Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014 / Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade moduladora da restricao e privacao de sono paradoxal no processo de carcinogenese bucal induzida pela 4-Nitroquinolina 1-oxido utilizando as proteinas envolvidas no processo da apoptose, do ciclo celular, e inflamacao por meio da analise imunoistoquimica em modelo experimental utilizando 4NQO. Material e metodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram distribuidos em 6 grupos de 10 animais cada, por um periodo de 4 e 12 semanas de tratamento com 4NQO. Para o periodo de 4 semanas, 3 grupos foram formados, sendo que um grupo os animais foram submetidos a privacao de sono, outro submetidos a restricao de sono e por ultimo, o grupo controle. A mesma divisao foi feita para o periodo de 12 semanas. Resultados: Os grupos de 4 semanas nao apresentaram alteracoes histologicas, ja no periodo de 12 semanas, os grupos apresentaram hiperplasia, hiperqueratose e displasia epitelial. No periodo de 4 semanas, quando comparamos a expressao das proteinas do grupo controle com o grupo que foi submetido a restricao de sono, observamos que as expressoes da proteina p53 e Bcl-2 apresentaram diferencas estatisticamente significantivas;, ja no periodo de 12 semanas, essa diferenca foi observada entre as proteinas p53, Bcl-2, Bax e p16ink4a. Quando houve comparacao do grupo controle com o grupo de animais que foram submetidos a privacao de sono, na 4a semana, houve resultados significativos entre as proteinas p53 e Bcl-2, ja na 12a semana, as proteinas p53, Bax e p16ink4a mostraram resultados estatisticamente significantivos. Conclusao: A partir dos resultados apresentados, conclui-se que tanto a restricao e a privacao de sono paradoxal interferiram na expressao das proteinas relacionadas a apoptose e ciclo celular na mucosa bucal de ratos seguindo a carcinogenese / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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No. of bitstreams: 1 ViniciusBezerraDeMoraesGalindo_DISSERT.pdf: 5834299 bytes, checksum: 97e03eb365bec77965ef27cbb7703c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da cidade contemporânea, com base no pensamento de Rem Koolhaas e com foco na relação entre edifício e cidade, por meio de questionamentos apontados ao referido pensamento, utilizando-se em particular do suporte de conceitos e considerações de David Harvey e Henri Lefebvre. Destaca-se ainda outras duas particularidades na presente pesquisa: a dialética existente entre o desenvolvimento da cidade e o sistema capitalista; e a relação entre a teoria e a prática da arquitetura no contexto em questão. Trata-se de uma análise teóricoconceitual que utiliza o método dialético de abordagem, precisamente devido ao caráter dialético: do próprio objeto de estudo; da forma como Koolhaas enxerga tal objeto, na qual o contraditório é aspecto fundamental (e dialético); da relação entre cidade e capitalismo; e das conceituações de Harvey e Lefebvre utilizadas. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa se divide em duas partes, sendo a primeira delas dedicada a entender o pensamento de Koolhaas sobre a cidade contemporânea como um todo, extraindo dele uma base sobre a qual a discussão é promovida, na segunda parte. Assim, aborda-se o contraditório como aspecto fundamental na formação do pensamento de Koolhaas e, portanto, como chave de leitura para a presente análise; para em seguida analisar a construção de seu entendimento sobre a cidade contemporânea. Como resultado, aponta-se a cultura da congestão e a atividade do consumo como sendo os aspectos fundamentais para a discussão realizada na segunda parte, apresentando-lhes questionamentos e utilizando-se do suporte de Harvey e Lefebvre. Assim, aborda-se a relação entre o que Koolhaas entende na cultura da congestão e o que Lefebvre enxerga na formação do urbano e da sociedade urbana, a fim de questionar o papel da arquitetura nesse contexto e que consequências ela traz, para as cidades e para a sociedade. Tal questionamento envolve também o cotidiano a que se refere Lefebvre, com sua dialética da produção do espaço em conjunto com a sociedade. Finalmente, fazendo uso das considerações de Harvey a respeito da dialética entre o capitalismo e o processo urbano, discutese a cidade contemporânea em função da atividade do consumo, apontando ainda o impacto das alterações na dinâmica espaço-tempo da condição pós-moderna apresentadas por Harvey; e novamente o cotidiano de Lefebvre, representado pela sociedade burocrática de consumo dirigido. Ao longo de toda essa análise, identifica-se uma transformação da cidade e da sociedade (representada no pensamento de Koolhaas pela transição da cidade genérica para o junkspace) a partir da qual questionase o papel exercido pela arquitetura e suas consequências. / The aim of this work is to do an analysis of the contemporary city, based on Rem Koolhaas’s thought and