A expansão da geração de energia elétrica é tema de permanente atenção por parte do Estado brasileiro, dos investidores e da sociedade em geral, em razão da essencialidade dessa atividade para o desenvolvimento econômico e social sustentável. Com bases nas premissas de garantia do suprimento, planejamento e modicidade tarifária, foram adotados no Brasil diversos mecanismos de incentivo à geração de energia elétrica, que representam atratividade ao investidor público e privado. Os riscos na geração de energia elétrica também são indicados em diversos instrumentos, desde a legislação federal e a regulação promovida pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica - ANEEL até contratos, regras e procedimentos relativos à comercialização de energia elétrica e à operação do Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN. No presente trabalho é apresentada análise da atividade de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil, a partir do modelo setorial definido em 2004, numa visão legal-regulatória sobre riscos para seu desenvolvimento e mecanismos de incentivos definidos pelo Poder Público. Se os riscos, de um lado, podem afastar o investidor do setor, os meios de mitigação de riscos e os incentivos, por outro lado, atraem esse mesmo investidor, em razão do cenário favorável propiciado por diversos benefícios definidos, especialmente nos últimos anos, por meio de programas governamentais, como o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC, o Regime Especial de Incentivos para o Desenvolvimento da Infraestrutura REIDI, linhas de financiamento do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social BNDES e outros. Considerado esse cenário, o objetivo desse trabalho é possibilitar uma avaliação sobre o desenvolvimento da atividade de geração de energia elétrica, quanto aos seus riscos e mecanismos de incentivo, sob o enfoque legal-regulatório, o que visa contribuir para o debate acadêmico e a ampliação do conhecimento sobre o setor elétrico brasileiro. / The expansion of electricity generation is a subject of constant attention by the Brazilian Government, investors and society as a whole, due to its essential role for the economic and social development. Based on the premises of supply guarantee, planning and low tariffs, incentive mechanisms were adopted in Brazil to encourage electricity generation, representing attractiveness to general public and private investors. The risks in electricity generation are also appointed by several instruments: federal legislation and regulation promoted by Electric Energy National Agency (ANEEL Portuguese acronym), contracts, rules and procedures related to electricity commercialization and operation of National Interconnected System (SIN Portuguese acronym). In this paper are presented analysis of electricity generation in Brazil, (since the beginning of current model 2004), including a legal-regulatory view about risks to its development and incentive mechanisms which are defined by the Government. There is a kind of fine-tuning balance, one hand risks may avert investors, on the other hand, the incentives may attract the same investors. We can identify this behavior due to the favorable business environment created by several and specific benefits that were defined, especially in last years, through Governmental programs, such as Acceleration Growth Program (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC in Portuguese), Special Development Incentives for Infrastructure (Regime Especial de Incentivos para o Desenvolvimento da Infraestrutura REIDI), funding lines from National Development Bank (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social BNDES) among others. Then, this paper goals to provide an evaluation about development of electricity generation, its risks and incentive mechanisms under the legal-regulatory focus, in order to contribute to academic debate and expansion of knowledge about Brazilian electricity sector.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-12T14:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia Ribeiro Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 2526727 bytes, checksum: 671c8fba2162cafddef2b61b34bbb0a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T14:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia Ribeiro Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 2526727 bytes, checksum: 671c8fba2162cafddef2b61b34bbb0a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / The present dissertation had with main objective to analyse the regulatory framework of the pre ¿salt the light of national policy on climate change, identifying whether there are points of confronting between the two legal frameworks. Therefore, it was necessary to demonstrate the evolution of environmental law in the world and in Brazil, as well as the institutionalization of climate protection policy in Brazil, their policies and objectives. In the oil industry sector, evaluate the influence of owning countries and oil producers in the Brazilian energy matrix, the legal changes that have altered the ownership of natural resources throughout history, the change of legislation for oil exploration in the pre -salt field in 2010, and the current scenario of oil exploration in the polygon. In order to achieve the proposed goal, there was a brief overview on the scientific aspects of climate change and the voluntary commitments made by Brazil, in an effort to reduce gas emissions between 36,1 % to 38,9 % by 2020. It was found that oil is a finite resource and that, according to the theory of Peak Oil and the current target for oil exploration in the pre-salt, there are two possible future scenarios with different consequences to Brazil. It was understood that the country published two legislations, one of climate protection and other oil exploration in the pre-salt, which does not establish a dialogue and demonstrate a route of confront between the policies. Still, proposals were searched for confronting of the two scenarios mentioned above. / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo principal analisar o marco regulatório do pré-sal sob a luz da política nacional sobre mudança do clima, identificando se existem pontos de colidência entre os dois marcos legais. Para tanto, foi preciso demonstrar a evolução do direito ambiental do mundo e no Brasil, assim como a institucionalização da política de proteção ao clima no Brasil, suas diretrizes e objetivos. No setor da indústria petrolífera, foi necessário avaliar a influência dos países possuidores e produtores de petróleo na matriz energética brasileira, as mudanças legais que alteraram a propriedade dos recursos naturais ao longo da história, a mudança da legislação do petróleo para a exploração no campo do pré-sal em 2010, e o atual cenário de exploração de petróleo no polígono do pré-sal. De modo a cumprir o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma breve abordagem sobre os aspectos científicos das mudanças climáticas publicadas pelo IPCC e os compromissos voluntários assumidos pelo Brasil, no sentido de reduzir suas emissões de GEE entre 36,1% a 38,9%, até 2020. Constatou-se que o petróleo é um recurso finito e que, de acordo com a teoria do Peak Oil e a atual meta de exploração de petróleo no pré-sal, existem dois possíveis cenários futuros com consequências distintas paras o Brasil. Entendeu-se que o país editou duas legislações: uma de proteção ao clima e outra de regulamentação da exploração de petróleo no pré-sal, que que não estabelecem um diálogo e demonstram uma rota de confronto entre as políticas. Ainda, buscou-se propostas para o enfrentamento dos dois cenários mencionados acima.

