Att samla in regnvatten för att använda till olika syften har under de senaste åren blivit allt vanligare i flera länder. Denna metod är fördelaktig ur flera miljömässiga och samhällsekonomiska aspekter då den bidrar till minskad dricksvattenförbrukning och förbättrad dagvattenhantering. I Sverige är tekniken relativt obeprövad men flera stora byggnader där det ska implementeras är nu under byggnation. En av dessa är Celsiushuset i Uppsala där regnvatten ska samlas in på taket för att användas till toalettspolning. I dagsläget finns bristfällig kunskap om sådana system inom sektorn för samhällsbyggnad. Syftet med examensarbetet var dels att undersöka effektiviteten (andelen av toalettspolningen som sker med regnvatten) hos Celsiushusets system och utifrån det föreslå en lämplig magasinstorlek, och dels att rekommendera vattenreningsmetoder för att inte mikrobiell tillväxt eller algtillväxt ska uppstå eller att regnvattnet ska bli missfärgat eller orsaka luktproblematik.  Effektiviteten undersöktes, tillsammans med relaterade parametrar såsom nederbörd, avrinning och insamlad nederbördsmängd, genom att utföra dagliga simuleringar för tre olika femårsperioder. Tidsperioderna motsvarade en nederbördsfattig period, en genomsnittsperiod och en nederbördsrik period mellan åren 1961-2017 och simuleringarna utgick från dygnsvärden för nederbörd och temperatur. Även förenklade kostnadsberäkningar utfördes för att undersöka kostnadens variation med varierande magasinstorlek. Reningsmetoderna rekommenderades utifrån en litteraturstudie samt beräkningar av takavrinningens föroreningsbelastning som utfördes med StormTac. För den planerade magasinstorleken på 50 m3 är systemets effektivitet störst under sommaren och hösten (60-100 % ett genomsnittsår) och lägst under årets första månader (30-40 % ett genomsnittsår). Den sammantagna effektiviteten för den planerade storleken är för den nederbördsfattiga perioden 40 %, för genomsnittsperioden 51 % och för den nederbördsrika perioden 56 %. En magasinstorlek på mellan 50 m3 och 75 m3 är lämplig för att uppnå relativt hög genomsnittlig effektivitet och årlig insamlad nederbördsmängd, utan att medföra alltför höga kostnader. Magasinet bör inte vara mindre än 50 m3 och en volym närmare 75 m3 vore fördelaktigt för den insamlade nederbördsmängden. Reningsmetoderna som rekommenderas för systemet är takbrunnar med kupolsil, avskiljning av det första flödet, sedimentering i sandfångsbrunnar och i magasinet samt ett snabbt sandfilter och UV-behandling. / In recent years, there has been an increased usage of rainwater harvesting globally. The technology reduces drinking water consumption and improves stormwater management. In Sweden, the implementation of rainwater harvesting is still at an early stage but several systems are now under construction. One of them is in Celsiushuset in Uppsala where rainwater will be used for toilet flushing. One aim of the project was to calculate the efficiency (the ratio between the volume of used rainwater and the water demand for toilet flushing) of the system. Based on the efficiency and economic calculations, an appropiate storage tank size was to be identified. An additional aim was to recommend water treatment methods that would prevent color or odour in water in the toilets and also prevent microbe and algae growth. The efficiency, along with other parameters, was examined with simulations for three periods between 1961-2017 with different precipitation amounts. Also, a simplified calculation of the systems' costs depending on tank size was carried out. The recommendation of treatment methods was made based on a literature review combined with a calculation of the roof runoff quality, which was performed in StormTac. For a tank size of 50 m3, the highest efficiency of the system is obtained during summer and autumn and varies between 60 % and 100 %. The mean efficiency for the different periods has a higher value with increased precipitation amount and the efficiency is 40 %, 51 % and 56 %, respectively. An appropiate size of the rainwater storage tank would be between 50 m3 and 75 m3. The recommended treatment methods include strainers on the roof, a first flush diverter, sedimentation, a rapid sand filter and UV treatment.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T17:55:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ABDON DA SILVA MEIRA FILHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 13092575 bytes, checksum: fbe87f07c7fe72b916e1cf358d37041e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T17:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ABDON DA SILVA MEIRA FILHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 13092575 bytes, checksum: fbe87f07c7fe72b916e1cf358d37041e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06 / A captação de água de chuva para o consumo humano por meio de telhados é uma prática crescente, sobretudo em regiões desprovidas de sistemas de abastecimento coletivo, como grande parte do Semi-Árido Brasileiro. Os sistemas