It is generally acknowledged among scholars in the field of Late Antiquity that relations between the Roman and Iranian Empires reached its climax in the early fifth century. Countless sources report a variety of co-operative events depicting positive dealings between the Iranian shah Yazdgird and the Roman emperors Arcadius and Theodosius II. On the other hand, there exist just as many accounts that Yazdgird persecuted the Christians of his realm towards the end of his life. We are thus left with opposing narratives about the Iranian monarch, and no clarification about what truly transpired. This thesis seeks to clarify the ambiguities surrounding Yazdgird‟s reign. In order to achieve this goal, the events and circumstances that led to the apogee of Roman-Iranian relations is first retraced. An examination of potential sources of tension follows this, with the thesis culminating in the final chapter directly engaging the question of whether Yazdgird persecuted the Christians of his realm or not. The focus of this study is not solely to answer the question outlined above, but also to analyze and revise the entire topic utilizing a more holistic approach. Recent scholarship on East Syrian Christianity and the Sasanian Empire aided in providing alternative perspectives to the traditionally unilateral Roman views of the outlined issues. These different viewpoints in turn helped shape new interpretations and conclusions concerning the apogee and decline of RomanoIranian relations in the early fifth century.

Au printemps 68, les provinces occidentales se révoltèrent contre Néron. Elles choisirent pour le remplacer Servius Sulpicius Galba, un sénateur d’une antique noblesse qui avait connu une brillante carrière politique et qui était légat d’Auguste propréteur de l’Hispanie Citérieure au moment de l’insurrection. Galba dut alors organiser la révolte et lever les troupes qui seraient nécessaires à cette entreprise. Proclamé empereur par les prétoriens et le Sénat après le suicide de Néron au mois de juin 68, il quitta sa province et se mit en route vers Rome. Parvenu dans la capitale de l’Empire, le nouveau prince fut confronté à des difficultés de taille : les finances de l’État romain se trouvaient dans une situation très préoccupante à cause des largesses de Néron. Par ailleurs, puisque Galba était le premier empereur qui ne faisait pas partie de la famille julio-claudienne, il dut trouver les moyens d’assurer la légitimité de son élévation au sommet de l’Empire. Les sources littéraires concernant l’année 69 sont nombreuses ; moins bien connue, l’année 68 nous a semblé pouvoir être étudiée grâce au recours aux sources numismatiques, car elles permettent d’appréhender les principales caractéristiques du principat de Galba : financement d’une révolte contre le pouvoir central, paiement de la solde des légionnaires, redressement des finances de l’État et légitimation de la position du nouveau prince. L’étude des monnaies, s’appuyant sur la constitution d’un corpus de quelque 7.300 exemplaires à l’effigie de Galba, permet à la fois de combler les manques des sources littéraires relatives à l’année 68 et de confronter divers types de sources pour améliorer la connaissance de son principat. / In the spring of AD 68, the Western Provinces rebelled against Nero. To replace him, they chose Servius Sulpicius Galba, a senator of ancient nobility who had known a brilliant political career, and who – at the time of the insurrection – was legatus Augusti pro praetore of Hispania Citerior. Galba then had to organise the revolt, and raise the troops required for this enterprise. Acclaimed Emperor by the praetorians and the Senate after Nero’s suicide in June 68, he left his province and went to Rome. Once in the Empire’s capital city, the new prince was faced with major difficulties: the State’s finances were in a very worrying shape because of Nero’s largesse. Furthermore, Galba being the first emperor not to belong to the Julio-Claudian family, had to find ways to ensure the legitimacy of his elevation to the throne. Literary sources regarding the year 69 are numerous; the year 68, meanwhile, is less well known, but is possible to study in the light of numismatic sources, as they allow us to apprehend the main characteristics of Galba’s Principate: financing a revolt against the central power, paying the legionaries, rectifying the State’s finances, and legitimising the new prince’s position. The study of coinage, based on the establishment of a corpus of some 7300 specimens with Galba’s effigy, allows us to fill the gaps of literary sources concerning the year 68, and to approach various types of sources in order to improve our knowledge of his Principate.

