No description available.

Bakgrund: Cirka 130 000-150 000 personer i Sverige har en demenssjukdom. Demens är en obotlig sjukdom som kan leda till exempelvis minnessvårigheter, svårigheter att kommunicera, svårigheter att sköta sin personliga hygien. På grund av dessa symtom kan omvårdnaden av personer med demenssjukdom vara en svårighet för vårdpersonalen och de kan ställas inför olika utmaningar. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter kring utmaningar i omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där resultatet är baserat på arton vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet har författarna till denna litteraturöversikt studerat vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av utmaningar kring omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom. Vid olika situationer i omvårdnaden av personer med demenssjukdom identifierades svårigheter och utmaningar för vårdpersonalen. Utmaningar som urskiljes: Bevara integritet eller förebygga skada, personlig hygien, administrera läkemedel, måltidssituationer, att undanhålla sanning för att lugna, teknisk övervakning och kommunikation. Slutsats: Det finns flera utmaningar inom omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom, där vårdpersonalen ställs inför valet att främja individens självbestämmande och integritet eller att förebygga skador genom att gå emot individens vilja. / Background: Around 130 000-150 000 people in Sweden is suffering from dementia. Dementia is a terminal illness which can lead to memory loss, difficulty in communication and difficulties to manage their personal hygiene. Due to these symptoms, the care of people with dementia can be challenging and healthcare professionals are often faced with problematic questions. Aim: Describe healthcare professionals experiences concerning care of people affected by dementia. Method: A literature review, including eighteen scientific articles. Results: The authors to this systematic review has been studying the health care professionals experiences with different challenges within the healthcare of people with dementia. In different situations difficulties and challenges could be identified for the healthcare professionals. These challenges could include: maintain integrity or prevent injuries, personal hygiene, administration of medicinal products, meal situations, withhold the truth to keep the calm, technical monitoring, communication. Conclusion: Within the healthcare of people with dementia it occurs several dilemmas. The healthcare professionals are facing the choice between the individuals right to autonomy and integrity or provide against injury by acting against the patients individual will.

The event of breaking bad news is a subject that no one present in the practical setting could choose to avoid. It is a subject that the practitioners comes in touch with during a daily basis. Traditionally the role as the breaker of bad news has been settled by the physician, but at the time being, disagreements occur in the clinical setting about who should break bad news to familys and patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the nurses’ experiences of breaking bad news. What are the nurses’ role in the event of breaking bad news, and are there any barriers that can affect the way the bad news is given to the patients and family members? These were two questions of issue that were looked into. Method: The integrative review method based out of Whittemore and Knafl (2005) was used for this review. A systematic search resulted in twelve articles that were deemed fitting for the purpose of this study. Results: This integrative review resulted in five identified roles carried out by the nurse in the event of breaking bad news. Further on, nine factors were identified as being of significance in how the bad news were delivered by nurses and received by patients and the patient’s family members. Nurses expressed a desire and a wish for some kind of education or training in how to break bad news. Conclusion:  This article contributes with five roles experienced by nurses, along with nine different factors to have in mind when carrying out difficult news. The SPIKE model and Gibbs reflective model were discussed to have a great importance in the clinical setting.