de captação de água instalados nessa região se baseiam na construção de cisternas para acumular água captada por meio de telhados. A fim de contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho desses sistemas, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os problemas que impedem o bom funcionamento desse importante meio de abastecimento de água e propor soluções projetuais, adotando tecnologia apropriada à população rural do Semi-Árido Brasileiro. Tomou-se como ponto de partida uma pesquisa de campo, realizada na comunidade rural de Paus Brancos, Município de Campina Grande-PB, entre os anos de 2002 e 2003. Os resultados mostraram que 80% das residências pesquisadas dispõem de sistema de captação de água mas que apenas 16% armazenam água suficiente para abastecimento durante todo o ano. Constatou-se que este baixo índice decorre, principalmente, das precárias condições de instalação e manutenção dos subsistemas de condução de água (calhas e dutos). A partir dessa constatação e considerando aspectos funcionais e estético-formais, foram desenvolvidas cinco alternativas de arranjos de sistemas de captação de água de chuva, compostos por telhados, calhas e dutos. Com vistas à simplificação e consequente redução de custos, foram eliminados os suportes das calhas, conferindo ganho de desempenho em relação aos sistemas convencionais. Para testar o desempenho das propostas, foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Construções Rurais e Ambiência/UFCG um protótipo funcional, em escala reduzida, cuja avaliação revelou que este apresentou excelente desempenho, com eficiência variando de 86% a 92%. / he rooftop rainwater catchment system for the human consumption is an increasing practice, especially in áreas without collective water supply, as in a larger part of the brazilian Semi-arid. The rainwater catchment systems installed in this area are based on construction of cisterns to accumulate water catched by means of roofs. In order to contribute for the improvement of the performance of those systems, this work had the objective of studying the problems that obstacle the good operation of that important way of water supply and to propose projectual solutions, adopting appropriate technology to the rural population of the brazilian Semi-arid. A field research was starting point, accomplished in the rural community of Paus Brancos, in the municipality of Campina Grande -PB, during the period from 2002 to 2003. The results showed that 80% of the researched residences have system of catchment water but only 16% store enough water for provisioning during the whole year. It was verified that this lower index is due, mainly, to the precarious installation conditions and maintenance of the subsystems of water transport (gutters and tubes). Considering this data and functional and aestheticformal aspects, five arrangement alternatives of rainwater catchment systems were developed, composed by roofs, gutters and tubes. Looking for simplification and consequent reduction of costs, the gutters supports of were eliminated, resulting earnings in the performance to comparing conventional systems. To test the performance of the proposed alternative was developed in the Laboratory of Ambience and Rural Construction - LACRA/UFCG a reduced scale functional prototype, whose evaluation revealed an excellent performance, with efficiency ranging from 86% to 92%.

The access to water in the regions around Lake Victoria varies with the rainy seasons. Today the daily labor of fetching water is a heavy burden for people in the rural areas. In the process of this study farmers in the Western and Nyanza provinces in Kenya are interviewed, water samples are analysed and present rainwater harvesting techniques and purification methods are observed. As a result, suitable solutions to the problems found are discussed. An optimal system is chosen for the region with a concept selection matrix. An elaborated dimensioning tool for roof and purpose-built harvesting systems is developed. Finally a summarized manual is attached in order to raise interest for rainwater harvesting among the farmers that the non-governmental organisation SCC-Vi Agroforestry cooperates with. / Tillgången till vatten i områdena kring Victoriasjön varierar med regnperioderna. Det dagliga arbetet med att hämta vatten är idag en stor börda för människor på landsbygden. Under processen av denna studie intervjuas bönder i Western och Nyanza provinserna i Kenya, vattenprover analyseras och nuvarande regnvatteninsamlingstekniker och reningsmetoder observeras. Som ett resultat diskuteras passande lösningar på de problem som hittats. Ett optimalt val av komplett system för regionerna tas fram med hjälp av en konceptvalsmatris. Ett genomarbetat verktyg för dimensionering av tak- och ändamålsbyggda insamlingssystem utvecklas. Slutligen inkluderas en sammanfattande manual för att väcka intresse för regnvatteninsamling bland de bönder som den ideella organisationen SCC-Vi Agroforestry samarbetar med.