focusing the relation between city and building, by questioning that thought, making particular use of concepts and considerations pointed by David Harvey and Henri Lefebvre as a support. Two other particularities are pointed out on the present research: the existing dialectics between capitalism and city development; and the relation between theory and practice of architecture on the context at hand. It is a theoretical-conceptual analysis that makes use of the dialectical approach method, precisely due to the dialectical nature: of the study object; of the way Koolhaas sees this object, in which the contradictory is a fundamental (and dialectal) aspect; of the relation between city and capitalism; and of Harvey and Lefebvre’s conceptualizations utilized. In that way, this research is divided into two parts, the first of which being dedicated to understand Koolhaas’s thought about the contemporary city as a whole, extracting a basis from it, on which the discussion is promoted at the second part of this study. Thereby, the contradictory is approached as a fundamental aspect in Koolhaas’s thought formation and, therefore, as a reading key to the present analysis; in order to analyze the construction of his understanding about the contemporary city. As a result, it is pointed out the culture of congestion and the consumption activity as the fundamental aspects to the discussion realized at the second part, by presenting them questions and making use of Harvey and Lefebvre’s support. Thus, the relation between Koolhaas’s understanding of the culture of congestion and Lefebvre’s vision on the formation of urban and urban society is approached, in order to question the role of architecture in this context and which consequences it brings out, to cities and to society. This question embraces Lefebvre’s everyday life too, with it’s dialectical production of the space, together with society. Finally, making use of Harvey’s considerations about the dialectic between capitalism and the urban process, the contemporary city is discussed related to the consumption activity, also pointing the impact of the changes on the space-time dynamics in the postmodern condition presented by Harvey; and Lefebvre’s everyday life yet again, represented by the bureaucratic society of controlled consumption. Throughout all this analysis, it is identified a transformation of the city and the society (represented on Koolhaas’s thought by the transition from the generic city to the junkspace), from which it is questioned the role of architecture and its consequences.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / El Octodon degus ha sido descrito como un animal de actividad diurna en su medio natural. En condiciones de laboratorio, presenta un perfil predominantemente crepuscular en su ritmo de actividad-reposo. Se ha descrito la existencia de múltiples cronotipos en esta especie, con individuos que expresan diversas predilecciones horarias de actividad: nocturna, diurna e intermedia. Interesa estudiar aspectos de la cronobiología del Ciclo Sueño Vigilia (CSV) del O. degus. Como en la mayoría de los mamíferos, en este roedor es posible distinguir tres estados: vigilia, sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos (MOR) y sueño no-MOR (NMOR). La interacción entre los mecanismos homeostáticos del sueño MOR y los mecanismos circadianos, parece ser de particular interés en esta especie de actividad bimodal crepuscular. Un número de 15 animales capturados, fueron estudiados polisomnográficamente, luego de una habituación a las condiciones de laboratorio. Fueron mantenidos bajo un ciclo luz:oscuridad 12:12 hrs., con agua y alimento ad libitum. El encendido de la luz fue a la hora 00 y el apagado a la hora 12. Luego de una implantación crónica de electrodos, para estudios electroencefalográfico (EEG) y electromiográfico (EMG), los registros fueron adquiridos mediante un sistema automatizado. Se consideraron cuatro días de registro de línea de base para cada individuo, con el fin de realizar el estudio descriptivo del CSV. Diez animales completaron el estudio de privación de sueño. El protocolo completo consistió en cuatro días experimentales, con una privación de sueño de tres horas cada uno. Se combinaron dos variables: privación total o selectiva de sueño MOR, y comienzo a las 06 o 18 horas (fase diurna y nocturna, respectivamente). Los resultados demuestran la existencia de un patrón crepuscular con cronotipos nocturno y diurno en el O. degus. Los experimentos de privación sugieren que, la respuesta homeostática del sueño MOR está modulada por el sistema circadiano, siendo ésta eficiente sólo en la fase de oscuridad. La privación total de sueño no produjo respuesta compensatoria del sueño MOR. El sueño NMOR juega un rol crítico en la respuesta homeostática del sueño MOR en el O. degus. En suma, la respuesta homeostática del sueño MOR depende de la hora del día y de la modalidad de privación de sueño.

