Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett ökande problem i världen. Det finns idag flertalet faktorer som bidrar till att befolkningen blir överviktig, som bland annat en ökad tillgång till onyttig mat med hög fetthalt och en stillasittande livsstil. Övervikt och fetma är även en riskfaktor till flertalet sjukdomar som bland annat hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Syfte: Att belysa vedertagna metoder som kan främja viktnedgång bland vuxna individer med fetma och överviktsproblematik. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där 15 artiklar har använts för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Viktnedgång handlar till stor del om att ändra på levnadsvanor som kost och motion.Andra metoder som tycks främja viktnedgång är stresshantering och olika tekniska hjälpmedel som främjar individens egna förmåga. Även självövervakning i form av att skriva ner kaloriintaget varje dag och fysisk aktivitet i minuter hjälper individer till att gå ner i vikt. Motivation och utbildning om kost och motion är faktorer som främjar individernas egen förmåga till att gå ner i vikt. Slutsats: Det finns flertalet olika metoder som kan hjälpa individer att gå ner i vikt, att ändra kost och motionsvanor är en viktig grund. Trots att övervikt och fetma är ett växande problem världen över finns det lite forskning om vad sjuksköterskan kan göra för att hjälpa dessa individer och därför behövs mer forskning kring detta. / Background: Overweight and obesity is an increasing problem in the world. In today's society several factors contribute to the increase of overweight in the population, for instance an increase of fast food chains and a sedentary lifestyle. Overweight and obesity is a risk factor for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To examine established methods that promote weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where 15 different articles were used to answer the purpose and research question of the study. The searches were made in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Result: Weight loss is about changing lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. Other methods found to promote weight loss are stress management and technical tools which helped the individual to self-efficacy. Self-monitoring as writing down calorie intake and minutes of physical activity every day helped individuals to lose weight. Motivation and education about nutrition and exercise were factors which promoted individuals self-efficacy to lose weight. Conclusion: There are several methods that can help the individual to lose weight, to change lifestyle habits is an important basis. Even though overweight and obesity is a growing problem worldwide there is still little research about what the nurse can do to help those people and therefore more research is needed.

Several models have been developed for understanding and predicting innovation adoption in organizations and literature has identified several factors that impact the adoption and implementation of Information Technology (IT). This research examines the process of adoption of IT innovations in organizations. The study explores the processes involved in the adoption of IT and verifies the key factors that influence IT innovation adoption in organizations. Using a systematic literature review, the study developed a conceptual model of IT innovation adoption in organizations. The model is a theoretical combination of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and a framework which contains characteristics of innovation, organization, environment, chief executive officer (CEO) and user acceptance. The model represents IT innovation adoption as a stage-based process, progressing from initiation to adoption-decision to implementation. The study aggregated findings of past research on IT adoption to identify key factors that influences IT adoption in organizations. The study performed a meta-analysis of innovation, organization, environment, CEOs and user acceptance determinants to assess the magnitude and the strength of these factors on IT innovation adoption. Results confirmed that relative advantage, compatibility, cost, observability and trialability are strong determinants of IT innovation adoption. In terms of organizational context, IS department size, top management support, organizational size, IT expertise, product champion, IS infrastructure, information intensity, resources and specialization was found influential in the adoption of IT. As for environmental characteristics, the meta-analysis verified the significance of external pressure, government support and competitive pressure. Meta-analysis results verified that CEO‟s innovativeness, attitude and IT knowledge as key determinants. The findings confirmed the importance of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm and facilitating conditions for the user acceptance of IT in organizations.