Nossa tese pretende analisar a história do conceito de Honor imperii no reinado de Friedrich I Barbarossa. Para tanto, estudamos as formas de legitimidade real entre os séculos X e XII buscando entender os pesos relativos dos elementos militares e sacros; as especificidades de Friedrich Barbarossa e as transformações estruturais por ele patrocinadas no regnum Teutonicorum. Depois realizamos o estudo quantitativo e o estudo crítico do Honor imperii na documentação produzida pela chancelaria imperial (diplomas e constituições) e na Gesta Friderici de Otto de Freising e Rahewin, principal fonte para o reinado de Friedrich. Também estudamos os significados do termo honra no contexto cultural germânico do século XII. O Honor imperii está ligado à projeção de poder do monarca devido a uma estrutura jurídica (os direitos Romano e Feudal) que o liga ao exercício militar através da doutrina da Guerra Justa e à punição pela quebra das Landfrieden. / Our thesis intends to analyze the history of the Honor imperii concept in Frederick I Barbarossas reign. For this we had to study the ways political legitimacy was obtained between the Tenth and Twelfth centuries seeking to understand the relative weights of military and sacred elements, Frederick Barbarossas singularities and the structural transformations sponsored by him in the regnum Teutonicorum After that we stablished a critical analysis of the Honor imperii in the documentation produced by the imperial Chancellery (charters and constitutions) and in Otto of Freising & Rahewins Gesta Friderici, the most important narrative source for Fredericks reign. We also studied the meanings of honor in the german cultural context of the Twelfth century. The Honor imperii was bound to the monarchs power projection by a proper legal structure (Roman and Feudal Laws) connecting it to the military exercise through the Just War Doctrine and the punishment of breaking the Landfrieden.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação cujo objetivo é examinar o problema do confronto de paradigmas explicativos a respeito do fim da Antiguidade: a ascensão da Antiguidade Tardia, uma nova Forma da História, e o Declínio do Império Romano. Busca realizar isso através da compreensão do relato feito por um monge cristão, na forma de poema, sobre sua vida como aristocrata e proprietário de terras na Gália do século V d.C., o Eucharisticos de Paulino de Pella. A pesquisa teve como preocupações teórica e metodológica entender as diferentes mediações necessárias para a composição do poema, principalmente o instrumental literário disponível ao autor, como os gêneros literários clássicos. Estas também buscaram lidar com a relação indivíduo e sociedade na Antiguidade, propondo os limites e potencialidades que a compreensão do poema como expressão ideológica de seu autor e consequentemente de sua consciência de suas posições de classe e de status como critério da parcialidade de sua visão sobre a realidade na qual viveu. / This work consists of an investigation which aims to examine the issue of the opposing explanatory paradigm used to explain the end of Antiquity: the rise of Late Antiquity, a new Form of History, and the Fall of Roman Empire, through the understanding of a narrative poem written by a christian monk about his life as an aristocracy member and landowner in Gaul during the V century AD, Paulinus Paelleus\' Eucharisticus. The research methodological concerns aimed at the understanding of the poem composition through different mediations, mainly the literary background available to the author as, for instance, the classical genres of literature. Methodological and theoretical concerns also aimed to deal with the relation between individual and society in Antiquity, proposing the limits and potentialities that the poem understanding as its author\'s ideological expression - and consequently his consciousness about his class and status within it - as criteria for his biased view about the reality he lived in.

