La révolution Tunisienne en 2011 a permis de libérer la parole. C’est ainsi que nous avons été témoins d’une explosion humoristique touchant à tous les domaines de vie : politique, économique, sportif, religieux et social. La tranche d’âge adolescente semble la plus concernée par cette expression créatrice servant son développement psychologique et social. Nous nous sommes proposés, au sein de cette thèse, d’identifier le rôle de l’humour dans le processus adolescent à travers l’étude du fonctionnement du préconscient, du narcissisme, du processus d’individuation et de la socialisation. Quels renseignements pourrait-il apporter quant à la qualité de la vie psychique de l’adolescent et de ses éventuelles failles ? L’absence d’humour ou la réticence à en produire serait-elle témoin d’une fragilité adolescente et d’une impossibilité à gérer les émergences pulsionnelles les enfermant dans un fonctionnement rigide et impénétrable ? Nous nous sommes donc inspirés du Humurous Response Questionnary de Rod, A Martin afin de procéder à une catégorisation de l’humour chez des adolescents de 13 à 15 ans. Nous avons ensuite exploré leurs dynamiques psychiques à travers le test projectif du TAT.Ce travail, nous a permis de déterminer la qualité du préconscient et les caractéristiques psychiques inhérentes à chaque groupe d’humour. Cette étude a contribué à identifier une nouvelle catégorie « non-humour » qui participe à la compréhension du phénomène de radicalisation religieuse à l’adolescence. Ainsi le type d’humour utilisé par l’adolescent, dans son contexte culturel, prend la valeur d’un signe psychopathologique renseignant sur sa santé psychique. / The Tunisian revolution in 2011 helped to free the speech and unleash languages. Thus we witnessed a humorous explosion affecting all areas of life: political, economic, sports, religious and social. The teenagers seem to be the most concerned by this creative expression serving their psychological and social development. In this thesis, we proposed to identify the role of humor in the adolescent process through the study of the functioning of the preconscious, the narcissism, the individuation process and the socialization. What information could it provide about the quality of the adolescent's psychic life and its possible flaws. Would the lack of humor or the reluctance to produce it be evidence of adolescent fragility and an impossibility to manage the drive emergencies enclosing them in a rigid and impenetrable operation? We have therefore drawn inspiration from Rod, A Martin's Humorous Response Questionnary, in order to categorize humor in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. Then, we explored their psychic dynamics through the TAT projective test. This work allowed us to determine the quality of the preconscious and the psychic characteristics inherent in each group of humor. This study helped to identify a new "non-humor" category that contributes to understanding the phenomenon of religious radicalization in adolescence. Thus the type of humor used by the adolescent, in his cultural context, takes on the value of a psychopathological sign informing about his psychic health.

The thesis attempts at investigating a state-driven radicalization process as it is incited by an ideological system and utilized in the context of hybrid warfare. Contemporary Russia is taken as a concrete case study, with the research questions focused on: i) presenting the Russian World as an ideological system consistent of varying individual claims and tenets; ii) analysing the radicalization potential of said claims and tenets; and iii) tracing the process of radicalization by presenting a plausible causal mechanism based on the respective concepts and theories employed. The findings indicate a certain evolution of the Russian World ideology, while the practice of hybrid warfare is argued to serve the ideology as its actualizing component if the context is considered. Conclusively, it is also identified that the claims and tenets of Russian World are challenged ever more often, raising concerns with regards to the ideology's sustainable future, and in turn, the likelihood of social and political turbulence in Russia itself or a repetition of a radicalization instance comparable in its scale to that of Crimean Annexation in 2014. Mykola Lysenko Master thesis

