本論文以1861年至1936年間的俄國「新女性」特質變化為主題，從雷蒙威廉斯文化霸權理論之角度，探討主流「新女性」特質的改變過程。十九世紀中葉，俄國沙皇受西歐影響，推動工業化與現代化政策，企圖將落後的傳統農業社會轉型成現代化工業都市。一八六一年亞歷山大二世解放農奴，農民進城求職，俄國步入都市化階段。都市化使俄國政治、經濟、文化、思想與社會結構產生劇變，其中以鄉村與城市人口結構改變對社會影響最大。男人從傳統農夫變成城市工人，農村勞力的空缺只能由婦女遞補。女性為維持生計與照顧家庭，漸漸從家庭附屬地位變成主導地位，甚至出現大量走出家庭工作的工廠女工。 從這段時期至一九三○年間，整個俄國社會以女性角色變化最為顯著。 教育普及使得平民知識份子數量漸增，向西方學習的社會風氣與心理驅使許多俄國男女出國留學。女性教育水平提高，範圍也從貴族階層深入至中產階級之女性。西化的知識份子將西歐社會男女平權的思想引進傳統的俄國封建社會，男尊女卑的社會觀念與傳統性別特質受到質疑。在這些西化知識份子的鼓吹下，女性開始滲入過去由男性主導的公共領域。她們致力將兩性平等意識帶入俄國，欲改變男權主導社會下女性之悲慘命運。儘管遭遇許多挫折，「女性問題」成功引起社會大眾注意，而這些不同以往的俄國女性便被稱為「新女性」(Новая женщина)。一八六○～七○年代除了國家與社會問題，婦女解放、女性主義與激進改革思潮同樣為社會爭論的焦點。 「新女性」特質不僅象徵女性運動發展，它代表一種意識型態。生理性別(sex)或許只牽涉到男人與女人在生理上之差異，但性別認同(gender)卻與社會、文化有極大的關係。男性與女性在不同的社會期待下產生不同的思維方式，「人們傾向於相信他們已瞭解到，一個人是男是女，並不是因為透過生理上的檢查而決定這個人是生物意義上的男性或女性。相反地，我們往往會去注意一個人是否具有男性氣概或女性特質。在我們的社會中，性別是個人的一項社會性特質，此特質只在某些時候才會與生物性別相互一致。」 所以，一般認為的女性氣質乃是社會建構出來的結果，而非女性天生如此。男性依照自己的期望塑造女性特質，藉由社會化過程讓女性在無形中受到箝制。也就是說，性別意識型態透過社會傳播與灌輸，進入女性的意識中，此一過程即為「型塑」(fashioning)。 十九世紀男性作家筆下的新女性、女性自我期許的新女性及蘇聯共產社會的蘇聯新女性，這三種不同的認知代表不同的意識型態，同時發揮不同的文化作用。 英國文化研究學著雷蒙‧威廉斯乃是將西方馬克思主義者葛蘭西(Antonio Gramsci, 1891-1937)提出的霸權(hegemony)概念應用至一般文化現象之人。他認為所有文化建構過程都是經由殘留、主流與新興三股力量交會演變而成。這三股力量各自產生不同的意識型態與文化，三種文化的相互影響將決定統治階級是否能穩固其政權。西方馬克思主義乃是延伸馬克思主義的階級概念而發展出的文化理論，但統治與被統治關係並非僅存於資本階級社會，號稱摧毀階級制度的蘇維埃無產階級社會同樣存在統治與被統治關係。一八六一年到一九三六年正值俄國新舊政權交替之時，社會混亂且人民思想自由，殘留、主流與新興文化之互動尤其明顯。本論文透過「新女性」特質轉變呈現俄國文化發展與蘇維埃文化霸權建立之過程。

(Résumé en français) "Exercices de style" est-elle une oeuvre simplement comique et acrobatique ? Sa réception positive mais plutôt superficielle auprès du public semble avoir dissimulé ses aspects plus profonds et plus problématiques. A nos yeux, en revanche, les 99 "Exercices" d'écriture sont tout à fait aptes à éclairer les problèmes essentiels de la création littéraire et de la transmission de l'énoncé qu'est la communication verbale. La structure multi-dimensionnelle du livre, où les "Exercices" s'enchaînent, se complètent et se répondent, nous rend sensibles non seulement aux réseaux intratextuels qu'entretiennent les "Exercices", mais également aux liens intertextuels qui lient cetains d'entre eux et les discours littéraires et non littéraires préexistants. D'autres "Exercices" témoignent du regard autoréflexif de l'écrivain, ceux qui peuvent être considérés comme autoparodie. Par ailleurs, la virtuosité des variations stylistiques exige parfois du lecteur une attention particulière - face à quelques variations hermétiques et presque inintelligibles, on devra recourir à d'autres composants du livre qui serviront de "traductions". La terme "traduction" devra être compris non seulement dans le sens de la transmission de messages entre différentes langues, mais aussi dans le sens de la transposition d'un signifiant dans d'autres signifiants, ou bien de la "réécriture" d'un énoncé, tout en restant dans la même langue. Si le principe des "Exercices de style" est de renouveler à l'infini des exercices d'écrire, ou plutôt de réécrire LE texte original - "qui est d'ailleurs inexistant" -, nous pouvons poser, semble-t-il, que la Littérature est basée sur le même procédé de tâtonnements,auquel le lecteur est enctraîné à participer. (Abstract in English) Is "Exercises in style" just a comic and acrobatic book ? The fact that the readers welcomed it so favourably - but rather superficially - seems to have overshadowed its more serious and problematic aspects. In our opinion indeed, Queneau's ninety-nine writing "Exercises" can clearly shed light on the essential problems of literary creation and utterance transmission, i.e. verbal communication. The book presents an intricate structure:the "Exercises" are linked together, echo each other and complement one another. Through this multidimensional structure, we can see the intratextual networks between the "Exercises" as well as their intertextual relations with pre-existent literary and non-literary discourses. Other "Exercises" show the author's autoreflective, autoparodic attitude. Furthermore, the virtuosity of the stylistic variations sometimes requires particular attention from the reader. To understand some abstruse, sometimes almost unintelligible "Exercises", the reader has to resort to other parts of the book, which will serve as "translation" for these enigmatic passages. The word "translation" here means not only transmission of messages from a language to another, but also transposition of a signifier to other signifiers - in other words, "rewriting" of an utterance in the same language. If the principle of "Exercices in style" is to practice writing endlessly, or rather rewriting of THE original text - "which actually does not exist" - , we can reasonably deduce that Literature is based on the same trial and error process the reader will inevitably take part in.