Bakgrund: Substansmissbruk har en negativ inverkan på kroppen och är en bidragande faktor till några av världens alla sjukdomsfall. Drogtillgängligheten har ökat och visar på en uppåtgående trend. Patienter med substansmissbruk som söker vård upplever att deras behov inte tas på allvar. Sjuksköterskornas uppgift i detta är att skapa en så god och effektiv vård som möjligt, där patienterna känner sig delaktiga och respekterade. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda personer med substansproblematik. Metod: Litteraturöversikten bestod av tio vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Samtliga artiklar berörde sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med substansmissbruk. Resultatet har framställt utifrån likheter och skillnader mellan artiklarna. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor från olika avdelningar hade olika erfarenheter av att ge vård till patienter med missbruksproblematik. Oavsett avdelning hade ingen av sjuksköterskorna någon specifik utbildning inriktad på ämnet missbruk och beroende. Däremot hade sjuksköterskor som arbetade inom psykiatrin, avgiftningscenter samt alkohol- och drogavdelningar mer erfarenhet av att bemöta dessa patienter. Diskussion: Diskussionen har utgått ifrån Parses teori Humanbecoming. Den berörde med hjälp av teorin sjuksköterskornas olika erfarenheter och hur vården formas utefter detta. Den avslutades med vilken inverkan utbildningen och vårdmiljön har på vården för patienter med substansmissbruk och beroende. / Background: Substance abuse has a negative impact on the body and is contributing to some of the world's diseases. The drug availability has increased, showing an upward trend. Patients with substance abuse who seek care feel that their needs are not taken seriously. The nurse’s role in this is to create a care that is as good and efficient as possible, where patients feel involved and respected. Aim: To investigate nurses' experiences of caring for people with substance use problems. Method: The literature review consisted of ten scientific articles taken from the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed. All articles were based on nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with substance abuse. The result was constructed on the similarities and differences between the articles. Results: The results showed that nurses from various departments had different experiences of providing care to patients with substance abuse problems. Nurses working on different kind of departments did not have any specific training focused on substance abuse. In contrast, nurses who worked in psychiatry, detoxification centers, and alcohol and drug departments, had more experience of dealing with patients suffering from this sort of disease. Discussion: The discussion has been based on Parse's theory Humanbecoming. With help of the theory the discussion included the nurses’ different experiences and how healthcare is formed along this. It concluded with the impact education and healthcare environment has on the care for patients with substance abuse.

Bakgrund: Stroke är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till funktionsnedsättningar och död i Sverige. De flesta som fått en stroke blir beroende av stöd från sina anhöriga. Anhöriga bör delta i vården av den som fått stroke för att underlätta i deras tillvaro. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till en människa som har fått stroke. Metod: En litteraturstudie med tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar med beskrivande syntes. Resultat: Först kände de anhöriga en osäkerhet över situationen, en känsla av kaos uppstod och de var oroliga inför framtiden. Sedan kände de anhöriga sig ensamma i tillvaron, de upplevde brist i stödet från hälso- och sjukvården samt obehag över det stora ansvaret som nu följde. De anhöriga började sedan acceptera framtiden, de kände tacksamhet över sin livssituation och de började omprioritera sitt liv. Slutsats: Genom att låta sjuksköterskor ta del av de anhörigas upplevelser kan de ge bättre och mer anpassad information och stöd individuellt till de anhöriga. Detta skulle ge patienten ett bättre stöd och minska onödigt lidande. / Background: In Sweden, Stroke is one of the most common causes to disability and death. Stroke can provide serious consequences and most of patients need to be helped by their close family members. It is important for close family members to be involved in the care of patients who have had a stroke to facilitate the life. Aim: To describe the experience of being a close family member of a person who has had a stroke. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative scientific articles with descriptive synthesis. Result: At first, close family members felt the uncertainty of the situation because of a sense of chaos and worries about future. At second, they felt loneliness in life because they experienced a lack of support from health care and overwhelming responsibility that followed. Lastly, the family members accepted the future because they felt gratitude for their lives and they began to re-prioritize their life. Conclusion: By allowing nurses to take more knowledge of the family members' experience, they can understand why it is important to provide better and more detailed and individual support to the family members. This would give the patient a better support and reduce unnecessary suffering.