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行動電視產業為無線電視產業、電信產業、內容產業、行動裝置製造產業等多方匯流共同合作下的結果。不同產業間合作前，可能產生不同業者在新產業中扮演的角色與定位、產業價值鏈/價值網之成形等問題。本研究研究目的在於了解國際間行動電視規範政策與管制議題，對於該國行動電視產業營運所產生的影響，以文獻分析方式選定日本、韓國、義大利與美國等行動電視市場較為成熟之國家分析其規範架構與營運模式之關係。並比較台灣、香港、新加坡政府提出之行動電視意見諮詢文件探討行動電視規範議題之制訂方向與業者回應。輔以深度訪談方法訪問我國主管機關與產業界對於行動電視業務開放之意見。最後依據台灣通訊傳播產業規範環境，由結構管制與內容管制兩方面討論行動電視產業規範架構之相關議題與未來可能之釋照方式，並提出其對應之營運模式發展建議。 針對上述研究問題，本研究主要結論如下： 1. 國際間行動電視執照類型包含：以營運平臺執照發放多頻電視平臺（MUX）執照，其執照內涵可包含頻率使用許可執照以及營運平臺經營許可執照；依傳輸服務經營內涵不同，分別發放「頻率執照」與「營運平臺執照」，前者發給廣播傳輸網路業者，僅能經營基礎傳輸業務；後者則為負責整合內容服務之營運平臺執照；而內容規範所需之執照，分為兩種規範方式：以傳統廣電法進行內容規範，或是參考歐盟視聽媒體服務，對於線性頻道節目採用較嚴格的廣電法管制，而非線性的隨選節目內容以低度管制進行規範。 2. 國際間行動電視營運模式發展同時會受到釋照方式不同所影響，釋照方式包含：審議、審議加競價、多回合競價方式。若以審議方式發給特定業者，行動電視營運模式將由特定業者主導，但需遵守較多義務規範；若以審議加競價方式釋照，可能將由廣電業者與電信業者共同經營行動電視服務。或是完全以競價方式拍賣頻率執照，其執照使用方式則最具彈性。 3. 在目前法律架構下，本研究建議行動電視適合以電信法開放，對於外資限制頻率租賃有較寬鬆規定。並鼓勵鼓勵廣電業者與電信業者合資組成團隊取得頻率執照，廣電業者擁有廣播傳輸網路以及內容產製能力，而電信業者同時擁有基礎網路以及與設備製造商議價之優勢，並且擁有龐大基本顧客群。並且建議行動電視市場發展初期，行動電視服務宜以其他電信服務搭售或以綑綁服務方式提供，以增加消費者使用黏度，並擴大市場規模，普及終端收視裝置市場。內容規範方面則建議採低度管制方式，頻道式節目內容以廣電法規進行管理，其他節目則按一般法律進行管理。 / Mobile TV is a newly converged service of television broadcasts, telecommunication services, and information technologies. Challenges arise from regulating the rapidly transformed technologies and proposing a suitable business model into a converging industry. The study aimed to examine different regulatory frameworks established in advanced mobile TV markets, and to categorize business models of mobile TV developed in those markets by reviewing government documentations, industrial research reports and conferences papers. In addition, the study interviewed key persons, including regulators, mobile TV trial team members and specialists, in mobile TV industries. Furthermore the study had made a comparison analysis of different mobile TV regulatory framework proposed by governments of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The study concluded that the mobile TV regulatory framework was architected by different regulatory approaches, including institutions which affect the content production, and institutions which had power on regulating stakeholders of media and telecom companies. The horizontal regulatory framework which included network layer, platform layer and content layer was mostly adopted by European countries in the converged age while regulating the newly risen mobile TV industry. The multiplex license could be treated as a network license and a platform operation license, and in other cases, the multiplex license was just the network license for the network operator. Some regulators extended existing digital terrestrial TV rules to mobile TV. As for the content regulation, regulators were taking light touch in regulating content, and adopting the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMS) proposed by EU. AVMS had reduced the regulatory burdens for all audiovisual media services, and also modernized the rules on television advertising and product placement. The study suggested that the mobile TV in Taiwan was suitable to be regulated by Telecommunication Law, since Telecommunication Law had less restriction on the structure of stakeholders and foreign investments. Broadcasters and Telecommunication operators were suggested to joint as a new company to operate mobile TV service, since broadcasters, who were talented in content production, had broadcast network to transmit services to users; telecommunication operators, who were good at pricing, could use their advantages to set up bundling service to attract user in the nascent market.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the database system used at the South African Radiation Control Authority and compare it with RAIS (Regulatory Authority Information System). A radiation regulatory authority requires an adequate and effective data management system in order to carry out its regulatory control program efficiently and effectively. RAIS is a comprehensive system that includes all of the main functionality required to support a regulatory framework. A mixed methods approach, including a quantitative descriptive comparative evaluation research study was conducted to determine if the database system currently used by the South African Radiation Control Authority is effective as a data management tool for a regulatory body. Two analyses were conducted. Firstly, the specification records of the South African database system were compared with that of RAIS. Secondly, current database users were surveyed by means of a structured questionnaire. Both analyses reveal that RAIS performs better than the Radiation Control database in the main areas of the regulatory framework. The study results also highlight some of the shortcomings and strengths of the Radiation Control database / Medical Informatics / M.A. (Public Health)