This thesis focuses on the issue of far-right lone-wolf terrorism in Germany. Lone-wolf terrorism - terrorism perpetrated by individuals, who display no ties to terrorist organizations - is a concept, which is skeptically accepted by many scholars. The main issue with this concept is the emphasis of the "lone" part, especially during the preparation and the attack itself. Scholars, who refuse this concept claim, that in every case, the attacker is a member of a larger group - it can be either ideology-based or it can provide material assistance. Furthermore, lone- wolf terrorism is primarily associated with religious terrorism, probably because of the activities of Islamic state in recent years. However, this thesis approaches lone-wolf terrorism as relevant concept, which refers to a security threat, that is represented by radicalized and hard- to-detect individuals. The thesis focuses on three cases of far-right terrorism in Germany, which were committed by an attacker, that operated alone - Munich shooting (July 2016), Halle synagogue attack (October 2019), and Hanau shooting (February 2020). German society provided significant space for radicalization and spread of far-right ideology, especially because of its friendly politics after the outbreak of refugee crisis. Regarding the cases, the main...

This thesis deals with the topic of terrorism prevention and counter-radicalization in the European Union. The aim of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the 'prevent' pillar of The EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy. Due to the lack of agreement on why people engage in terrorism, (the process of) radicalization, and measuring and conceptualizing effectiveness, a unique research framework was designed. In the absence of a 'recipe' for effective terrorism prevention, the focus is on the EU's approach, i.e. what the EU has set out for itself in the 'prevent' pillar. This research design consists of two criteria - 'progress' and 'EU involvement.' In order to assess the effectiveness of the 'prevent' pillar, each of the pillar's seven key priorities was exposed to these criteria. The findings indicate that the 'prevent' pillar is relatively effective as the progress was made in each priority area and the EU was involved considerably. As this research does not make any causality claims, these findings do not translate into the reduction of the terrorist threat. This effectiveness might as well be a result of careful wording of the pillar's priorities and their tailoring to the EU context. The main responsibility to tackle radicalization and recruitment still remains at local and national level.

Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, which came to Bosnia and Herzegovina with the arrival of foreign fighters and humanitarian organizations from Islamic countries during the war between 1992 and 1995, developed a conflicting relationship with the local Islamic tradition. Diploma thesis The position of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Wahhabism between 1992 and 2016 uses a critical analysis of primary sources to explain development of the position of the official religious institution of Bosnian Muslims, the Islamic Community, to Wahhabism and its supporters since their arrival to the present. This paper shows that although the Islamic Community often seemed ambivalent in its approach, it took a negative stance to the alien religious tradition from the outset and even though its activities were inconsistent, the Islamic Community contributed to preventing the spread of Wahhabism in the country. Furthermore, we show that the position of the Islamic Community was rather determined by political needs than by religious incentives.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to a greater knowledge and understanding of violent discourses within the Far Right community with emphasizes on online violent content. The study has, by analyzing the narrative, identified four discursive strategies used by the Nordic Resistance Movement (NMR) in order to legitimize violence. By studying three texts in the time span of fifteen years published by the organization, the ambition is to identify a change in the discourse of violence.   Today’s society is greatly influenced by the presence of the Internet. The rise of populist political parties in European and American counties etc. has lead to discussions regarding the cause of this phenomenon. A reoccurring debate is if the Internet is to blame for this, since it is accessible for most people, with non-or little legislative control regarding credibility. What can be stated for a fact, however, is that these forces are once again gaining more support and power. Due to this, finding explanations for this turn of event, which is updated to the society that we live in now is of importance. In order to understand this phenomenon the study has examined the Far Right organization the Nordic Resistance Movement (NMR). In the empirical part of the thesis four themes of violent discourses were identified; the enemies, the threat, family politics and women’s role in society and community-building processes. The four discursive strategies identified are in accordance with the chosen methodological framework, namely, critical discourse analysis. Aforementioned discursive strategies and analysis questions which, framed the empirical material, were analysed through the lenses of Norman Fairclough’s theory three-dimensional conception of discourse. In the discourses, amongst other things, it could be identified that the discourses had indeed become more violent.