Cette acception n'est plus vraie puisque le droit français montre une consécration plus importante de l'exclusion d'un associé. C'est en raison de l'utilité que peut présenter ce procédé qu'il y a eu une multiplication des cas d'exclusion depuis le XXe siècle. Cette multiplication a pour objectif principal de préserver l'intérêt de la société ou de l'entreprise, et de sanctionner l'associé fautif. Cependant, son utilité n'a pas pu fonder une généralisation d'un droit d'exclusion en droit des sociétés. Jusqu'ici, l'exclusion unilatérale demeure une hypothèse rejetée.En effet, la généralisation du droit d'exclusion se heurte à d'importants risques d'exercice arbitraire des gérants ou des organes de société. C'est donc au niveau de la mise en œuvre de l'exclusion que se fondent les hésitations concernant la validation de l'exclusion comme technique ordinaire et utile, indépendamment de toute clause ou texte légal. Notre présente étude met l'accent sur l'utilité de l'exclusion dans ses deux formes validées par le législateur (imposée et acceptée), ainsi que sur les failles dans les règles régissant la mise en œuvre de ces formes d'exclusion. La mise en œuvre de l'exclusion est une question qui préoccupe toujours la jurisprudence et la doctrine. / The endorsement of the exclusion technique was linked to the context of social capital variability. This articulation is no longer valid since the French laws showed a more important utilization of the concept of “exclusion”. There has been an increase in cases of exclusion during the 20th century because of the utility in presenting this process. This rise's main objective is to preserve the interests of the companies or businesses, and to punish the guilty partner. Its usefulness did not lead to generalize the exclusion laws into corporate laws. The unilateral exclusion is a hypothesis rejected until now. Indeed, the generalization of an exclusion law faces significant risks of arbitrary usage by the managers or members of society. It is the implementation of exclusion that makes the basis for hesitations concerning the validation of exclusion as a common and useful technique regardless of any clause or legal text. Our present study focuses on the usefulness of the exclusion in its two forms approved by the legislature (imposed and accepted), as well as the loopholes in the rules governing the realization of these forms. Till date, the implementation of exclusion remains a perplex matter, jurisprudence and doctrine.

The topic of this diploma thesis is a Financial Control in Public Administration. The most important aim of the work is to describe the current laws applied in the field of financial control and to evaluate if the review economy of territorial entity made by controller of the regional office and external private auditor is qualitatively comparable. In the first part, the theoretical one, I focus on list of applicable types of controls and a description of relevant laws in force. The second part of my diploma thesis might by called the practical one and it describes the process of financial controls at the level of basic territorial entity. The aim of this study is to explained the practical aspects of financial control in public administration.

Diploma thesis Critical Reflection of Marek Šindelka's Current Prosaic Creation in the Czech Media has the aim to analyze selected critical reflections that were published in the Czech media about a novel Chyba (2008), a collection of short stories Zůstaňte s námi (2011), a collection of short stories Mapa Anny (2014) and a novel Únava materiálu (2016), all of them written by author Marek Šindelka. The source of reviews and critiques published between 2008 and 2018 are czech literary magazines A2, Host, Revolver Revue, Souvislosti and Tvar, daily press Hospodářské noviny, Lidové noviny, Právo and websites iLiteratura.cz and iRozhlas.cz. The analysis was made according to data in the archive of Institute for Czech Literature. Content of these critics was found in the full-text archive of media news from the Czech Republic called Newton Media Search and as well in the archive of concrete media depending on the availability of full text including its bibliographic data. In total, 43 texts are subjected to literary-critical analysis. The theoretical part is for complexity of the topic focused on the term of literary criticism, an overview of important czech cultural periods focused on the publication of critical reflections and afterwords the theoretical part presents the life and work of Marek Šindelka....