Les érymides sont des crustacés décapodes marins ayant une morphologie comparable à celle des homards actuels. Ils sont regroupés au sein d’une unique famille, les Erymidae Van Straelen, 1925, caractérisée par la présence d’une plaque intercalaire dorsale. Ces crustacés sont présents dès la fin du Permien. Ils se sont diversifiés et répandus dans le monde entier au Jurassique et ont perduré jusqu’au Paléocène. Ils sont particulièrement abondants au Jurassique, fossilisés dans des dépôts issus d’environnements variés : de faible profondeur – comme les calcaires lithographiques de Solnhofen (Allemagne) –, très profonds – comme La Voulte (France) –, ou encore dans différents milieux de plate-forme – comme le Terrain à Chailles (France). Depuis les premières descriptions d’érymides, au début du XIXe siècle, de nombreux auteurs se sont attachés à décrire de nouvelles formes et à tenter d’élucider les affinités phylogénétiques de ces crustacés éteints. Ces nombreux travaux ont abouti à l’installation et à la propagation de confusions rendant douteuse la systématique des érymides tant au niveau des genres que des espèces. Ces problèmes taxinomiques particulièrement marqués chez les érymides — on parle d’ailleurs de « problème érymidien » — sont accompagnés d’un débat sur leur classification au sein des Pleocyemata. Jusqu’au début du XXIe siècle, la majorité des auteurs les classaient dans l’infraordre des Astacidea mais de récentes analyses phylogénétiques suggèrent l’intégration des érymides au sein des Glypheidea. Une autre étude a même abouti à la remise en cause du statut éteint des érymides. En effet, Schram & Dixon (2004) ont observé la plaque intercalaire sur l’actuel Enoplometopus A. Milne Edwards, 1862. Leur analyse a ensuite conduit au regroupement de cette forme actuelle avec les érymides au sein d’un même clade nommé Erymida. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de remédier aux problèmes taxinomiques des érymides, d’élucider leurs affinités phylogénétiques et d’apporter des éléments permettant de mieux comprendre leur mode de vie et leur succès évolutif. Pour ce faire, une révision systématique aussi exhaustive que possible, appuyée sur l’étude de plus d’un millier de spécimens, a été réalisée. Elle a permis d’homogénéiser la description des 6 genres et des 75 espèces reconnues et d’identifier les caractères nécessaires à l’étude phylogénétique. L’arbre obtenu montre clairement que les érymides constituent un groupe particulier d’Astacidea auquel Enoplometopus n’appartient pas. De plus, la topologie de l’arbre de strict consensus soutient une refondation complète de la systématique du groupe. D’une unique famille, les érymides se retrouvent désormais répartis dans deux familles, distinguées par la présence/absence de la zone post-orbitaire : les Enoploclytidae n. fam. et les Erymidae. Cette dernière est d’ailleurs elle-même divisée en sous-familles, Eryminae Van Straelen, 1925 et Tethysastacinae n. s.–fam., en raison de l’architecture très simple des sillons de la carapace de Tethysastacus Devillez et al., 2016 comparée à celle des autres genres. Cette étude a aussi été l’occasion de formuler des hypothèses paléobiogéographiques qui demeurent, hélas, en grande partie spéculatives et incomplètes du fait des importantes discontinuités géographiques et stratigraphiques du registre fossile. Les observations de stades larvaires, des yeux, de la morphologie des pinces, de pores cuticulaires et de la variabilité intraspécifique chez certains spécimens ont également permis, en s’appuyant sur les formes actuelles, d’émettre des hypothèses sur le mode de vie de ces crustacés disparus. Enfin, la grande tolérance environnementale déduite des différentes formations géologiques ayant livré des érymides fossiles est probablement une des clés de leur succès au Mésozoïque et soulève la question des raisons de leur extinction. / Erymids are marine decapod crustaceans with a morphology close to that of extant lobsters. They are grouped within an unique family, Erymidae Van Straelen, 1925, based on the presence of a characteristic intercalated plate. These crustaceans were already present in the Permian, have become diversified and widespread during the Jurassic and have lasted until the Paleocene. The erymids are abundant during the Jurassic. They fossilized in deposits from various paleoenvironments: shallow water environments – like lithographic limestones from Solnhofen (Germany) –, from deep environments – like in La Voulte (France) –, and also from different platform environments – like the Terrain à Chailles (France). Since the first descriptions of erymids in the first part of the XIXth century, numerous authors have described new species and have attempted to establish the phylogenetic affinities of these extinct crustaceans. This high number of studies resulted with the apparition and propagation of confusions. So, the systematics of the erymids has become doubtful at both generic and specific levels. These taxonomic problems strongly affecting the erymids — the so called « erymidian problem » — are increased by their uncertain phylogenetic relationships among the Pleocyemata. Until the XXIst century, most of the authors classified the erymids within the