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Activities of the DEAD box (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) family of proteins- including RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA helicase- function in all organisms to sculpt RNA-RNA duplex and RNA-protein complexes, ensuring that necessary rearrangements are rapidly and properly resolved during genetic information processing. Identified as a prototypic member of the DEAD box family and documented as an ATPase and RNA helicase, p68 plays essential and diverse functions in the control of gene expression ranging from pre-mRNA/rRNA processing and mRNA decay/stability to transcriptional activation and initiation. Despite the early implied roles in organ maturation and tumor progression, the functional contributions of p68 to growth/differentiation regulation and cancer development remain undefined. Here, we show c-Abl-dependent phosphorylation of p68 markedly associates with abnormal cell growth and cancer development. Importantly, we characterize an unanticipated signaling module through which p68 functionally contributes to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and cell proliferation. p68, which appears to be phosphorylated by c-Abl at tyrosine 593, consequently promotes an EMT through its ability to recruit â-catenin into cell nucleus via a canonic Wnt/â-catenin axis independent way; accordingly, phosphor-p68 (phosphorylated at tyrosine 593 residue) also stimulates tumor cell growth, which requires the ATPase activity of the protein. These findings define a potential mechanism whereby phosphor-p68 recruits â-catenin into cell nucleus in ATP hydrolysis driven fashion and cooperatively regulates transcriptional programs that control an EMT. The dissertation thus demonstrates a tight coordination between DEAD box RNA helicase and cancer development.

P68 RNA helicase is a RNA helicase and an ATPase belonging to the DEAD-box family. It is important for the growth of normal cells, and is implicated in diverse functions ranging from pre-mRNA splicing, transcriptional activation to cell proliferation, and early organ development. The protein is documented to be phosphorylated at several amino-acid residues. It was previously demonstrated in several cancer cell-lines that p68 gets phosphorylated at threonine residues during treatments with TNF-α and TRAIL. In this study, the role of threonine phosphorylation of p68 under the treatment of anti-cancer drug, oxaliplatin in the colon cancer cells is characterized. Oxaliplatin treatment activates p38 MAP-kinase, which subsequently phosphorylates p68 at T564 and/or T446. P68 phosphorylation, at least partially, influences the role of the drug on apoptosis induction. This study shows an important mechanism of action of the anti-cancer drug which could be used for improving cancer treatment. This study also shows that p68 is an important transcriptional regulator regulating transcription of the cytoskeletal gene TPPP/p25. Previous analyses revealed that p68 RNA helicase could regulate expression of genes responsible for controlling stability and dynamics of different cytoskeletons. P68 is found to regulate TPPP/p25 gene transcription by associating with the TPPP/p25 gene promoter. Expression of TPPP/p25 plays an important role in cellular differentiation while the involvement of p68 in the regulation of TPPP/p25 expression is an important event for neurite outgrowth. Loss of TPPP expression contributes to the development and progression of gliomas. Thus, our studies further enhance our understanding of the multiple cellular functions of p68 and its regulation of the cellular processes.