Emotion is thought to modulate the long-term fate of memories. Experiences that elicit an emotional response tend to be better remembered than comparatively unemotional events, while the emotional charge associated with these memories diminishes over time. Sleep – in particular rapid-eye movement (REM) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) - has been implicated in both the selective strengthening and affective uncharging of emotional memories. According to the sleep to forget, sleep to remember (SFSR) hypothesis, both processes occur in parallel during REM sleep. Although evidence strongly supports a role of REM sleep in the selective consolidation of emotional memories, it is far less clear to what extent sleep is involved in the development of emotional charge. While some studies support a primary role of REM in habituation (i.e. the decrease of emotional charge), others suggest a more central role of SWS. Further, existing literature indicates that the physiological (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) components of emotional responses may be differentially processed across sleep. Chapter 2 proposes complementary functions of REM and SWS in emotional memory processes based on a combination of evidence from rodent and human research. The experiments presented in this thesis employed polysomnography (PSG), subjective arousal testing, pupillometry, targeted memory reactivation (TMR), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACs) to investigate the respective roles of REM and SWS in the overnight development of subjective and autonomic arousal in response to negative emotional and neutral stimuli. In Chapter 3 I assessed how subjective and autonomic responses to neutral and negative stimuli develop across 12 hours containing either nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness. I found that autonomic reactivity – indexed by pupil dilation – decreased across sleep but not wake, while subjective arousal did not change across either interval. In a further experiment, I investigated whether the placement of sleep within a 24 hour interval would affect habituation. Once again, autonomic arousal decreased significantly. Subjective arousal towards negative stimuli was found to decrease more if sleep followed rather than preceded daytime wakefulness within the 24 hour interval. In Chapter 4 I explored the role of REM sleep in emotional habituation by applying 5 Hz tACs in an attempt to entrain endogenous cortical theta (4-7 Hz) activity, which has previously been associated with emotional memory consolidation in humans. Surprisingly, I found that stimulation was associated with a reduction in theta power and no change in subjective or autonomic habituation compared to the sham control night. In Chapters 5 and 6, I addressed the contribution of memory reactivations during SWS and REM sleep, respectively, in emotional habituation using TMR. In Chapter 5, I found that TMR was associated with a decrease and simultaneous increase in autonomic habituation towards negative and neutral stimuli, respectively, without affecting overnight changes in subjective arousal. In contrast, in Chapter 6, TMR during REM sleep was associated with an increase in subjective habituation towards both neutral and negative stimuli without affecting autonomic responses. In conclusion, my results provide new insights to the role of sleep in emotional habituation. I have provided evidence that targeted memory reactivation during REM sleep can modulate the development of cognitive evaluations of emotion, while TMR during SWS may interfere with autonomic habituation. This suggests distinct emotional processing during REM and SWS, as well as a dissociation between subjective and autonomic habituation across sleep. These results are discussed in the light of previous research and the model of sleep-dependent emotional memory processing proposed in Chapter 2.