infraorder Astacidea but recent phylogenetic analyses suggest an integration within Glypheidea. Moreover, a study has led to question the extinct status of the erymids. Indeed, Schram & Dixon (2004) have observed an intercalated plate in the extant Enoplometopus A. Milne Edwards, 1862. Their analysis has resulted with the clustering of this extant lobster together with the erymids within a same clade named Erymida. So, the purposes of this thesis are to rectify the taxonomic problems of the erymids, to elucidate their phylogenetic affinities and to provide observations which enable a better comprehension of their lifestyles and their evolutionary success. To reach these goals, a systematic review, supported by the examination of more than a thousand specimens, has been done. It has resulted in a homogenisation of the descriptions of the 6 genera and 75 species herein recognized and in the identification of useful characters for the phylogenetic study. The phylogenetic tree obtained clearly shows that erymids form a particular group of Astacidea and that Enoplometopus does not belong to this group. Moreover, the topology of the strict consensus tree supports a new systematic building of the group. From a unique family, the erymids are now spread into two families supported by the absence/presence of a post-orbital area: Enoploclytidae n. fam. and Erymidae. The last is also divided in subfamilies, Eryminae Van Straelen, 1925 and Tethysastacinae n. s.-fam., based on the very simple carapace groove pattern of Tethysastacus Devillez et al., 2016. This new study on the erymids was also an occasion to provide some paleobiogeographic hypotheses. But, unfortunately, they remain speculative and incomplete due to geographic and stratigraphic discontinuities of the fossil record. Observations of larval stages, of eyes, of P1 chela morphologies, of cuticular pores, and of intraspecific variability on some specimens have also enabled comparisons with extant forms. These observations led to provide hypotheses on the lifestyle of these extinct lobsters. Finally, the strong environmental tolerance was probably one of the keys of the success of the erymids during the Mesozoic but raised interrogations about the reasons of their extinction.

Bakgrund: I Sverige lever idag ungefär 130 000 - 150 000 personer med demenssjukdom. Sjukdomen orsakas av skador i hjärnan som medför en rad symtom som påverkar olika förmågor negativt hos personen som är drabbad. Detta leder i sin tur att personen blir beroende av omgivningen. Malnutrition är ett av de problem som personer med demenssjukdom drabbas av. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att ha kunskap och kännedom om tecken på risk för undernäring och att arbeta på ett personcentrat sätt för att motverka malnutrition. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva förebyggande åtgärder som motverkar undernäring hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt grundas på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: Fyra olika teman framkom med omvårdnadsåtgärder som främjade nutritionsintaget hos personer med demenssjukdom. Dessa var fysisk och psykosocial måltidsmiljö, individuellt anpassande åtgärder för att öka nutritionsintaget och personalens behov av utbildning och kännedom om individen. Slutsats: Resultat av denna litteraturöversikt visade olika åtgärder som medförde ökat intag av mat och vätska hos personer med demenssjukdom. Hälsotillståndet hos personer med demenssjukdom kan försämras om åtgärder för att motverka undernäring inte tillämpas vilket kan leda till komplikationer så som undernäring och ohälsa. Det är centralt att åtgärderna utgår från den enskilda individen vilket ökar välbefinnande och dennes autonomi. / Background: It is about 130 000-150 000 people in Sweden living with dementia. The disease are caused by brain damage and it entails various numbers of symptoms that affect different abilities in the person with dementia. This leads to that the person becomes dependent on his or her surroundings. Malnutrition is one of the problems people with dementia suffers from. It lays in the nurse responsibility to have knowledge, to pay attention in signs of risk for malnutrition and to work with person-centered care to counteract malnutrition. Object: The purpose of this study was to describe interventions that prevent malnutrition in people with dementia. Method: This literature review was based on 15 scientific articles that were analyzed and complied. Results: Four different themes with nursing actions emerged that support the nutrition intake among people with dementia. The themes where physical and psychosocial dining environment, individually customized care actions to increase nutrition intake and health professionals need for education and their knowledge about the individual. Conclusion: The result of this literature review showed various care actions that increase food and fluid intake among persons with dementia. The state of health among people with dementia can be impaired if actions are not applied which can cause complications as malnutrition and illness. It is essential that the interventions assume from the individual, which improves the personal well-being and their autonomy.