Les cellules sont constamment exposées à des agents endommageant de l'ADN d'origine exogène, notamment les rayons ultraviolets, les irradiations γ, et l'exposition aux agents chimiques génotoxiques, mais également d'origine endogène générés par le métabolisme cellulaire. De plus en plus d'évidences montrent que la transcription est un processus biologique qui peut mettre en péril l'intégrité du génome. Un mécanisme actuellement très étudié qui lie la transcription à l'instabilité génomique est la formation des boucles R (R-loops), des structures hybrides ARN:ADN qui exposent un ADN simple brin déplacé. Ces structures aberrantes se présentent en tant que sous-produits de la transcription et/ou lors de l'interférence entre la réplication et la transcription, et plus récemment ils ont été montrées s'accumuler lorsque la biogénèse de l'ARNm est perturbée. La persistance des boucles R est une source importante d'instabilité génomique car elle peut générer des cassures double brin de l'ADN et favoriser la recombinaison. Pour faire face aux conséquences néfastes des endommagements de l'ADN, les cellules activent une cascade élaborée de voies de signalisation qui permet de coordonner la prolifération cellulaire avec la réparation de l'ADN. L'ensemble de ces acteurs moléculaires constitue un réseau de réponse aux dommages de l'ADN qui est indispensable pour la stabilité génomique. Récemment chez la levure, l'activation transitoire de ce réseau a été également proposée être important dans la coordination de la transcription et de la réplication, afin d'éviter d'une part des contraintes topologiques et d'autre part la formation de structures aberrantes générées lors de conflits entre ces deux processus cellulaires essentiels. Dans la perspective d'identifier des nouveaux gènes impliqués dans ce réseau de signalisation, un crible fonctionnel in vitro précédemment établi au laboratoire a conduit à l'identification de Ddx19, une hélicase à motif DEAD-box, en tant que nouvel élément répondant à l'endommagement de l'ADN. Ddx19 interagit avec le pore nucléaire via CAN/Nup214, et il est impliqué dans l'export des ARNm grâce à son activité hélicase et ATPase, stimulé par les facteurs IP6 et Gle1. Le présent travail de thèse dévoile une nouvelle fonction de Ddx19 distincte de son rôle connu dans l'export de l'ARNm. Je pu montrer que, lors de l'induction des dommages à l'ADN par les rayons UV, Ddx19 se relocalise transitoirement de la face cytoplasmique du nucléopore vers le noyau de façon dépendant d'ATR. L'inactivation de Ddx19 entraîne des endommagements spontanées dépendant de la prolifération, démontré par l'activation de la voie de signalisation d'ATM-Chk2 et la formation de foyers nucléaires de γH2AX et 53BP1. Ces phénotypes sont concomitants avec le ralentissement des fourches de réplication qui ne peuvent plus redémarrer après leur blocage par la camptothécine. En outre, les cellules déplétées de Ddx19 présentent une forte accumulation des boucles R nucléaires, enrichi dans le compartiment nucléolaire, et aussi autour de la périphérie nucléaire. Par ailleurs, ces cellules présentent une viabilité réduite et une létalité synthétique lorsque la déplétion de Ddx19 est combinée avec l'inhibition de l'expression de la topoisomérase I. Je propose Ddx19 comme deuxième hélicase nécessaire pour la résolution des boucles R, et qui fonctionne à côté mais de façon indépendante de la Senataxin, l'hélicase précédemment connue pour résoudre ces structures in vivo chez les cellules de mammifères. Je démontre que cette nouvelle fonction de Ddx19 ne dépend pas de son interaction avec le pore nucléaire, mais plutôt de son activité hélicase et d'un résidu de sérine phosphorylée par Chk1 qui stimule sa relocalisation vers le noyau. Ces données proposent Ddx19 en tant que nouvelle ARN hélicase qui facilite la coordination de la réplication et la transcription, médiée par ATR à travers de la résolution des boucles R, préservant ainsi l'intégrité du génome. / Cells are continuously challenged by DNA damage resulting from external cues as UV light, γ-irradiation and exposure to genotoxic chemicals, as well as from endogenous stress caused by cellular metabolism. Growing evidence points to transcription as a biological process that could adversely affect genome integrity. One currently highly investigated mechanism by which transcription can induce genome instability is through the formation of R-loops, RNA:DNA hybrid structures exposing a displaced single-stranded DNA tract. These aberrant structures occur as byproducts of transcription and/or upon interference between replication and transcription, and more recently were also shown to accumulate upon disruption of mRNA biogenesis and processing. Persistent unresolved R-loops are a potent source of genomic instability as they ultimately generate double strand breaks and promote recombination events. To deal with the deleterious consequences of DNA damage, cells activate elaborate DNA damage response (DDR) pathways to delay cell division and stimulate repair of lesions, thus preserving genome stability. Recently in yeast transient DDR activation has also been proposed to be important in the coordination of transcription and replication, in order to avoid topological constraints and the formation of aberrant structures generated upon collision of their machineries. By means of an in vitro screen aimed at identifying new DDR genes, we isolated Ddx19, a DEAD-Box helicase known to be involved in mRNA export, as a novel DNA damage responsive gene. Ddx19 interacts with the nucleopore complex via nucleoporin CAN/Nup214, and is involved in mRNA remodelling and export through its ATPase and helicase activities, stimulated by IP6 and the Gle1 factor. My present thesis work unravels a novel function of Ddx19 in preserving genome stability in mammalian cells, distinct from its known role in mRNA export. I show that upon UV-induced damage, Ddx19 transiently relocalizes from the cytoplasmic face of the nucleopore to the nucleus in an ATR-dependent manner. Downregulation of Ddx19 gives rise to spontaneous, proliferation-dependent DNA damage, as determined by the specific activation of the ATM-Chk2 pathway and formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 nuclear foci. This is concomitant with the slowing down of replication forks that are unable to restart after being stalled with camptothecin. In addition, cells depleted of Ddx19 display strong accumulation of nuclear R-loops, enriched in the nucleolar compartment, and around the nuclear periphery. Moreover, these cells show low viability and exhibited synthetic lethality when combined with inhibition of topoisomerase I expression. I propose Ddx19 as a second helicase required for R-loops resolution, functioning alongside but independently of Senataxin, the first known RNA helicase to resolve these structures in vivo in mammalian cells. I provide evidence that this new function of Ddx19 does not depend on its interaction with the nuclear pore, but rather on its helicase activity and on a serine residue phosphorylated by Chk1 which promotes its relocalization into the nucleus upon damage. These data put forward Ddx19 as a novel RNA helicase that facilitates ATR-dependent coordination of DNA replication and transcription through R-loops resolution, thus preserving genome integrity.