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Approximately, 780 million of people in the world lack access to safe water for domestic use. Out of these, 37 % are found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the negative impact of climate variability and change, scarcity of water is likely to continue worsening. Although semi-arid areas experience water shortages, they receive limited amounts of rainfall. Rainwater might help alleviate temporal water shortages. However, rainwater is rarely harvested for use when most needed. The PhD in Rural Development thesis research was carried out in Mabayeni village, which falls under Ward 35 of Collins Chabane Local Municipality in Limpopo Province of South Africa. It was designed to develop a grassroots community-informed prototype for a technology that could be used to harvest rainwater for domestic use. A series of interrelated studies with the following specific objectives underpinned the research: (1) To determine the extent of water scarcity; (2) To identify strategies households used to cope with inadequate availability of water for domestic use; (3) To document the rainwater harvesting techniques rural households used; (4) To compare the features of rainwater harvesting technology that people of different age groups preferred; (5) To develop community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology with the best potential to increase access to water for domestic use; and (6) To evaluate the community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology. Partly, the study was conducted as a follow-up to a Master’s research study on climate change carried out in 2014 in Mabayeni village. In the 2014 study, it was revealed that water scarcity was a major result of climate change in the area. In addition, Mabayeni was perceived as the driest compared to other villages in the ward. The Cresswell (2013) explanatory sequential mixed method design guided the study. Multi-stage sampling was followed to select respondents. This entailed categorizing respondents first dividing them by age and gender. Respondents were placed in the following clusters: children (boys and girls), youth (male and female), adult (men and women), and the elderly. This was done in order to ensure that there was triangulation of data sources. Various participatory research techniques were used to collect qualitative data for the same reason. For objective 1, data collection techniques such as photo voice, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, transect walks, storytelling and seasonal diagramming were used. Data were analysed through card sorting, Atlas.ti version 7.5.7-mediated thematic content analysis, map ranking, matrix scoring and conversation analysis. Data collection techniques employed for objective 2 were similar to those used in objective 1 with the exception of participatory mapping. Thematic content analysis in Atlas.ti, map ranking and matrix ranking were used to analyse data for this objective. Only focus group discussions, key informant interviews and transect walks were used to collect data for objective 3. Data analysis techniques used were similar to those used in the previous objective with the exception of map ranking. For objective 4, data were collected through focus group discussions and analysed using matrix ranking and Atlas.ti-aided thematic content analysis. In objective 5, development of artefacts was guided by prototyping and sketch modelling techniques. Techniques such as verbal protocol analysis, mathematical calculations and presentation and analysis were used to analyse data. A questionnaire with open and closed ended questions was also used to collect data for the last objective. Open-ended questions were analysed using thematic content analysis. In addition, the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 25 determined first, the two prototypes (one for zinc and another for thatch roof) that were regarded as the best; and second, if prototype component ratings significantly differed (p <0.05) across prototypes. As a post hoc test, the Dunn’s test in R Statistical Software version 3.3.0 was used for pairwise comparisons. Data saturation determined the sample size. A total of 17 community engagement sessions were held to collect, analyse and validate findings with the grassroots community members in Mabayeni village. Water scarcity in Mabayeni village was reconfirmed to be seasonal. The dry season in each year was five months long. During this time, residents adopted random, risky and unhygienic coping strategies. Although rainwater was collected from rooftops, there was no formal technology used to gather and store large quantities for later use. This was attributed to lack of resources and knowledge on how to develop such technologies. The most commonly preferred features of rainwater harvesting technology across interest groups related to water quality, construction materials and security. All interest groups preferred a technology that harvested clean/potable water. Moreover, the elderly wanted a technology that would help them access the stored water easily. In total, 14 prototypes were developed. When all the interest groups evaluated the prototypes, the ones that boys and men developed were selected as the best for zinc and thatched