The existing research on lone wolf terrorism and the use of case study research within this field and criminology is discussed and reviewed. In an attempt to find how an investigated and IS inspired extremist commits an act of lone wolf terrorism without any suspicion of authorities was the key focus. Through the use of a case study utilizing a chronological time-series analysis, Man Haron Monis responsible for the Martin Place Siege in Sydney, Australia in 2014 was examined. The analysis produced eleven significant events contributing to his radicalization. His radicalization process and the causal factors were examined against two radicalization pyramids developed by McCauley and Moskalenko (2014) that placed him at the most dangerous level of a lone wolf about to act. This thesis also indicates the limitations of lone wolf terrorism research and the further steps required in order for authorities to effectively identify and disrupt lone wolf terrorists prior to terrorist acts.

Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att undersöka och analysera hur arbetet mot våldsbejakande extremism bedrivs i Gävleborgs län och vilka utmaningar som finns kopplat till ett sådant arbete. Studien gjordes genom nyckelpersonsintervjuer. Resultatet visade att arbetet mot våldsbejakande extremism precis har påbörjats i vissa kommuner medan andra inte har inlett ett sådant specifikt arbete. Flertalet kommuner avvaktar med att formulera en lokal handlingsplan i väntan på regionala direktiv.   Kommunerna i Gävleborgs län anser att förebyggande arbete ska bedrivas i enighet med de nationella rekommendationerna och genom att fortsätta befintliga demokratifrämjande och förebyggande arbete.   Utmaningar som framträdde gällande det lokala arbetet mot våldsbejakande extremism var bland andra osäkerhet, vilken verkade vara kopplad till kunskapsbrist om våldsbejakande extremism och till rådande samhällsdebatt. Till viss del fanns också en osäkerhet kopplad till lagstiftning gällande främst sekretess och personlig integritet. Därtill framstod olika aspekter av samordning som centrala utmaningar.

Depuis les attentats du 9/11, la lutte contre le terrorisme est devenue une priorité dans de nombreux pays. Les gouvernements ont mis en place des dispositifs destinés à prévenir les actes terroristes et à identifier en amont les potentiels suspects. C’est dans ce contexte que s’est développé un nouveau champ de savoir sur la « radicalisation ». Ce concept, qui présente le passage à l’acte violent comme l’aboutissement d’un processus, offre aux autorités la possibilité d’intervenir en amont pour « arrêter » ou « inverser » cette progression. À partir de l’analyse de deux rapports officiels et de deux campagnes publiques de prévention, je procéderai à l’analyse critique des discours institutionnels français sur la radicalisation. Je mettrai en évidence la manière dont ce phénomène est représenté par l’administration et les relations que ce concept entretient avec les pratiques de prévention. Enfin, je mettrai en lumière la fonction stratégique de ce savoir pour le pouvoir. / Since the attacks of 9/11, the fight against terrorism has become a priority in many countries. Governments have put in place systems to prevent terrorist acts and to identify potential suspects in advance. It is in this context that a new field of knowledge on "radicalization" has been developed. This concept, which presents the passage to violent action as the culmination of a process, offers the authorities the possibility of intervening upstream to "stop" or "reverse" this progression. Based on the analysis of two official reports and two public prevention campaigns, I will establish a critical analysis of French institutional discourse on radicalization. I will highlight the way in which this phenomenon is represented by the administration and the relationship that this concept has with prevention practices. Finally, I will highlight the strategic function of this knowledge for government.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The problem of violent extremism is approaching a critical point in America. American government and community leaders must find an effective approach to deterring violent extremism immediately. A national and comprehensive approach to deter violent extremism in America is currently lacking. This comparative policy perspective seeks to determine whether the United Kingdom and Australia have good practices to deter violent extremism that can be useful in America. Secondly, this thesis also seeks to determine whether the United States can implement potential good practices to deter violent extremism. After a thorough review of the issue of violent extremism in America, this thesis studies similar background, research, and violent extremism issues in the United Kingdom and Australia. This thesis concludes that a variety of good practices in the United Kingdom and Australia can counter radicalize and deter violent extremists in America. The findings and recommendations from this research include challenges and a way forward to implement certain potential best practices for the United States. The arguments offer viable options and alternatives that the United States should consider when creating a national deterring-violent-extremism strategy. The details and information regarding understanding and implementing good practices to deter violent extremism in America are contained in this thesis. / Major, New York Army National Guard, Latham, New York