Germ cells are a pool of cells that serve as a link between generations. These cells are separated from the somatic cells by specialized type of cytoplasm, called the germ plasm. Germ plasm contains, membraneless, electron dense subcellular structures, termed germplasm granules that contain numerous components of mRNA metabolism pathway. One of the most prominent protein families, commonly found in germplasm granules are DEAD-box helicases. While this protein family is currently heavily investigated, surprisingly little is known about their functions in germ plasm granules and the mechanisms of their association with the granules. This work identified novel biological and molecular roles of C. elegans’ LAF-1 in both somatic and germ cells. It reveals strong dependency of animal’s somatic, embryonic and post-embryonic development on LAF-1 activity, resulting in high penetrance developmental arrest phenotype. Moreover, this work documents requirement of LAF-1 for the fertility of the animal. Analysis of germ cells in the absence of LAF-1 activity reveals multilayered defects occurring at all stages of germ cell development and maturation. LAF-1 appears to be involved in the maintenance of proliferating potential of the germline stem cell pool and loss of LAF-1 significantly expands the region occupied by mitotic cells. Furthermore, loss of LAF-1 significantly affects expression of GLD-1, REC-8 and H3-S10P, implying that mitosis-to-meiosis boundary cannot be established correctly in the absence of LAF-1. This work solidifies previous conclusions that LAF-1 is a component of P granules, both in the adult germ cells and embryonic germ cell precursors and reveals that LAF-1 is required for correct assembly and dynamic behavior of P granules. Intrinsically disordered regions present in LAF-1 are indispensable for LAF-1’s association with P granules and its role in recruiting granule components. Lastly, LAF-1 associates with RNPs containing cytoplasmic polyA polymerases, indicating that LAF-1 might be involved in translational regulation. Altogether, the collected data describes biological functions of LAF-1 and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions.

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Positive-stranded (+)RNA viruses replicate inside cells and depend on many cellular factors to complete their infection cycle. In the meanwhile, (+)RNA viruses face the host innate immunity, such as cell-intrinsic restriction factors that could block virus replication. Firstly, I have established that the plant DDX17-like RH30 DEAD-box helicase conducts strong inhibitory function on tombusvirus replication when expressed in plants and yeast surrogate host. This study demonstrates that RH30 blocks the assembly of viral replicase complex, the activation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase function of p92pol and viral RNA template recruitment. In addition, the features rendering the abundant plant DEAD-box helicases either antiviral or pro-viral functions in tombusvirus replication are intriguing. I found the reversion of the antiviral function of DDX17-like RH30 DEAD-box helicase and the coopted pro-viral DDX3-like RH20 helicase due to deletion of unique N-terminal domains. The discovery of the sequence plasticity of DEAD-box helicases that can alter recognition of different cis-acting elements in the viral genome illustrates the evolutionary potential of RNA helicases in the arms race between viruses and their hosts. Moreover, I discovered that Xpo1 possesses an anti-viral function and exports previously characterized cell-intrinsic restriction factors (CIRFs) from the nucleus to the replication compartment of tombusviruses. Altogether, in my PhD studies, I found plant RH30 DEAD-box helicase is a potent host restriction factor inhibiting multiple steps of the tombusvirus replication. In addition, I provided the evidence supporting that the Nterminal domain determines the functions of antiviral DDX17-like RH30 DEAD-box helicase and pro-viral DDX3-like RH20 DEAD-box helicase in tombusvirus replication. Moreover, I discovered the emerging significance of the Xpo1-dependent nuclear export pathway in tombusvirus replication.

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