Atualmente, no Brasil, a atenção ao setor de saneamento básico tornou-se uma questão de saúde pública e ambiental. A evolução dos indicadores recentes mostra que o nível de cobertura se encontra em patamares aquém do necessário frente a uma elevada demanda, decorrente do crescimento populacional e de um histórico insuficiente de atendimento no país. Esse setor enfrenta dificuldades na captação de recursos para investimentos por parte das empresas públicas, pois estas se encontram submetidas a regras fiscais tais como limites de endividamento, contingenciamento de crédito e metas de superávit. Além disso, registram uma baixa geração de excedentes, ineficiência operacional e ingerência política. O avanço da iniciativa privada ocorreu de forma tímida no setor, decorrente do caráter fortemente social do mesmo e da ausência de diretrizes que definam suas políticas. Com a introdução de novo marco regulatório estabelecido por meio da Lei no 11.445/2007, surge um ambiente institucional com menos incerteza para atuação de investimentos privados. Diante das preocupações com processos de privatização, como, por exemplo, trade-off custo/qualidade com o qual a empresa privada pode se deparar, constatou-se, por meio de estimação de dados em cross section, via Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, os tipos de prestadores que tiveram melhor desempenho nos indicadores que compõe as funções-objetivo de cada empresa enunciadas pela literatura do setor. Os resultados indicaram que a participação da iniciativa privada foi positiva para o setor na medida em que apresentou menores perdas de distribuição e de faturamento, maiores índices de produtividade, investimento e qualidade dos serviços. Portanto, pode-se sugerir que as parcerias entre setor público e privado são alternativas viáveis para acelerar o cumprimento das metas de universalização dos serviços. / Currently, in Brazil, the attention to basic sanitation sector has become a matter of public health and environmental concerns. The evolution of the recent researches states that the level of coverage is not enough to fulfill the high demand due to population growth and a history of inadequate investments in the country. This sector is facing difficulties in raising funds by public enterprises, as these are subject to tax rules such as limits on debt, curtailment of credit and surplus targets. In addition, they have had low generation of profit, operational inefficiency and political interference. The private enterprise investments in the sector have not being significant due to its evident social character and the lack of guidelines that define their policies. With the introduction of new regulatory framework established by the Law number 11.445/2007, an institutional environment have being created with less uncertainty for the private investments. In face of the concerns about the privatization processes, for instance the cost-quality trade-off which a private company may have to deal with, it was found through cross section data estimation via OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) the supplier types that had better performance on the indicators that comprise the objective functions of each company listed in the literature of the sector. The results indicated that the participation of the private capital was positive for the sector as it showed lower losses on sales and distribution, higher rates of productivity, investment and quality of services. Therefore, it can be suggested that partnerships between public and private sectors are viable alternatives to accelerate the achievement of the targets of a universalized service.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa