Bakgrund: Det råder stor brist på sjuksköterskor. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor är en grupp som löper hög risk att drabbas av utbrändhet och upp till var femte sjuksköterska överväger att lämna yrket inom sina första fem år. Många av de nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna känner sig oförberedda inför sjuksköterskeyrket och flera studier påvisar glappet mellan teori och praktik. Syfte: Att beskriva utmaningar den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan upplever under det första yrkesverksamma året. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt. Med hjälp av sökdatabaserna CINAHL och PubMed ligger totalt 20 artiklar till grund för resultatet. Resultat: Ett flertal faktorer beskrivs av nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor som utmaningar. Däribland glappet mellan teori och praktik, bristen på stöd och handledarskap, kunskapsbrist, dålig arbetsmiljö, bemanningsbrist samt en allt mer komplex vård med multisjuka patienter som kräver en expertis som den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan omöjligt kan besitta. Slutsats: Utmaningarna som presenteras i litteraturöversiktens resultat är välkända och globala problem men också påverkbara. Fokus bör ligga i både att tillsätta nya sjuksköterskor men framförallt i att värdera och ta vara på de som redan finns. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver bättre stöd när de äntrar arbetslivet samt att utbildningen ses över för att motsvara verkligheten och förbereda inför arbetslivet så bra som möjligt. / Background: There is a great shortage of nurses. Newly graduated nurses are a group at high risk of being burned out and up to every fifth nurse is considering leaving the profession within its first five years. Many of the newly graduated nurses feel unprepared for the nursing profession and several studies show the gap between theory and practice. Aim: Describing challenges the newly graduated nurse experiences during the first year of working. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature review. With the help of the search databases CINAHL and PubMed, a total of 20 articles form the base for the result. Result: Several factors are described by newly graduated nurses as challenges. This includes a theory-practice gap, the lack of support and mentoring, a lack of knowledge, poor work environment, staff shortages and an increasingly complex care with patients have multiple ilnesses who require an expertise that the newly graduated nurse cannot possibly possess. Conclusion: The challenges presented in the literature review's results are well-known and global problems, but also influential. The focus should be on both appointing new nurses but more importantly valuing the ones already employed/working. Newly graduated nurses need better support when they enter the workplace, much also indicates that the education should be looked over in order to match the reality and prepare the students for work life as well as possible.

Bakgrund: Ett känslomässigt lidande har observerats hos familj och anhöriga då närstående drabbats av akut sjukdom. Familjekonstellationer kan se olika ut, gemensamt är att alla anhöriga runt omkring den som insjuknat påverkas i dessa situationer. Anhöriga har rättigheter beskrivna i lagtext och sjuksköterskan ska enligt kompetensbeskrivning och lagar samarbeta med patient och anhöriga i utformandet av vården.  Syfte: Att beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av vården vid akut sjukdom. Metod: Designen är en litteraturöversikt. Sökmotorer som användes var Cinahl och PubMed. Resultatet baseras på tretton artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats.  Resultat: Fem kategorier identifierades utifrån anhörigas upplevelser, dessa är: “behovet av närhet”, ”vårdens inverkan i känslokarusellen”, ”kommunikationen och informationens betydelse”, ”att vara involverad i vården som anhörig” samt ”stödet i vården och upplevelser från den”. Slutsats: Närheten är viktig för att främja hälsa och den känslomässiga påfrestningen kräver olika slags stöd. Interaktionen grundar sig i information och kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal och anhöriga. Individanpassad information ger en tillit till vården och kan därmed vara ett verktyg för att stödja anhöriga. Anhöriga har på olika sätt behov av att vara involverade. / Background: An emotional suffering has been observed in family and relatives when a loved one is affected from acute illness. Family constellations may look different, common is that all relatives around the person who is ill are affected in these situations. Relatives have rights described in the legal text. According to the competence description and laws, the nurse shall cooperate with the patient and relatives in the design of the care.  Aim: To describe relative’s experiences of care in acute illness.  Methodology: The design is a literature review. Chosen databases was Cinahl and PubMed. The result is based on thirteen articles, qualitative and quantitative approach.  Results: Five categories were identified based on the relatives' experiences, these are: "the need of proximity", "the impact of care in the emotional carousel", "the communication and the importance of information", "being involved in the care as a relative" and "support given in the care and experiences from it". Conclusion: Proximity is important in promoting health and the emotional stress requires different kinds of support. The interaction is based on information and communication between healthcare professionals and relatives. Individualized information provides confidence in healthcare and can be used as a tool in supporting relatives. Relatives need in different ways to be involved.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerdiagnos som kvinnor världen över drabbas av. Metastaserad bröstcancer (MBC) innebär att bröstcancern har bildat dottertumörer. Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) definierar livskvalitet som individens uppfattning av sin livssituation i relation till rådande kultur och normer, och i förhållande till sina egna mål, förväntningar, värderingar och intressen. För att mäta livskvaliteten används mätinstrument i forma av enkäter och skalor som innehåller frågor som är indelade i olika områden som påverkar livskvaliteten. Enligt Erikssons omvårdnadsteori är hälso- och sjukvårdens huvudsakliga uppgift att lindra lidandet hos den lidande människan som lever med en sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar livskvaliteten hos kvinnor skriv med metastaserad bröstcancer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som baseras på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar.  Resultat: Kvinnor som har metastaserad bröstcancer har en lägre livskvalitet jämfört med kvinnor som har en annan form av bröstcancer. Faktorer som påverkar livskvaliteten kan beskrivas utifrån fyra kategorier; livskvalitet relaterat till typ av metastasdiagnos, livskvalitet relaterat till sjukdomstid, livskvalitet relaterat till behandling och livskvalitet relaterat till kvinnans rollfunktion med underkategorin livskvalitet relaterat till kvinnans ålder.  Konklusion: Resultatet visar en majoritet av kvinnorna upplever en lägre livskvalitet efter besked om sin MBC-diagnos. Den minskade livskvaliteten resulterar i ett livslidande och sjukdomslidande hos kvinnorna. Det är av stor av vikt att sjuksköterskan ser till den lidande kvinnan och beaktar hennes behov och upplevelser. Sjuksköterskan bör även arbeta familjecentrerat för att kunna ge den bästa vården för kvinnan och hennes familj. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis that women worldwide experience. Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) means that the breast cancer has formed daughter tumors. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality of life as the individual's perception of his or her life situation in relation to current culture and norms, and in relation to his or her own goals, expectations, values and interests. To measure the quality of life, measuring instruments in the form of questionnaires and scales, used that contain questions that are divided into different areas that affect the quality of life. According to Eriksson's nursing theory, the main task of health care is to alleviate the suffering of the suffering person who lives with a disease. Aim: The aim is to highlight which factors affect the quality of life of women with metastatic breast cancer. Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles. Result: Women who have metastatic breast cancer have a lower quality of life compared to women who have a different form of breast cancer. Factors that affect the quality of life can be described by four categories that are; quality of life related to type of metastasis diagnosis, quality of life related to disease time, quality of life related to treatment and quality of life related to the woman's role function with the subcategory quality of life related to the woman's age. Conclusion: Most of the women in the thesis work experience a lower quality of life after being informed of their MBC diagnosis. The diminished quality of life results in a life-long and disease-suffering of women. It is of great importance that the nurse looks to the suffering woman and considers her needs and experiences. The nurse should also work family-centered in order to provide the best care for the woman and her family.

Bakgrund: Urininkontinens är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem och mest förekommande hos kvinnor. Ur ett samhällsperspektiv ses urininkontinens som ett dolt problem då många kvinnor avstår från att söka vård, vilket kan orsaka ett lidande som i sin tur kan påverka livskvaliteten. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva hur urininkontinens påverkar kvinnors livskvalitet. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar, varav 13 stycken kvantitativa och två stycken kvalitativa vetenskapliga studier.  Resultat: Urininkontinens påverkade kvinnors livskvalitet negativt. Fem tydliga kategorier som påverkade kvinnors livskvalitet framkom:  Begränsningar i dagliga aktiviteter, Påverkan på det sociala livet, Påfrestning på samlivet, Känslor av rädsla och oro samt Känslor av skam och skuld. Slutsats: Många kvinnor med urininkontinens känner skam, skuld och oro och på grund av detta är det få som söker vård för sina besvär. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll att skapa en positiv vårderfarenhet för att få kvinnor att känna förtroende för sjukvården och våga söka hjälp. Att öka kunskapen om urininkontinens i samhället kan göra att det känns tryggare att prata om detta ämne. / Background: Urinary incontinence is a global public health problem and most common among women. From a societal perspective, urinary incontinence is seen as a hidden problem as many women refrain from seeking care, which can cause a suffering which in turn can affect the quality of life Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to describe how urinary incontinence affected women's quality of life. Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles, of which 13 qualitative and two quantitative scientific studies. Result: Urinary incontinence adversely affected women's quality of life. Five clear categories that affected women's quality of life emerged: Restrictions on daily activities, Impact on social life, Stress on cohabitation, Feelings of fear and anxiety and Feelings of shame and guilt. Conclusion: Many women with urinary incontinence feel shame, guilt and anxiety because of this, few are seeking care for their discomfort. The nurse has an important role in creating a positive nursing experience in order to get the women to feel confident in the healthcare and dare to seek help. Increasing knowledge about urinary incontinence in society can make it feel safer to talk about this subject.