Diferentemente das recorrentes assertivas sobre o comprometimento político dos intelectuais gregos no Império, a nosso ver, a partir do século II d.C., a chamada Segunda Sofística é um indicativo do movimento cultural grego iniciado no século I d.C. Embora seus integrantes apresentem intenções distintas em seus escritos, os intelectuais gregos do Império participam de estilos e temáticas narrativas semelhantes. No caso de Plutarco, e essa é a nossa tese central, demonstramos que nosso autor não compôs sua obra para exaltar ou glorificar o Império romano ou ainda a cultura grega. Sendo assim, seus escritos representam a expressão da singularidade e da utilidade da tradição cultural grega para o fortalecimento político do Império. O objetivo principal de Plutarco está, pois, em construir uma identidade grega no Império, pautada na história de seu povo e em sua tradição cultural, para exibir ao mundo romano a contribuição dos gregos para a formação do Império. / Differently from the usual assertions about the Greek intellectuals\' political compromise with the Empire, in our perspective, as from the second century A.D., the so called Second Sophistic is an indicative of the Greek cultural movement started in the first century A.D. Although its members present distinct intentions of their writings, the Greek intellectuals of the Empire develop similar styles and themes through their narratives. Considering Plutarch\'s case, and this is the core of our thesis, we demonstrate that our author did not write his work to exalt nor to glorify the Roman Empire nor the Greek culture. His writings represent the expression of the singularity and the usefulness of the Greek cultural tradition for the political strength of the Empire. Plutarch\'s main objective is to build a Greek identity in the Empire, based on the history of the people and their cultural tradition to exhibit the Greeks\' contribution to the formation of the Roman Empire.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-30T15:02:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Belleza Abdala Miranda.pdf: 2931175 bytes, checksum: a60d654c2199468c575faab57666ab27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T15:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Belleza Abdala Miranda.pdf: 2931175 bytes, checksum: a60d654c2199468c575faab57666ab27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / This work aims to analyze the political-religious actions of the Roman Emperor Flavius Claudius Julian (361 ? 363 AD), known as ?the Apostate?. To comply with the proposal of the dissertation, will be need to understand a little about the period in which Julian ruled Rome, known as Dominato. From a periodization suggested in this paper, we seek to identify the characteristics of the political system and the importance of such research for the analysis of Julian's empire. Then we will make a brief biographical research on the sovereign comprising all his philosophical, political and religious formation, so we can understand densely their political and religious goals to become emperor. We used as the main source a hymn in devotion to the sun god, Helios, designed by Julian in Greek and translated into English by Wilmer Wright. Within the dynamics of research, the work seeks to avoid its hypothesis that the emperor followed the god Mithras, solar deity Indo-Iranian. The dissertation presents an analysis of the two deities separately, so you can identify which Julian followed suit. Made these studies, will we can reach the main hypothesis of this study was to identify the political transformation that Julian sought to achieve from a religious perspective based on the solar-worship / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as a??es pol?tico-religiosas do imperador romano Fl?vio Cl?udio Juliano (361 ? 363 d. C.), conhecido como ?o ap?stata?. Para cumprir com a proposta da disserta??o, ser? preciso compreender um pouco sobre o per?odo no qual Juliano governou Roma, conhecido como Dominato. A partir de uma periodiza??o sugerida neste texto, buscamos identificar quais as caracter?sticas desse sistema pol?tico e qual a import?ncia dessa investiga??o para a an?lise do imp?rio de Juliano. Faremos, ent?o, uma breve pesquisa biogr?fica sobre o soberano, compreendendo toda sua forma??o filos?fica, pol?tica e religiosa, para que, assim, possamos compreender densamente seus objetivos pol?tico-religiosos ao se tornar imperador. Utilizamos como fonte principal um hino em devo??o ao deus do Sol, H?lios, elaborado em grego por Juliano e traduzido para o ingl?s por Wilmer Wright. Dentro da din?mica da pesquisa, o trabalho busca se desvincular da hip?tese de que o imperador seguia o deus Mitra, divindade solar indo-iraniana. A disserta??o prop?e uma an?lise das duas divindades separadamente, para que seja poss?vel identificar qual delas Juliano seguia de fato. Feito estes estudos, poderemos chegar a principal hip?tese deste trabalho: identificar a transforma??o pol?tica que Juliano procurava realizar a partir de uma perspectiva religiosa com base no culto solar

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T12:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO CÂNDIDO BARBOSA.pdf: 1621165 bytes, checksum: 3983d757cf3d40da880ccca3cdf07c15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO CÂNDIDO BARBOSA.pdf: 1621165 bytes, checksum: 3983d757cf3d40da880ccca3cdf07c15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-10 / This thesis aims to investigate, from the Luke's Gospel, the political and socioeconomic situation of the people during the first century. It deals with situations that affected the lives of impoverished, marginalized and despised people in the context of a society under the power of the Roman Empire, which ditacted the economic rules at that time. It is understood that the Luke's Gospel tells the history lived by the original christian communities with their ethical and spiritual values regarding God's Kingdom and the lifestyle by them adopted, against the patriarchal system imposed due to the Roman domination. The work highlights the conflicts that existed in the time of Jesus and the writing of the Luke's Gospel. In this scenario, dominated by the wishes of the powerful ones to the detriment of the weak and impoverished, the path chosen by Jesus was to stay at the side of weak, despicable and despised ones, and all who sought to change their lives. Jesus' liberating praxis confronted the Jewish elite and the Roman Empire, proposing the ideological liberation from the oppressive imposition that subjugated and enslaved people through exorbitant tax levels and the force of the Roman army, which destroyed countless lives with refined cruelty. It analyzes the pericopes that tell the story of the widow of Naim (7,11-17), the parable of the good samaritan (10,25-37) and the Zacchaeus narrative (19,1-10), analyzed under its ethical and socioeconomic elements. In this context, it is perceived that the Jesus spirituality and ethics are based in the concept of God as a Father, invoked by prayer, from which compassion and mercy are originated, and that are extended to the needy people. Therefore, it is argued that Jesus' actions are capable of reversing death processes in life processes and can contribute to a living in society with more dignity and social justice, also in nowadays. / Esta tese objetiva pesquisar, a partir do Evangelho de Lucas, a situação política e socioeconômica do povo da época do primeiro século. Trata-se de abordar as situações que afetavam a vida das pessoas empobrecidas, marginalizadas e desprezadas no contexto de uma sociedade dominada pelo Império Romano, que controlava a economia vigente da época. Compreende-se que o Evangelho de Lucas narra a história vivenciada das comunidades cristãs originárias com seus valores éticos e espirituais a respeito do Reino de Deus e o estilo de vida adotado pelas comunidades cristãs, frente ao sistema patriarcal de dominação romana. Destacam-se os conflitos que existiam na época de Jesus e da escrita do Evangelho de Lucas. Dentro desse cenário, no qual prevalecia a força dos poderosos, em detrimento dos fragilizados e empobrecidos, o caminho escolhido por Jesus foi entre os fracos, vis e desprezados e todos que pretendiam mudar de vida. A práxis libertadora de Jesus confrontou a elite judaica e o Império Romano, propondo a libertação ideológica da opressão imposta que oprimia e escravizava as pessoas por meio de elevadíssima carga tributária e pela força armada do exército romano, que destruíam inúmeras vidas com requinte de crueldade. Analisa as perícopes que narram a história da viúva de Naim (7,11-17) a parábola do bom samaritano (10,25- 37) e a narrativa de Zaqueu (19,1-10), analisadas pelos elementos éticos e socioeconômicos que nelas estão presentes. Nesse contexto, percebe-se que a espiritualidade e ética de Jesus são situadas em Deus Pai, por meio da oração, de onde-se origina a compaixão e misericórdia que se estendem às pessoas necessitadas. Portanto, defende-se que a ação de Jesus é capaz de reverter processos de morte em processos de vida e pode contribuir para uma vivência em sociedade com mais dignidade e justiça social também para os dias atuais.

Nossa tese pretende analisar a história do conceito de Honor imperii no reinado de Friedrich I Barbarossa. Para tanto, estudamos as formas de legitimidade real entre os séculos X e XII buscando entender os pesos relativos dos elementos militares e sacros; as especificidades de Friedrich Barbarossa e as transformações estruturais por ele patrocinadas no regnum Teutonicorum. Depois realizamos o estudo quantitativo e o estudo crítico do Honor imperii na documentação produzida pela chancelaria imperial (diplomas e constituições) e na Gesta Friderici de Otto de Freising e Rahewin, principal fonte para o reinado de Friedrich. Também estudamos os significados do termo honra no contexto cultural germânico do século XII. O Honor imperii está ligado à projeção de poder do monarca devido a uma estrutura jurídica (os direitos Romano e Feudal) que o liga ao exercício militar através da doutrina da Guerra Justa e à punição pela quebra das Landfrieden. / Our thesis intends to analyze the history of the Honor imperii concept in Frederick I Barbarossas reign. For this we had to study the ways political legitimacy was obtained between the Tenth and Twelfth centuries seeking to understand the relative weights of military and sacred elements, Frederick Barbarossas singularities and the structural transformations sponsored by him in the regnum Teutonicorum After that we stablished a critical analysis of the Honor imperii in the documentation produced by the imperial Chancellery (charters and constitutions) and in Otto of Freising & Rahewins Gesta Friderici, the most important narrative source for Fredericks reign. We also studied the meanings of honor in the german cultural context of the Twelfth century. The Honor imperii was bound to the monarchs power projection by a proper legal structure (Roman and Feudal Laws) connecting it to the military exercise through the Just War Doctrine and the punishment of breaking the Landfrieden.