La sobriété énergétique des systèmes de transport est primordiale afin de limiter leur impact environnemental. Ainsi les transports en communs électriques, tels que les métros ou tramways, sont fortement sollicités dans les zones urbaines. Diverses solutions innovantes sont apparues récemment afin d’accroître d’avantage leur efficacité énergétique (systèmes de stockage d’énergie, stations d’alimentation réversibles, etc.). Cependant, au vu de la complexité des études de dimensionnement et d’optimisation de ces systèmes, les outils de simulation numérique sont devenus indispensables. Or, ces outils sont particulièrement délicats à développer en raison des non-linéarités (non-réversibilité des stations d’alimentation), des non-stationnarités (mouvement des rames), et des fortes interactions énergétiques qui existent au sein des systèmes ferroviaires. Cette thèse propose alors un nouvel outil de simulation de carrousel de métros basé sur le formalisme REM (Représentation Energétique Macroscopique). Ce formalisme a pour volonté de structurer les modèles mis en jeux suivant les propriétés énergétiques du système. Il conduit à des approches de simulation « forward » avec un usage exclusif de la causalité intégrale. De ce fait, le programme de simulation proposé est issu d’une approche innovante et permet d’avoir un nouveau regard sur le système de carrousel de métros. Ces approches permettent notamment d’accroitre la flexibilité du programme de simulation tout en garantissant des résultats de simulation physiques. De plus, cette thèse a une volonté affichée de valider expérimentalement l’ensemble des modèles développés. / Transportation systems have to be efficient in terms of energy in order to limit their environmental impact. Electric public transportation, such as subways or tramways, is thus strongly requested in urban areas. Various innovative solutions have emerged recently to increase their energy efficiency (energy storage systems, reversible traction power substations, etc.). However, due to the complexity of the development and optimization of such systems, numerical simulation tools are essential. Nevertheless, simulators of railway systems are particularly delicate to develop due to non-linearity (non-reversibility of traction power substations), non-stationary (displacement of trains), and multiple energetic interactions which exists within these kind of systems. This PhD thesis then proposes a new simulation tool of subway system based on EMR formalism (Energetic Macroscopic Representation). This formalism structures the models according to the energetic properties of the system. It leads to a forward simulation approach with exclusive use of the integral causality. In that way, the proposed simulation tool is stemming from an innovative approach and allows a new vision of subway systems. These approaches allow especially the increasing of the simulator flexibility and the obtaining of physical simulation results. Moreover, this PhD thesis has the particularity to experimentally validate all the developed models.

The serotonergic and cholinergic systems are jointly involved in regulating sleep but this balance is theorized to be disturbed in depressed individuals (Janowsky 1972, Jouvet 1972). One potential cause of disturbed neurotransmission is genetic predisposition. The G(-1019) allele of the 5-HT1A receptor predicts an increased risk for depression compared to the wild-type C(-1019) allele. The goal of this study was to use pharmacological probes in normal controls to model the serotonergic/cholinergic imbalance of depression and its associated abnormalities in sleep structure while controlling for 5-HT1A receptor genotype. Seventeen healthy female participants homozygous for either C (n=11) or G (n=6) alleles, age 18-27 years were tested on four non-consecutive nights. Participants were given galantamine (an anti-acetylcholinesterase), buspirone (a serotonergic agonist), both drugs together, or placebos before sleeping. Buspirone suppressed tonic REM: there was a significant increase in REM latency (p<0.001). Galantamine increased tonic REM sleep, leading to more time spent in stage REM (p<0.001) and shorter REM latency (p<0.01). Galantamine and buspirone given together tended to negate the effects of each other on REM sleep measures but disrupted sleep more than either drug alone, showing lower SE and N3% and increased awakenings, Wake% and N1% (p<0.019). There was no main effect of genotype nor was there a significant multivariate interaction between genotype and drug condition. These findings are partially consistent with the literature about sleep in depression, notably short REM latency, higher percentage of total sleep time spent in REM, and increased sleep fragmentation. The C/G mutation in the 5-HT1A receptor does not appear to cause noticeable differences in the sleep patterns of healthy young females.