Young people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are more prone to experience anxiety disorders at a greater level compared to their neurotypical developing counterparts, causing lifelong impairments in family, social, academic and adaptive functioning. Early interventions in childhood have been designed to minimize these stressful events and to optimize children’s developmental outcomes. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is considered a first-line intervention of anxiety. The review aimed to synthesize empirical literature on modified CBT interventions from 2009 until 2019 focusing on reducing anxiety in children and adolescents with ASD. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in five databases. As a result, 10 articles were included to review. Modifications found were: a) audiovisual support and written materials, b) parental partic-ipation, c) sessions length, d) language, e) sensory and motor accommodations, f) emphasis into the behav-ioural component, g) enhancement of individual’s attention and participation, h) facilitating materials to access the content of CBT, and i) participants’ specific interests and worries. The interventions showed significant reductions in youth anxiety levels. Future research should focus on addressing which specific modifications contribute to anxiety reduction since to date, there is no evidence comparing standard CBT to modified CBT interventions. Moreover, there is a lack of anxiety-assessment instruments specially designed for individuals with ASD. In addition, considering the longstanding prevalence of male autistic rates, ASD diagnostic instru-ments should be revised to reduce bias that can mislead to an inattentive ascertainment of females with ASD.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Maia Theodoro dos Santos.pdf: 401207 bytes, checksum: 1d9b18ba5758bfed5bfd36858bfe6b75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The theme for this thesis is a study of textual revision procedures, taken by base beyond the grammatical criteria, factors textuality, seeking rearticulations operating in the reconstruction process of the text. The main objective is to identify, in the corpus selected items that present the possible operations methodological review. The intention is to develop a diagram with procedures to guide professionals dealing with the text. To discuss the theoretical bias of the thesis was based on the approach taken by the Textlinguistics and criteria for textuality, identified as the main responsible for the articulation of the text as a meaningful unity. From this perspective, the corpus of the thesis will consist of summaries of academic completion of course work. The choice of this kind is due to the fact that the summary be characterized as a succinct way of rescuing a broader context, which features a procedure retextualization. Thus, the search for textual reconstruction procedures can be performed with higher quality and clarity. Nevertheless, the thesis showed objectively and exemplifying the need for the teacher or reviewer to consider items that are beyond the grammatical aspects. From the procedures developed in the thesis, it was revealed that adaptation to gender and textuality are key factors to reach a production of relevant text / A presente tese tem por tema um estudo de procedimentos de revisão textual, tomados por base, para além dos critérios gramaticais, os fatores de textualidade, em busca de rearticulações operacionais no processo de reconstrução do texto. O objetivo principal do trabalho é identificar, no corpus selecionado, itens que apresentem as possíveis operações metodológicas de revisão. A intenção é desenvolver um diagrama com procedimentos para orientar os profissionais que lidam com o texto. Para discorrer sobre o viés teórico da tese, foi tomada por base a abordagem da Lingüística Textual e os critérios de textualidade, apontados como os principais responsáveis pela articulação do texto como uma unidade significativa. Nessa perspectiva, o corpus da tese será constituído por resumos acadêmicos de trabalho de conclusão de curso. A escolha desse gênero se deve ao fato de o resumo se caracterizar como uma forma sucinta de resgate de um texto mais amplo, o que caracteriza um procedimento de retextualização. Dessa forma, a busca pelos procedimentos de reconstrução textual pode ser realizada com mais qualidade e clareza. Não obstante, a tese evidenciou de forma objetiva e exemplificativa a necessidade de o professor ou o revisor considerar itens que estão além dos aspectos gramaticais. A partir dos procedimentos e operações desenvolvidas na tese, foi possível perceber que a adaptação ao gênero e aos fatores de textualidade são fundamentais para chegarmos a uma produção de texto competente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alessandro de Mesquita Goncalves.pdf: 20709590 bytes, checksum: bcb82e5a2d6a451470788e6d4d209587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / The objective of this dissertation is to scrutinize the argumentative construction used by the journalists responsible for the reviews published in Chart CDs of the Brazilian version of Rolling Stone. The magazine was created in the United States in the 1960s and it became one of the most prestigious musical segment in the world. The corpus of this study are aired over 2010 texts. Twenty reviews were selected because of their different lines of argument articulated in positive and negative assessments through