Bakgrund: Säker vård är en hörnsten i vård- och omsorgsarbetet, trots det förekommer vårdskador. Vårdskador är inte enbart individorsakade utan också systemorsakade. Säkerhetskultur har visat sig påverka patientsäkerheten. I sjuksköterskans ansvar ingår praktiserandet av god och säker vård och forskning har visat att sjuksköterskor har en påverkan på patientdödligheten. Därför är det betydelsefullt att identifiera sjuksköterskors upplevelser av faktorer som påverkar säkerhetskulturen för att förbättra patientsäkerheten. Syfte: Att identifiera sjuksköterskors upplevelser av faktorer som påverkar säkerhetskulturen med utgångspunkt i modellen för patientsäkerhetskultur av Sammer et al. (2010). Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar från sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Materialet analyserades deduktivt utifrån en modell av patientsäkerhetskultur. Resultat: Ett flertal upplevelser av faktorer som påverkar säkerhetskulturen identifierades. Tydlighet i ansvars- och rollfördelning samt brist på information och utbildning var problemområden. Teamarbete och kommunikation var viktigt i en fungerande säkerhetskultur. Tydliga riktlinjer bidrog positivt till patientsäkerhetsarbetet och säkerhetskulturen. Att lära sig av varandra och av tidigare misstag samt att diskutera öppet med varandra och inte skuldbelägga påverkade förbättringsarbetet positivt. Ledarskap, organisation och resursfördelning spelade en viktig roll i att forma sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö. Slutsats: En ökad medvetenhet hos sjuksköterskor om vad som påverkar säkerhetskulturen kan främja patientsäkerheten. En öppen kommunikation, kollegialt samarbete samt medvetenhet om risker och resurser möjliggör en god och säker vård. Ledarskapet har en viktig funktion för att kunna ge personalen förutsättningar att lyckas arbeta patientsäkert. / Background: Safe practice is an important element in nursing, yet adverse events occur. Adverse events are not only caused by individuals, but also systems. Safety culture has been shown to affect patient safety. To practice safe care is a nurse’s responsibility and research has shown that nurses have an impact on patient death. Therefore, it’s important to identify nurses’ experiences of factors affecting safety culture to improve patient safety. Aim: To identify nurses’ experiences of factors affecting safety culture based on the model of patient safety culture by Sammer et al. (2010). Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles from searches in PubMed and CINAHL. The material was analysed deductively using a safety culture model. Results: Several experiences and factors affecting safety culture were identified. Clarity in allocation of roles and responsibilities and lack of information and training were problem areas. Teamwork and communication were important in a functional safety culture. Clarity in guidelines affected patient safety work and safety culture positively. Learning from others and past mistakes as well as speaking openly and not blaming others had a positive effect on quality improvement. Leadership, organization and resource allocation were important in forming nurses’ work environment. Conclusion: Awareness among nurses of factors affecting safety culture can improve patient safety. Open communication, cooperation and awareness of risks and resources facilitate good and safe care. Leaders play key roles in providing necessary conditions for staff to be successful in safety work.

A opção pela forma federativa de governo importa em compromisso com a existência de mais de um ente responsável, em territórios sobrepostos, pela realização das tarefas de arrecadação e gasto público, além de suas inerentes atividades políticas. O exercício dessas tarefas pode ser definido com rigor, em um regime dual, ou com possibilidade de auxílios mútuos, em um regime de cooperação. O Brasil adotou, como cláusula pétrea em sua Constituição, a forma de federação cooperativa, estruturada em três níveis de governo, tendo como consequência a divisão de competências materiais entre os componentes dessa federação. Apesar disso, os Tribunais brasileiros têm insistido em sustentar a tese de solidariedade obrigacional entre todos os entes federados em processo que tenham por objeto o controle de políticas públicas sociais. A imposição dessa obrigação solidária, além de desrespeitar a estrutura federativa e afrontar os princípios da efetividade e economicidade da administração com sobreposições e sobrecargas que facilitam o desperdício de verbas e a corrupção ainda não atenta para a regra de ouro da imposição de solidariedade obrigacional, que é a menção expressa em dispositivo legal ou constitucional. Conforme será demonstrado, as decisões proferidas pelos Tribunais nacionais em sede de controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas vem ignorando todo o arcabouço jurídico acerca do tema, além de impor aos entes federados desnecessária dificuldade de gestão de suas competências e de seus recursos financeiros. A defesa de responsabilidades divididas, porém, poderia gerar efeitos nefastos. É que, em sede processual, a demanda ajuizada em face do ente não diretamente responsável pela execução da política pública questionada poderia ser extinta sem resolução do mérito, impondo atrasos à efetivação de direitos sociais decorrentes de óbices processuais. Como