roofbased technologies, respectively. Selection of a prototype that children produced as the best underlined that children were an important resource that communities should never marginalise. Nor should their ability to contribute useful ideas be underestimated when seeking solutions to local challenges. Active involvement of grassroots community members in the entire design process helped tailor specifications of the technology to user needs, thereby highlighting the importance of inclusive decision making in development practice. This was also important because it created ownership and increased chances of adopting the technology. Lastly, the current study reaffirmed the view that postgraduate degree research can be harnessed to coproduce solutions to community-identified challenges. / NRF

Vattenbesparing och alternativa lösningar för att tillgodose vattenbehovet har blivit mer aktuellt de senaste åren med torka. Regnvatteninsamling för hushållsanvändning används redan på många platser runtom i världen men är begränsad i Sverige idag. Syftet är att dels undersöka en lämplig dimensionering av ett system för regnvatteninsamling för hushåll i Jälåsa och att identifiera olika drivkrafter och hinder. Metoden i denna studie har varit dels massbalans- och effektivitetsberäkningar för att se hur mycket regnvatten som kan samlas in och dels intervjuer med två teknikleverantörer och fem kommuner för att utvärdera den juridiska, sociala och ekonomiska potentialen. Resultatet visade att tankstorlek på mellan 1000 och 4000 liter är rimligt för hushållsanvändning till toalett eller toalett och tvättmaskin och ger en effektivitet (procent av vattenbehovet som täcks av regnvatten) på mellan 83,6 % och 96,0 %. Vilken storlek som är mest lämplig beror på faktorer såsom vad regnvattnet används till, takyta, antal personer i hushållet och om first-flushbortledning används. Beräkningar visar att ungefär 19-29 % av den totala dricksvattenförbrukningen skulle kunna sparas i Järlåsa, vilket motsvarar ungefär 4 400 till 6 700 kubikmeter dricksvatten per år. Resultatet visar även att torrperioder då tanken är tom blir kortare med en större tankstorlek och det finns tydliga skillnader i volym vatten i tanken mellan olika nederbördsrika år. Enligt kommuner ansågs potentialen för regnvatteninsamling vara störst för bevattning i dagsläget men att de även var positivt inställda till annan användning såsom toalettspolning och tvättmaskin. Identifierade hinder var oro kring kontamination av dricksvatten, brist på ekonomisk lönsamhet till följd av låga dricksvattenpriser i Sverige och behov av förtydligande av krav och vilka risker som finns med regnvatteninsamling. Idag är potentialen och motivationen som störst för de som har dålig tillgång på vatten och en ökad miljömässig medvetenhet skulle kunna öka implementeringen av regnvatteninsamling i Sverige. Slutsatsen är att det finns potential för regnvatteninsamling men att det fortfarande krävs viss utveckling och mer kunskap om regnvatteninsamling under svenska förhållanden. / Water saving and alternative solutions to supply drinking water have become more important due to several consecutive droughts in recent years in Sweden. Rainwater harvesting for households is already being used in many places around the world but still has limited application in Sweden. The purpose with this study is to investigate a suitable sizing of a rainwater harvesting system in Järlåsa and to identify drivers and obstacles for implementation. The methods used in this study were firstly calculations based on mass balance and efficiency estimates and secondly interviews with two technology providers and five municipalities. The results showed that a tank size between 1000 and 4000 liters would be suitable for the purpose of supplying water for flushing toilets and for washing machines and the efficiency (percentage of water demand being met by rainwater) would be between 83,6% and 96,0%. What size tank is recommended depends on factors such as what rainwater is used for, roof area, number of people in household and whether first-flush is diverted. Results show that around 19-29%, around 4 400 to 6 700 cubic meters per year, of the total potable water consumption could be saved in Järlåsa every year using rainwater harvesting. The results also show that the dry periods, when the tank was empty, become shorter with a larger tank size and that there are distinct differences in the volume rainwater in the tank between years with varying precipitation. According to municipalities the potential was highest for irrigation purposes today but there was also potential for use in household for flushing toilets and supplying washing machines. The identified obstacles were concern regarding contamination of the drinking water supply, lack of economic profitability as a consequence of low water prices and the need for clarification of requirements and risks with rainwater harvesting. Today the potential and motivation is highest for those with an insufficient water supply and an increase in the environmental awareness could possibly enhance implementation further. The conclusion is that there is potential for rainwater harvesting but that there still is a need for some development and more knowledge regarding rainwater harvesting under Swedish conditions.