Background: Social exclusion of people with vision impairments is an ongoing issue. Since social inclusion emphasizes social and emotional aspects as distinct from academic ones and the aspects concerning opportunities, the focus is turned on the domain of social interactions and friendships. Adolescence is the time point when youth feels mostly the need to ‘fit in’ in social circles and groups and the social life and friendships are important aspects of young people’s well-being and development. Aim: The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with visual impairments from their own perspective and investigate the interventions designed to improve their social interactions and friendships. Method: A literature search on the databases of ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO and a hand search on the reference lists of the relevant articles was conducted. The search was limited to recent peer reviewed studies published in English, reporting perspectives of adolescents (13-18 years old) with visual impairments on their social interactions and friendships and intervention studies aimed to support them in the aforementioned domain. Results: In the 18 included studies, adolescents with vision impairments engaged more in passive activities that were not highly interactive. They reported being satisfied with their networks and friends, however contradictions existed in the perceived quality of friendships and the feeling of loneliness. The context of school was presented often as problematic compared to other contexts, and friendships in schools were rare. According to adolescents’ voices, friendships helped to cope with the impairment, friends had a meaningful role in their life and they made school life more enjoyable. In comparison to their sighted peers, adolescents with vision impairments had smaller networks and less friends with whom they had different type of relationships. Lastly even though several barriers and facilitators were identified, which belong to domains of Body functions and structures and Physical, Attitudinal and Social environment, there was a lack of interventions aiming to support the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with vision impairments. Conclusions: Considering the importance of social interactions and friendships in adolescents’ life for them to learn, develop and enjoy, more interventions with social focus need to be designed in respect to the challenges that exist. A plethora of barriers and facilitators impacting the social interactions and friendships of adolescents with vision impairments were identified that need to be taken into consideration for future research and interventions since the existing literature provided so far is limited. Adolescents need to be engaged in this process so that their interests, preferences and their views are prioritized.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, International Relations, 2013 / The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) was established on 9 March 2003 by the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) as an innovative instrument to improve governance in Africa. The APRM is a voluntary mechanism which enables African leaders to periodically monitor and review each other’s governance performance thus promoting peer-dialogue and peer-learning. The rationale behind the establishment of the APRM is the realization that socio-economic development and good governance are inextricably linked. Furthermore, for NEPAD to achieve its goal of placing African countries on a path of sustainable growth and development, it is imperative to ensure that an environment of good political and economic governance is created. In 2013, the APRM will mark ten years since its inception. This significant milestone provides scholars interested in governance and development issues on the continent with an opportunity to assess the gains (successes) which have been registered and the weaknesses regarding the implementation of this innovative African initiative. It is against this backdrop that this study undertakes to perform a retrospective analysis of the APRM since its inception in 2003. The study identifies as assesses the achievements and challenges of the APRM over the decade (2003-2013) as well as provides recommendations aimed at overcoming the challenges, strengthening the Mechanism as well as positioning it to effectively and efficiently carry out its mandate. The study establishes that there exists a positive correlation between good governance and development. The study further illustrates that the APRM has achieved much in its relatively short time of existence. Lessons have been learnt. However, as is the case with any new initiative, the Mechanism has experienced some teething problems (challenges) that ought to be addressed if the APRM is to effectively deliver on its mandate and improve the quality of governance across African countries. In essence, the APRM have proven itself to be a tool that holds immense potential for improving governance on the African continent.

Clinical trials of medicinal products is increasingly important area of pharmaceutical law. Number of clinical trials and amount of financial resources is constantly rising and therefore the rules and principles of the clinical trials itself are being clarified overtime. This diploma thesis aims to provide an overview of the basic aspects of clinical trials of medicinal products for human use from a legal point of view. The author focuses in particular on the national legislation of clinical trials, which is complemented by the legislation of the European Union and important sources of the international law. Author is more closely analysing the particular procedures performed within the clinical trials, especially from the point of view of the administrative law. Particular attention is paid to the ethical review of the clinical trials, their particular aspects and the overall concept. The thesis is divided into twelve chapters. In the introduction, the author focuses on the development of the clinical trials and mentions the crucial moments that contributed to the formulation of the basic rules of the clinical trials. The following chapter focuses on the sources of law. Firstly, sources of international law are described, where more general sources and specific sources of law of medicinal products...