In my thesis I follow historical development of property rights in Europe. I focus in particular on relationship to land and records of property conditions in law. The important moments are relation between ownership and state and landed property as a policy instrument. The aim is to reveal, when and how the ownership as a legal institution came into being and how the status of an individual reflected his or her ability to acquire property. I pay attention to the most significant law-making factors and to the way how the ownership relations affect social order and economic performance at the particular time. The theoretical part firstly defines relevant terms of law and then deals with the institution of property in the history of philosophy and economic thoughts. The analytical part compares development of property rights in the Czech lands with that of state forms on the territory of nowadays Germany. The comparison sets this development in a wider frame of legal, political and economic history and observes the interaction of the both lands in the area of property conditions in the past.

This work examines sleep apnea syndrome, sleep physiology and self control of respiration during sleep. There is a review of respiration disorders during sleep and methods of monitoring sleep apnea syndrome. In another part the data of monitoration are processed and method of flow, saturation and snoring signal events detection is described, program algorithm is described and results are presented.

The master´s thesis deals with fatigue evaluation in electrooculography records (EOG). The theoretical part focuses on electrooculography itself, fatigue and methods used for fatigue detection from EOG. The practical part includes a plan of optimal methodology for fatigue evaluation using EOG. The EOG signals are recorded during the volunteers are watching prepared scenes. Those scenes are desribed here. There is also definition of signal processing methods with relevant block diagrams. Laboratory protocol describing EOG signals recording using Biopac data acquisition system is included. Ten volunteers were measured according to this protocol and the signal database was created. In brief questionnaire volunteers were supposed to evaluate fatigue and discomfort of the measurment. Recorded signals were processed and acquired parameters were statistically evaluated. Then the parameters were discussed in terms of fatigue detection ability. On the basis of that software application was created. This application detects fatigue in selected signal. The thesis includes detailed laboratory manual for students.

Das Wasser der Elbe auf der Höhe von Dresden enthält anorganische Kolloidpartikel, deren Partikelgrößenverteilung nahezu den gesamten kolloidalen Definitionsbereich (1 nm bis 1 µm) überstreicht und die vor allem aus sekundär ausgeschiedener amorpher Kieselsäure sowie aus Oxyhydroxiden des Fe, Al und Mn bestehen. Als wichtigstes Schwermetall führen sie Zn. Ihre Konzentration liegt unter 5×10-1 mg/l, um etwa Faktor 30 unter der Konzentration der Schwebstoffe des Elbwassers (Partikel >1 µm). Wegen ihrer hohen spezifischen Oberfläche sind die Kolloidpartikel als potentielle Träger für Schadstoffe trotz dieser geringeren Massekonzentration nicht gegenüber den Schwebstoffen zu vernachlässigen. Die in der Elbe gemessene Partikelgrößenverteilung ähnelt derjenigen, die zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt im Rhein gefunden worden war. Auch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe ist der der Partikel des Rheins ähnlich. Die Konzentration der Kolloidpartikel in der Elbe war aber um Faktor 5 bis 10 höher als im Rhein. Grund für letzteres ist wahrscheinlich der höhere Gehalt des Elbwassers an gelöstem Kohlenstoff (DOC). Im "Bulk" eines Flusses sind kolloidgetragene Schadstoffe - anders als schwebstoffgetragene - vermutlich fast genauso mobil wie echt gelöste. Unterschiede zwischen den Transportgeschwindigkeiten der kolloidgetragenen und der echt gelösten Spurenstoffe treten in bestimmten Situationen auf, in denen das Wasser den "Bulk" eines Flusses verlässt (Sickerbereich unter dem Fluss, Ästuar). Es werden Schlussfolgerungen über die Rolle von Kolloidpartikeln im Ökosystem eines Flusses gezogen und noch bestehende Forschungsdesiderate benannt.