os direitos fundamentais categoria na qual estão inseridos os direitos sociais exigem efetivação imediata e são sindicáveis judicialmente a partir dos comandos genéricos dados pela Constituição, foi preciso recorrer a uma técnica antiga já prevista no Brasil, porém mal compreendida de integração subjetiva da demanda por ordem do juiz, a intervenção iussu iudicis. Para evitar a repetição de erros, será refeito o caminho histórico de surgimento e desenvolvimento dessa técnica para melhor compreensão de seus escopos. / The option for the federal form of government matter commitment to the existence of more than one entity responsible, in overlapping territories, for performing the tasks of public collection and spending beyond their inherent political activities. The exercise of these tasks can be defined rigorously, in a dual system, or with the possibility of mutual aid, in a regime of cooperation. Brazil has adopted as entrenchment clause in its Constitution, a cooperative federation, structured in three levels of government, resulting in the division of powers between the material components of this federation. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Courts insisted on supporting the thesis of a mandatory solidarity among all federal entities in the suits whose purpose is the control of public policies. The imposition of such solidarity, besides disregarding the federal structure and defy the principles of effectiveness and economy of administration - with overlays and overloads that facilitate waste of money and corruption - not attentive to the golden rule imposing mandatory solidarity, which is the expressly stated in law or constitutional provision. As will be shown, the decisions handed down by national courts in the seat of judicial control of public policies has ignored the whole legal structure of the topic, and impose to federal entities an unnecessary difficulty in managing their skills and their financial resources. The defense of divided responsibilities, however, could generate adverse effects. Is that in procedural field, a suit filed in the face of an entity not being directly responsible for the execution of the questioned public policy demand could be terminated without resolution, imposing delays to the realization of social rights under procedural obstacles. As fundamental rights - the category in which they belong social rights - require effective immediately be investigated and are chargeable from generic commands given by the Constitution, it was necessary to resort to an old technique - already foreseen in Brazil, but poorly understood - a subjective integration demand by the judge\'s order, the intervention iussu iudicis. To avoid repeating mistakes, will be redone historical path emergence and development of this technique to better understand their scopes.

A crescente adoção do paradigma experimental na pesquisa em Engenharia de Software visa a obtenção de evidências experimentais sobre as tecnologias propostas para garantir sua correta avaliação e para a construção de um corpo de conhecimento sólido da disciplina. Uma das abordagens de pesquisa experimental é a revisão sistemática, um método rigoroso, planejado e auditável para a realização da coleta e análise crítica de dados experimentais disponíveis sobre um determinado tema de pesquisa. Apesar de produzir resultados confiáveis, a condução de uma revisão sistemática pode ser trabalhosa e muitas vezes demorada, principalmente quando existe um grande volume de estudos a serem considerados, selecionados e avaliados. Uma solução encontrada na literatura é a utilização de ferramentas de Mineração Visual de Textos (VTM) como a Projection Explorer (PEx) para apoiar a fase de seleção e análise de estudos primários no processo de revisão sistemática. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma reengenharia de software na ferramenta PEx com dois objetivos principais: apoiar, utilizando VTM, a fase de seleção e análise de estudos primários no processo de revisão sistemática e implementar novos requisitos não-funcionais relativos à melhoria da manutenibilidade e escalabilidade da ferramenta. Como resultado foi construída uma plataforma modular para a instanciação de ferramentas de visualização e, a partir da mesma, uma ferramenta de revisão sistemática apoiada por VTM. Os resultados de um estudo de caso executado com a ferramenta mostraram que a abordagem de aplicação de técnicas VTM usada nesse contexto é viável e promissora, melhorando tanto a performance quanto a efetividade da seleção / The increasing adoption of the experimental paradigm in Software Engineering research aims at obtaining experimental evidence of the proposed technologies to ensure their proper evaluation and to build a solid body of knowledge for the discipline. One approach of experimental research is the systematic review, a rigorous, auditable and planned method to carry out the collection and analysis of experimental data available on a particular research topic. Despite producing reliable results, conducting a systematic review can be a cumbersome and often lengthy process, especially when a large volume of studies is to be considered, selected and evaluated. One solution found in the literature is the use of Visual Text Mining (VTM) tools such as the Projection Explorer (PEx) to support the selection and analysis of primary studies in the systematic review process. In this work a software re-engineering was performed on PEx with two main goals: to support, using VTM, the stage of selection and analysis of primary studies in the systematic review process and to implement new non-functional requirements related to improving the maintainability and scalability of the tool. The results were the building of a modular platform for instantiating visualization tools and, from it, the instantiation of a systematic review tool supported by VTM. The results of a case study carried out with the tool showed that the VTM approach used in this context is feasible and promising, improving both performance and the effectiveness of selection

