes. The purpose if this thesis is to develop a model towards identifying failure and the root cause. The model developed to identify failure and the root cause toward it, which should result it decrease in failure time (nonfunction machine). The developed model has tested and analyzed in a manufacturing company. The model has been established through studies based on preventive and predictive maintenance: FMEA &amp; RCA.

DuMPLING is a newly developed high-throughput method to study singlecellphenotypes in a pooled and barcoded library using a microfluidicchip. The chip enables parallel biophysical measurements of singlecells, after which in-situ genotyping connects the cells to a certainstrain of the library. The method has been previously applied with abarcoded library, where genotyping was performed on barcodes presenton high copy number plasmids. In this project, I apply and developthe Rolling Circle Amplification method to amplify the signal frombarcodes present on the E. coli chromosome. A small librarycontaining three different chromosomal barcodes is investigated. Veryhigh efficiency of signal generation is achieved for the firstbarcode, good efficiency is achieved for the second, and no signal isachieved for the third. Genotyping is also successfully performed ona strain with two different barcodes present on the chromosome. Thegenotyping method described herein can be applied to screen foradditional barcodes that may be incorporated in a larger library thatin turn can be used to ask important biological questions, forexample using the high throughput DuMPLING method.

Many highway and hydraulic structures in North America have been reported to be affected by alkali aggregate reaction (ASR). It is anticipated that most of these structures will be demolished as they approach the end of their service lives. Recycling demolished concrete as aggregates in new concrete is an option that not only reduces the amount of construction demolition waste (CDW) disposed in landfills but also lessens the consumption of non-renewable resources such as natural aggregates. However, the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in new concrete requires detailed research to make sure that the durability of the recycled material is not compromised, especially if the RCA had been previously affected by ASR. In this research project, coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is reclaimed and processed from distinct members (i.e. foundation blocks, bridge deck and columns) of an ASR-affected overpass after nearly 50 years of service. RCA concrete mixtures incorporating 50 and 100% replacement are manufactured and stored in conditions enabling further ASR development. Mechanical (i.e. Stiffness Damage Test - SDT) and microscopic (Damage Rating Index - DRI) analyses are performed at a fixed “secondary” induced expansion of 0.12%. Results show that the overall performance of the ASR-affected recycled mixtures depends upon the “past” condition of the RCA particles. Moreover, the DRI was able to capture the “past” and “secondary” induced expansion and damage of affected RCA while the SDT only detected the “secondary” distress development. Lastly, an adapted version of the DRI was proposed to further evaluate the overall damage of recycled concrete along with properly displaying “past” and “secondary” induced distress.

In 2014, Russia imposed an import ban against a large variety of western food products. The ban served as a shield against foreign competition, including from Russia’s neighbours. In 2015-2016, a major drop in the Russian rouble’s exchange rate heightened Russia’s food products’ competitiveness versus its neighbours’. Both these events acted as trade shocks to Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors’ as they suddenly created an uneven competitive balance between their sectors and Russia’s. However, while previous research has documented disruptions to political cooperation between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan following these shocks, researchers have yet to quantify the influence of heightened Russian agricultural sector competitiveness on its neighbouring countries’ agricultural sectors. This Master’s thesis studies Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors’ capacity to maintain competitiveness versus Russia’s during both these shocks by analysing the developments of and the causes behind these developments for two indices measuring the countries’ Revealed Comparative Advantage between 2014-2019. Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors competed rather well with Russia’s during both these events. However, while Belarus had the overall most internationally competitive agricultural sector out of the three countries, Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector’s competitiveness better withstood the negative effects of increases in Russian competitiveness. Overall, Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector emerges as having the most rapidly growing international competitiveness out of the three countries.