Esta pesquisa é um estudo comparativo entre os bagaudas gauleses e os circunceliões africanos, dois grupos revoltosos rurais da Antiguidade Tardia. Seu objetivo primário é descrever o caráter social de ambos os grupos, levando em conta os múltiplos relatos nas fontes antigas e as interpretações modernas divergentes a respeito deles, que vão desde multidões rurais sob domínio patronal, monges cristãos fanáticos, até rebeliões camponesas. A comparação histórica é composta por três perspectivas analíticas. A primeiraestabelece uma compreensão comparada das tradições de composição e recepção dos textos por meio dos quais a memória social sobre bagaudas e circunceliões se objetivou em vestígios textuais. A segundaexplora a hipótese de uma crise de hegemonia nasregiões rurais do Império Romano tardio, tendo como base as possíveis relações das revoltas com as práticas de produção e de reprodução das condições de existência, as relações de trabalho e as experiências de classe. A terceiraobserva as iniciativas e respostas das estruturas imperiais na Gália e na África às ações desses movimentos de insurgência. Tal perspectiva lida com a questão fundamental da ação do Estado imperial contra essas revoltas e o papel desse Estado na manutenção da Ordem social nas zonas rurais do Império Romano, tendocomo contraparte os horizontes de organização comunitária que podem ser encontrados nessas revoltas. Uma questão central está relacionada ao problema teórico do estudo e escrita de uma história das classes subalternas na História Antiga. Esta pesquisa buscou trabalhar com esses problemas não apenas no plano teórico, mas também a partir da investigação histórica prática. / This research is a comparative study between the Gaul bacaudae and the African circumcellions, two groups of rural rebels of late antiquity. Its first aim is to describe the social character of both groups, in view of the multiple accounts from the ancient sources and the divergent modern interpretations on them, which range from patronized rural mobs, fanatical Christian monks, to peasant rebellions. The historical comparison is composed by three analytical perspectives. Firstly, this research establishes a comparative comprehension of the traditionsof composition and reception of the literary texts in which the social memory of the bacaudae and circumcellions were incorporated. Secondly, it explores the hypothesis of a hegemony crisis in the late Roman countryside,basing on the practices of production and reproduction of the conditions of existence, working relationships and class experiences. Thirdly, it observes the initiatives and responses of the imperial structures in both Gaul and Africa to the actions of the insurgents. Such comparative dimension addresses the fundamental issue of imperial state action against these revolts and the role of thatstate in keeping the social order in the Roman countryside. It has as its counterpart the communal organization horizons that can be found on those revolts. Akey issue is related to the theoretical problems concerning the study and writing of the history of subaltern classes in ancient history. This research strived to work these problems not only on the theoretical level, but also from the practical historical investigation.

This dissertation provides an intellectual and social history of learned writing on Roman religious culture during the late Republic and early Empire. I examine the ways in which an elite learned literature, for which I propose the name "civil theology", constructed "Roman religion" as a religious system. The first part of the dissertation is an intellectual history of civil theology, especially focused on how these learned texts generated "Roman religion" as an object of knowledge. In order to elucidate how texts can authoritatively construct a religious system, I pursue a comparison between civil theology and the Mishnah, a rabbinic textual compilation. The second part of the dissertation is a social history of civil theology, concentrating on the social contexts of production and reception of the discourse. Firstly, I demonstrate how the discourse was embedded in the social relations of the profoundly competitive late Republican elite. Civil theology was not a socially marginal intellectual activity. Rather, knowledge about Roman religion provided resources for the social self-presentation of the elite. Secondly, I consider how civil theology became implicated in the new imperial socio-political order. Emperors drew on civil-theological knowledge to legitimize "religious reforms" and their personal rule; for the aristocracy, civil theology became entangled with responses to the new situation of autocracy. In a conclusion, I outline the continuing influence of civil theology and its construction of "Roman religion" in the high imperial period and late antiquity and consider how Roman civil theology can complicate the established scholarly approaches to the relationship between books and religion. / The Classics