Denna rapport har delats in i två delar, där den första delen fokuserar på den praktiskatillämpningen av konstruktionen och den andra delen fokuserar på skolans design ochfunktion. Detta för att designen ska byggas på vetenskapliga grunder, där det är bevisat attprocessen är genomförbar och har ett syfte.Ett av världens största hälsoproblem idag är bristen på rent dricksvatten. Globalt saknar entredjedel av befolkningen tillgång till rent vatten. Ett av de 17 globala målen som FN arbetarmot i Agenda 2030 är mål nummer sex, att alla ska ha tillgång till rent vatten och sanitet.Denna studie belyser hur man kan arbeta för att uppnå detta mål.En stad där vattenkvaliteten är dålig är i Surabaya, Indonesien. Surabaya är en stad med nästantio miljoner invånare i stor-Surabaya, belägen i Östra Java. Trots att Indonesien har en avvärldens största tillgångar på färskvatten genom sjöar och floder i världen är Brantasfloden,som är huvudkällan till vattenförsörjningen för staden, långt ifrån drickbart. Förutom att tafärskvatten från sjöar och floder kan regnvatten vara en bra källa till säkert dricksvatten.Ett bra exempel är Bermuda som med flera hundra års erfarenhet samlar in och renar vattnetgenom deras vita kalkstensbelagda tak. Studien har fokuserat på möjligheterna attimplementera denna struktur i Surabaya, placerad på en skola, eftersom barnen är en prioritet.Denna konstruktion skulle kunna göra det möjligt att få rent dricksvatten rakt ur kran medhjälp av landets egna naturresurser. Nederbörd är inte det enda landet har att tillgå för att enskola ska kunna bli självförsörjande. Studierna för del ett visar att en skola kan blisjälvförsörjande på både el och vatten med hjälp av naturtillgångarna som finns. Det finnstillräckligt med soltimmar och nederbörd för att kunna täcka försörjningen av en skola. Genomatt studera miljön, tillgången på material, risker och möjligheter samt hanteringen avavloppsvatten och ytterligare filtreringsmetoder kan man dra slutsatsen att uppfinningen ävenkan användas i Surabaya.Del två visar att det går att utforma en skola med denna takkonstruktion i beaktande, förSurabayas kultur och förhållanden. / This report has been divided into two parts where the first one is focused on the practicalapplicability of the construction and the second part is focused on the design and function ofthe school. This is to ensure that the design is based on scientific principles, where it is proventhat the process is feasible and serves a purpose.One of the world's biggest health problems today is the lack of clean drinking water.Worldwide, a third of the population do not have access to clean water. It is on the UN agendato reach the goal of clean water and sanitation by the year 2030. This study highlightsstrategies and approaches to work towards achieving this goal.One city where the water quality is poor is Surabaya, Indonesia. Surabaya is a city with almostthree million people, located in East Java. Even though Indonesia has one of the biggest assetsof fresh water through lakes and rivers in the world, the Brantas river, which is the mainsource of water supply for the city, is far from drinkable. Aside from taking fresh water fromlakes and rivers, rainwater can be a great source for safe drinking water.A good example with hundred years of experience is Bermuda with their white limestoneroofs that collect and cleans the water. The focus of the report has been the possibilities toimplement this structure in Surabaya placed on a school, as the children are a priority.Studying the environment, access of materials, risks and possibilities as well as wastewaterhandling and additional filtration methods, it can be concluded that the invention can be usedin the proximity of Surabaya as well with some minor changes to the construction. Thecountry's precipitation is not the only resource available for a school to become self-sufficient.The results for part one indicate that a school can achieve self-sufficiency in both electricityand water by harnessing the existing natural resources. The country has an abundance ofsunlight hours and precipitation to sufficiently meet the needs of a school.Part two demonstrates that it is possible to design a school considering this roof structure,considering Surabaya's culture and conditions.