stylistic and semantic nuances that reveal the personality of the authors who have been selected. They were examined under the light of Classical Rhetoric (Aristotle) and the New Rhetoric (Perelman & Tyteca). Some concepts of the Theory of Argumentation in Language (Ducrot) were adopted as theoretical support. The relationship between logos and pathos is the main category of analysis of this survey, whose interpretive methodology is based on quantitative to qualitative reviews of research material and results data. The first relevant finding is the fact that journalists have a good knowledge of the target of the publication, once the speech is proper to the audience, giving the prior agreement and revealing the reader profile. Although apodictic, dialectical and discursive reasoning fallacious mixed up all the time, there is a predominance of the first of these three. In relation to gender, we note a preponderance of epideictic, though the judiciary is quite used. Among the most frequent types of arguments are the ones based on the structure of the real and the underlying structure of reality. About the figures of speech, metaphor has a huge use. Comparisons and analogies also appear with intensity in part of the corpus. It is also essential to the realization that the journalistic review, which guides the reader with information and reviews on the latest music, breaks with the canonical structure of the academic review. The order of the overall plan of the genre is not respected in any text. With the exception of the technical file and the signature of the journalist, always at the beginning and end, respectively, the other constituent parts of the review are ordered without obeying any provision / O objetivo desta dissertação é verificar a construção argumentativa empregada pelos jornalistas responsáveis pelas resenhas publicadas no Guia de CDs da versão brasileira da Rolling Stone, revista criada nos Estados Unidos nos anos 1960 que se tornou uma das mais prestigiadas do segmento musical no mundo. O corpus deste estudo são textos veiculados ao longo de 2010. Foram selecionadas 20 resenhas em razão de suas diferentes linhas de argumentação, articuladas em apreciações positivas e negativas por meio de nuanças lexicais, estilísticas e semânticas que revelam a personalidade de seus autores. Elas foram examinadas sob a luz da retórica clássica (Aristóteles) e da nova retórica (Perelman & Tyteca). Alguns conceitos da Teoria da Argumentação na Língua (Ducrot) complementaram o suporte teórico. A relação entre o logos e o pathos é a principal categoria de análise deste levantamento, cuja metodologia é interpretativista com base em dados quantitativos para avaliações qualitativas do material pesquisado e dos resultados obtidos. A primeira constatação relevante é o fato de os jornalistas possuírem um bom conhecimento acerca do auditório da publicação, uma vez que a linguagem demonstra adequação à plateia, atendendo ao acordo prévio e revelando o perfil do leitor. Embora os raciocínios discursivos apodítico, dialético e falacioso misturem-se o tempo todo, verifica-se uma predominância do primeiro. Em relação aos gêneros, nota-se uma preponderância do epidíctico, apesar de o judiciário ser bastante utilizado. Entre os tipos de argumentos mais recorrentes, estão os baseados na estrutura do real e os que fundamentam a estrutura do real. Das figuras de retórica, a metáfora é a mais usada. As comparações e as analogias também aparecem com intensidade em parte do corpus. É essencial ainda a constatação de que a resenha jornalística, cuja função é orientar o leitor com informações e opiniões sobre os lançamentos musicais, rompe com a estrutura canônica da resenha acadêmica. A ordem do plano global do gênero não é respeitada em nenhum texto. Com exceção da ficha técnica e da assinatura do jornalista, sempre no início e no fim, respectivamente, as demais partes constituintes da resenha são ordenadas sem obedecer a qualquer disposição

Introdução: O consumo de alimentos fontes de substâncias bioativas podem representar uma abordagem na inibição dos danos provocados pelo excesso de radicais livres, tornando-se uma alternativa na prevenção e controle das doenças cardiovasculares e suas complicações associadas, as quais apresentam significativas taxas de mortalidade e alocação de recursos públicos no Brasil. O guaraná (Paullinia cupana), planta nativa brasileira, apresenta em sua semente significativa concentração polifenóis atribuindo característica antioxidante, tornando-se objeto de interesse científico. Objetivo: Avaliar por meio de uma revisão sistemática os efeitos do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) na saúde cardiovascular em humanos. Metodologia: A revisão sistemática foi registrada no PROSPERO (CRD42018083312) e foram seguidas as propostas da Colaboração Cochrane e checklist PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Os estudos foram selecionados nas bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase e Lilacs. Considerou-se o período de publicação de Dezembro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2017. Na estratégia de busca foram considerados os seguintes grupos de descritores: população (seres humanos), exposição (guaraná) e desfechos (indicadores de risco cardiovascular). Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: estudos realizados em humanos de qualquer faixa etária; nos idiomas Português, Inglês e Espanhol; descritores de acordo com os indicadores de risco cardiovascular. Artigos potencialmente elegíveis foram selecionados por dois revisores separadamente. Resultados: Foram identificados 142 artigos. Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos, 5 artigos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade e foram analisados. Investigações experimentais sugeriram que o consumo ou suplementação do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) podem estar associados à efeitos positivos no metabolismo lipídico, principalmente nas concentrações de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e desfecho para eventos ateroscleróticos, parâmetros pressóricos, enzimas e marcadores do estresse oxidativo. Essas implicações tendeciam ao guaraná um efeito cardioprotetor, imunomodulador, antiaterogênico, contribuintes de maneira geral, para redução de fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares. Discussão: Embora muitos benefícios provenientes do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) já tenham sido relatados, são escassos os estudos relacionando o consumo ou suplementação com desfechos cardiovasculares. Diversos compostos bioativos estão presentes em sua composição, sendo poucos os estudos que conseguiram definir qual o princípio ativo responsável diretamente por estas alegações à saúde cardiovascular, além de não haver consenso em relação a dosagem, além das suas diversificadas formas de administração e consumo. Porém diante dos estudos analisados, estes apresentam implicações as quais tendenciam ao consumo do guaraná o efeito cardioprotetor, imunomodulador, antiaterogênico, contribuintes de maneira geral, para redução de fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo de revisão sistemática com a temática abordada, porém são necessários mais estudos com elevada qualidade metodológica, favorecendo melhor compreensão dos benefícios do guaraná em detrimentos aos fatores de risco cardiovascular, possibilitando evidências mais consistente, agregando benefícios quanto aos desfechos e impactos a nível de saúde pública, principalmente por tratar-se de um fruto nativo brasileiro. / Introduction: The use of biological calorie sources may be a strategy to inhibit the damage caused by excess free radicals, becoming an alternative in the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases and their associated complications, such as mortality rates, allocation of public resources in Brazil. Guaraná (Paullinia cupana), a native Brazilian plant, presents in its seed a high concentration of polyphenols attributing the antioxidant functionality, becoming an object of scientific interest. Objective: To evaluate for a systematic review of the effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) on cardiovascular health in humans. Methodology: The systematic journal was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018083312) and were followed as proposals of the Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA checklist (Preferred Reports Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes). The authors were selected in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and Lilacs. The research strategy used was the following in the following indicators: cardiovascular risk indicators. The eligibility criteria were: studies in humans of any age group; in Portuguese, English and Spanish; Descriptors according to cardiovascular risk indicators. The eligible processes were selected by two reviewers separately. Results: 142 articles were identified. After reading the titles and abstracts, the five items selected were the eligibility criteria and were. Experimental experiments that can be consumed and guarana (Paullinia cupana) supplementation may be associated with positive effects for lipid metabolism, especially on low density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules and for atherosclerotic events, blood pressure parameters, enzymes and markers of oxidative stress. Keywords with the objective of protecting the cardioprotector, immunomodulator, antiatherogenic, general contributor, to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Discussion: The scaly benefits of guarana (Paullinia cupana) have been related, there are few studies related to consumption or supplementation with cardiovascular outcomes. Several bioactive compounds are present in its composition, and few studies have been able to define what is the active factor for these cardiovascular claims, besides having no relation to the dosage, in addition to its diversified forms of administration and consumption. The role of immunomodulatory, antiatherogenic, and generally contributing contributors to reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: This is the first systematic review study with an approach approached, however, with the same cardiovascular risk indicators, making it possible to obtain the most consistent, adding benefit to outcomes and public health care, mainly because it is treated of a Brazilian native fruit.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar o estado do conhecimento envolvendo os temas psicanálise e aids no âmbito da produção literária brasileira referente à saúde pública e à psicanálise. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de atualização que faz a revisão bibliográfica dos textos publicados desde o início da epidemia de aids até o ano 2000. Efetuou-se uma busca sistematizada abrangendo artigos de periódicos indexados nas Bases de Dados: MEDLINE, PSICLIT, SOCIALFILE e LILACS, dissertações, teses, livros, capítulos de livros e comunicações em eventos. Foram analisados 50 documentos organizados em seqüência cronológica em relação ao ano de publicação. A técnica de análise de conteúdo foi utilizada mediante a construção de categorias definidas a priori, a partir dos objetivos da pesquisa, do conhecimento do campo psicanalítico e do perfil da epidemia de aids. Com base na sistematização desse conhecimento construído no Brasil disponibiliza-se recursos teórico-práticos para implementar novos programas de prevenção que contemplem as formas pelas quais o ser humano lida com os seus desejos e proibições. O inconsciente, produtor da irracionalidade do homem, tornou-se menos desconhecido, bem como os mecanismos que impedem que as regras de proteção à saúde sejam colocadas em prática para evitar a infecção pelo vírus HIV. A dinâmica do funcionamento psíquico em torno da questão da aids foi enfocada, bem como as formas como o organismo adoece a partir desse funcionamento. O estado do conhecimento atingido pelos trabalhos apresentados pode ser utilizado em outros estudos, com impacto sobre os sujeitos tanto no plano individual como no coletivo. / The purpose of this study is to verify the state of knowledge involving the themes psychoanalysis and AIDS within the Brazilian literature regarding public health and psychoanalysis. It is an updating research making bibliographical revision on texts published from the beginning of the epidemic of AIDS to the year 2000. A systematic search was made including newspapers articles indexed in the following data base: MEDLINE, PSICLIT, SOCIALFILE and LILACS, dissertations, theses, books, chapters of books, and communications in events. Fifty documents organized in a chronological sequence in relation to the year of publication have been reviewed. The technique used to analyze the contents was based on categories a priori defined, based on the objectives of the research, on the psychoanalytical field knowledge, and on the AIDS epidemic profile. Based on this systematic knowledge built in Brazil, one can utilize theoreticalpractical resources to implement new prevention programs which take into consideration the forms with which human beings deal with its desires and prohibitions. The unconscious, which produces human irrationality, has become less unknown, as well as the mechanisms which prevent the rules for health protection from being placed into practice to avoid HIV contamination. The dynamics of the psychic function surrounding the AIDS issue was focused, as well as the means through which the body falls ill due to such psychic function. The level of knowledge reached by the presented research papers can be used in other studies, with impact on subjects on an individual plan as well as on a collective basis.

Background: During an age of fiscal constraint and increasing pressure to provide timely access to effective, efficient and evidence based care, there is an increased need for research to develop empirically based prevention and intervention strategies for complex psychological difficulties which often present during childhood and adolescence. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) are under significant pressure to deliver timely access to services, with demand frequently outstripping capacity to deliver. These challenges have highlighted the need for services to ensure that planning supports continued improvement in quality and delivers the best possible outcomes for service users. Systematic Review: A systematic review of the literature on the efficacy of group based interventions for adolescents with features or a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) was conducted. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and underwent detailed quality analysis. All included studies reported a significant improvement in psychopathology and symptoms of distress as well as an improvement in quality of life for both group based interventions and treatment as usual. Overall, the results hold promise for current work with adolescents with BPD and highlight the importance for future research in this developing area. However, more rigorous research is required to identify the active ingredients of treatments for BPD in adolescents with a view to developing standardised treatment protocols. Empirical Study: A Delphi study was conducted to explore perceptions on the relevance, practicalities, importance and feasibility of implementing nationally agreed CAMHS referral criteria from the perspective of clinicians working in CAMHS in the North of Scotland. In addition, the study aimed to explore and gain consensus on possible factors which support clinicians working in specialist services. A three round electronic Delphi survey, an iterative structured process used to gather information and gain group consensus, was completed by twenty-eight clinicians working in CAMHS. Eight open ended questions in Round 1, were analysed using content analyses resulting in ninety-eight statements to be rated by the same group of clinicians in Round 2 and fifteen statements in Round 3. Of the ninety-eight statements, eighty-four reached consensus. Results indicate that the guidelines are viewed by many clinicians as both acceptable and important, however, implementation of the guidelines can present services with significant challenges and have highlighted the importance of services having the correct infrastructure before it is possible to implement the referral criteria in a consistent and meaningful way.