Com a crescente demanda por crédito é muito importante avaliar o risco de cada operação desse tipo. Portanto, ao fornecer crédito a um cliente é necessário avaliar as chances do cliente não pagar o empréstimo e, para esta tarefa, as técnicas de credit scoring são aplicadas. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura de credit scoring com o objetivo de fornecer uma vis~ao geral das várias técnicas empregadas. Além disso, um estudo de simulação computacional é realizado com o intuito de comparar o comportamento de várias técnicas apresentadas no estudo. / Nowadays the increasing amount of bank transactions and the increasing of data storage created a demand for risk evaluation associated with personal loans. It is very important for a company has a very good tools in credit risk evaluation because theses tools can avoid money losses. In this context, it is interesting estimate the default probability for a customers and, the credit scoring techniques are very useful for this task. This work presents a credit scoring literature review with and aim to give a overview covering many techniques employed in credit scoring and, a computational study is accomplished in order to compare some of the techniques seen in this text.

O perfil de consumo de energia elétrica dos consumidores necessita ser conhecido em detalhe para muitos estudos, sejam eles técnicos ou comerciais. Esse conhecimento pode ser alcançado através da obtenção das curvas de carga de todos os clientes da empresa, porém, devido ao grande número de medidores necessários, essa prática é inviável. A alternativa utilizada atualmente nas revisões tarifárias do sistema elétrico brasileiro emprega a teoria de amostragem associada a técnicas de análise de dados. Após a obtenção das informações, são calculadas as tipologias de carga que representam cada cliente ou transformador, através de etapas de caracterização da carga. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma análise mais precisa do mercado de energia elétrica e, principalmente, o conhecimento da forma como cada classe de consumidores utiliza a rede. Este trabalho envolve parte do estudo mencionado sobre a análise dos dados coletados nas campanhas de medição, propondo e avaliando metodologias alternativas para duas etapas do processo de caracterização de tipologias de carga, a seleção de curvas típicas e a classificação de dados, adequadas às necessidades das revisões tarifárias e com base em métodos heurísticos e nas práticas do setor. Após o desenvolvimento e implementação das metodologias, foram realizados testes entre os processos propostos, comparando e avaliando suas particularidades para duas situações: a semelhança entre as tipologias encontradas para os transformadores e consumidores de um mesmo nível de tensão e o impacto nos custos marginais de capacidade. A análise das comparações realizadas permitiu a identificação dos impactos e características das metodologias desenvolvidas, para cada etapa estudada. / Knowing the way consumers use the energy is necessary for many studies, either commercial or technical. This knowledge can be reached by obtaining the load curves from all the customers of the company. However, given the great number of measurers necessary, this practice is not viable. The alternative used currently in tariff review in the Brazilian electrical system is based on the sampling theory associated with data analysis techniques. After obtaining the information, the load typologies that represent each transformer or customer are calculated through stages of load characterization. The results obtained allow a more precise analysis of the electric energy market and, specially, the knowledge of how each consumer class uses the electricity network. This research involves part of the previously mentioned study on the analysis of the data collected in the measurement campaigns, considering and evaluating alternative methodologies for two stages of the load typologies characterization process, the election of typical curves and the data classification, adjusted to the necessities of the tariff revisions and on the basis of heuristical methods and electricity sector practices. After the development and implementation of the methodologies, tests have been carried between the considered processes, comparing and evaluating their particularitities for two situations: the similarity between the typologies found for transformers and consumers on the same tension level and the impact in the marginal capacity costs. The analysis of the comparisons carried through allowed the identification of the impacts and characteristics of the developed methodologies, for each studied stage.