Regnvatteninsamling för olika syften är väl utbrett världen över och har blivit allt mer populärt i takt med ett förändrat klimat. Idag används regnvatten på många håll till hushållsanvändning men intresset har även ökat inom industrisektorn. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka möjligheterna för att samla in och lagra regnvatten samt ersätta dricksvatten i Sandvik AB:s kylsystem. Detta genomfördes dels genom att undersöka vilka tillstånd som krävs för att samla in regnvatten, dels genom att föreslå en magasinutformning, storlek samt lokalisering av denna utifrån flödesberäkningar och dels genom att undersöka hur temperaturen förändras hos regnvatten i ett magasin för att bedöma dess funktion som kylvatten. I studien har först flödesberäkningar med avseende på effektivitet (hur mycket regnvatten som kan ersätta dricksvatten) simulerats för en nederbördsfattig, nederbördsrik respektive genomsnittlig tidsperiod. Därefter konstruerades två modeller i HYDRUS-1D, vilka representerade regnvattenmagasin med omgivande jord vid en lodrätt och en horisontell värmetransport. Enligt studien bedöms verksamheten idag ha alla tillstånd som krävs och behöver inte några ytterligare tillstånd. Valet av magasin blev ett avsättningsmagasin under mark med hänsyn till lokala förutsättningar. Hela anläggningen kan maximalt nå en effektivitet på 44 % under ett nederbördsrikt år med dagens totala förbrukningsdata för dricksvatten i kylsystemet samt totala takytan. Jämförelsen mellan olika lokaliseringar inom anläggningen ledde till att Stålverk 64 föreslogs samt presenterades närmare och utifrån dess effektivitet valdes magasinstorleken 1500 m3 för de 30 000 m2 som Stålverk 64 har i takyta. Effektiviteten för Stålverk 64 blev under ett nederbördsrikt år 77 %, ett genomsnittligt år 64 % och under ett nederbördsfattigt år 54 %. Värmesimuleringarna visade på att det är ytterst få dygn om året som regnvatten som lagras i ett avsättningsmagasin riskerar att vara för varmt för att användas som kylvatten. Slutsatsen är att Sandvik AB har goda möjligheter att samla in regnvatten för att ersätta dricksvatten i kylsystemet men behöver utveckla större lagringsmöjligheter för att uppnå en ännu högre effektivitet. / Rainwater harvesting is used for different purposes all over the world and has increased in popularity in line with climate change. Rainwater is today widely used for households, but interest has also increased within the industrial sector. The aim with this thesis was to investigate rainwater harvesting as a substitute for the use of drinking water in Sandvik´s cooling system. This was examined by investigating legislation concerning rainwater harvesting, different designs and sizes of storage systems and locations that would be suitable for storing rainwater. Also, temperature changes in a rainwater storage system were examined to estimate rainwater´s use for cooling. Firstly, calculations of water flow were simulated with respect to efficiency (how much rainwater that can substitute for drinking water) for three periods with different amounts of precipitation. Secondly, two models were implemented in HYDRUS-1D to represent a storage system for rainwater with surrounding soil with a vertical and horizontal heat transport. The results indicate that the industry has required permits for rainwater harvesting. Taking local conditions into account, an underground storage was chosen to store the rainwater. The entire facility can have a maximum efficiency of 44 % during a year with a high amount of precipitation with the total roof area and today’s consumption of drinking water in the cooling system. A comparison between different locations within the facility resulted in a more specific presentation of Stålverk 64 with respect to its efficiency; 1500 m3 was proposed as the storage size for the roof area of 30 000 m2. The efficiency for Stålverk 64 varied between 54-77 % for years with different amounts of precipitation. Simulated heat transport demonstrated that the risk for excessive water temperatures in an underground storage was low and with elevated temperatures occurring only a couple of days per year. The conclusion is that Sandvik AB has good opportunities for rainwater harvesting to substitute drinking water in the cooling system but need to develop higher capabilities for storage systems to achieve higher efficiency.

Due to climate change, water resources’ scarcity and distribution variability have generated a growing interest in sustainable water management in recent years. In addition, the growing interest in implementing nature-based solutions for urban resilience leads to the development of decentralized water supply systems such as rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) as a complementary resource to conventional centralized water supply systems. The study is motivated by the climatic risks that the city of Madrid is subject to face in the upcoming years such as pronounced summer droughts and urban heat waves, leading to the reduction of water resources availability. This study aims to use Multi-criteria decision analysis and Geographic Information systems as tools for locating optimal space for the installation of pond harvesting systems (PHS) in Madrid for water recollection for non-potable purposes in the city. Attaining this aim, two objectives were set. Firstly, to evaluate and select the most relevant criteria for the installation of PHS and secondly, to generate a map of the most suitable locations for installation of PHS in the city of Madrid through a proposed GIS-MCDA methodology and a complimentary evaluation for each possible solution, to obtain a global vision of the applicability of PHS in Madrid. Through the first objective, several criteria were set for PHS installation, namely: distance to the river, rainfall, slope, soil characteristics, and land use. These criteria were applied to Madrid through a GIS-MCDA methodology, using these two tools’ synergy to obtain a suitability map for PHS installation. Two criteria weightings will be performed to evaluate the model’s robustness by modifying the criteria’ weights resulting in two different suitability scenarios. The discussion will analyze the results obtained considering the two scenarios and propose the most suitable location clusters identified. Finally, the conclusion will reflect the study’s most important findings and open the door to further research on the topic, such as the design, operation infrastructure, drainage logistics distribution, and other modifications in Madrid’s current water management system. / Som en konsekvens av den pågående klimatförändringen och dess inverkan i distributionen av vattenresurser har det skapats ett växande intresse för en hållbar vattenförvaltning de senaste åren. Detta växande intresse leder till implementationen av naturbaserade lösningar för urban resiliens och till en utveckling av decentraliserade vattenförsörjningssystem som regnvattenuppsamling (RWHS) som en komplementerande resurs till konventionella centraliserade vattenförsörjningssystem. Huvudsyftetmed denna studie är att täcka forskningsklyftan och att genom användning av verktyg som multikriterieanalys och geografiskt informationssystem (GIS) lokalisera en optimal plats för installation av dammar för regnvattenupptagning som del av stadsplanering för att skapa en hållbar vattenförvaltning i staden. För att uppnå detta, sattes två mål. Det ena var att utvärdera och välja de mest relevanta kriterierna för installation av dammuppsamlingssystem (PHS), det andra målet var att generera en karta över de lämpligaste platserna för installation av PHS i Madrid (Spanien) genom en föreslagen GIS-MCDA-metod och en kompletterande utvärdering för varje möjligt resultat i syfte att få en global vision av tillämpligheten av PHS i Madrid. De främsta kriterierna som utsågs för att göra utvärderingen av uppsamlingssystems installationen var: avstånd till f loden, nederbörd, sluttning, markegenskaper och markanvändning. Dessa kriterier tillämpades genom en GIS-MCDA-metodik, och med hjälp av dessa verktygs synergi erhölls en lämplighetskarta för PHS-installationer. Två kriterie viktningar kommer att utföras för att utvärdera modellens robusthet och vilket även kommer att resultera i två olika lämplighetsscenarier. Diskussionen kommer bestå av en analys av resultaten med hänsyn till de två scenarierna, och föreslå de två lämpligaste lokaliseringsklustren som identifierats. Slutligen kommer slutsatsen att återspegla studiens viktigaste resultat och öppna dörren för ytterligare forskning i ämnet, såsom design, driftinfrastruktur, dräneringslogistikdistribution och andra modifieringar i Madrids nuvarande vattenledningssystem.

Stormwater runoff has negative impacts on water resources, human health and environment. In this research the effectiveness of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems is examined as a stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP). Time-based, evapotranspiration-based, and soil moisture-based irrigation scheduling methods in conjunction with RWH and a control site without RWH were simulated to determine the effect of RWH as a BMP on a single-family residence scale. The effects of each irrigation scheduling method on minimizing water runoff leaving the plots and potable water input for irrigation were compared. The scenario that reflects urban development was simulated and compared to other RWH-irrigation scheduling systems by a control treatment without a RWH component. Four soil types (sand, sandy loam, loamy sand, silty clay) and four cistern sizes (208L, 416L, 624L, 833L) were evaluated in the urban development scenario. To achieve the purpose of this study; a model was developed to simulate daily water balance for the three treatments. Irrigation volumes and water runoff were compared for four soil types and four cistern sizes. Comparisons between total volumes of water runoff were estimated by utilizing different soil types, while comparisons between total potable water used for irrigation were estimated by utilizing different irrigation scheduling methods. This research showed that both Curve Number method and Mass-Balance method resulted in the greatest volumes of water runoff predicted for Silty Clay soil and the least volumes of water runoff predicted for Sand soil. Moreover, increasing cistern sizes resulted in reducing total water runoff and potable water used for irrigation, although not at a statistically significant level. Control treatment that does not utilize a cistern had the greatest volumes of predicted supplemental water among all soil types utilized, while Soil Moisture-based treatment on average had the least volume of predicted supplemental water.

The aim of this master project is to design a nearly zero-energy building of kindergarten. The kindergarten is designed as one storey building with capacity of 40 children split into two playrooms. Playrooms are separated and each of them has own sanitary facilities and locker room. Playrooms have large windows with external blinds on the south to provide solar gains. There is horizontal sun breaker above the windows which prevent overheating in summer. Load bearing walls are made of sand lime blocks. Walls are insulated with mineral wool board. Roof ceiling is made of prestressed concrete slabs. The building has a flat extensive green roof. The second task of the project includes design of lighting, rainwater harvesting, HVAC, source of heat and photovoltaic system. The third part is theoretical and includes searching for an ideal source of energy for the building. There are two types of heating compared such as gas boiler and a groundwater heating pump. The main software used for the project is Revit.