This thesis is an investigation into the historical evolution of Ajegunle Raga, a reggae form developed within an urban ghetto in Lagos called Ajegunle and the construction and negotiation of identities therein. The research further argues that Ajegunle Raga is a home-grown oppositional music subculture that draws inspiration from diasporic musical subcultures like Reggae and Hip Hop but retains a genuine representation of Ajegunle in its tales of survival, poverty, marginalization and expressions of creativity within the ambience of the music.

Lesbian Detective Fiction: the outsider within is a creative writing thesis in two parts: a draft lesbian detective novel, titled Fatal Development (75%) and an exegesis containing a critical appraisal of the sub-genre of lesbian detective fiction, and of my own writing process (25%). Creative work: Fatal Development -- It wasn’t the first time I’d seen a dead body, but it didn’t seem to get any easier. -- When Dirk and Stacey discover a body in the courtyard of their Brisbane woolstore apartment, it is close friend and neighbour, Kersten Heller, they turn to for support. The police assume Stuart’s death was an accident, but when it emerges that he was about to take legal action against the woolstore’s developers, Bovine, Kersten decides there must be more to it. Her own apartment has flooded twice in a month and the builders are still in and out repairing defects. She discovers Stuart was not alone on the roof when he fell to his death and the evidence he had collected for his case against Bovine has gone missing. Armed with this knowledge, and fed up with the developer’s ongoing resistance to addressing the building’s structural issues, Kersten organises a class action against Bovine. Kersten draws on her past training as a spy to investigate Stuart’s death, hiding her activities, and details of her past, from her partner, Toni. Her actions bring her under increasing threat as her apartment is defaced, searched and bugged, and she is involved in a car chase across New Farm. Forced to fall back on old skills, old habits and memories return to the surface. When Toni discovers that Kersten has broken her promise to leave the investigation to the police, she walks out. The neighbouring – and heritage-listed – Riverside Coal development site burns to the ground, and Kersten and Dirk uncover evidence of a network of corruption involving developers and local government officials. After she is kidnapped in broad daylight, narrowly escaping from the boot of a moving car, Kersten is confident she is right, but with Toni not returning her calls, and many of the other residents selling up, including Dirk and Stacey, Kersten begins to question her judgment. In a desperate attempt to turn things around, Kersten calls on an old Agency contact to help prove Bovine was involved in Stuart’s death, her kidnapping, and ongoing corruption. To get the evidence she needs, Kersten plays a dangerous game: letting Bovine know she has uncovered their illegal operations in order to draw them into revealing themselves on tape. Hiding alone in a hotel room, Kersten is finally forced to confront her past: When Mirin didn’t come home that night, I was ready to go out and find her myself, disappear, and start a new life together somewhere far away. Instead they pulled me in before I could finish making arrangements, questioned me for hours, turned everything around. It was golden child to problem child in the space of a day. This time, she’s determined, things will turn out differently. Exegesis: The exegesis traces the development of lesbian detective fiction, including its dual origins in detective and lesbian fiction, to compare the current state of the sub-genre with the early texts and to establish the dominant themes and tropes. I focus particularly on Australian examples of the sub-genre, examining in detail Claire McNab’s Denise Cleever series and Jan McKemmish’s A Gap in the Records, in order to position my own lesbian detective novel between these two works. In drafting Fatal Development, I have attempted to include some of the political content and complexity of McKemmish’s work, but with a plot-driven narrative. I examine the dominant tropes and conventions of the sub-genre, such as: lesbian politics; the nature of the crime; method of investigation; sex and romance; and setting. In the final section, I explain the ways in which I have worked within and against the subgenre’s conventions in drafting a contemporary lesbian detective novel: drawing on tradition and subverting reader expectations. Throughout the thesis, I explore in detail the tradition of the fictional lesbian detective as an outsider on the margins of society, disrupting notions of power and gender. While the lesbian detective’s outsider status grants her moral agency and the capacity to achieve justice and generate change, she is never fully accepted. The lesbian detective remains an outsider within. For the lesbian detective, working within a system that ultimately discriminates against her involves conflict and compromise, and a sense of double-play in being part of two worlds but belonging to neither. I explore how this double-consciousness can be applied to the lesbian writer in choosing whether to write for a mainstream or lesbian audience.

Between Text and Context: The Theory of the Literary Field and Cultural Materialism as Models of Mediation Josef Šebek, Mgr. Abstract In his dissertation Between Text and Context: The Theory of the Literary Field and Cultural Materialism as Models of Mediation the author deals with the problem of mediation between literary text and its social context. He focuses on two important contemporary context- oriented approaches to literature: the theory of literary field, developed by Pierre Bourdieu, and cultural materialism, first formulated by Raymond Williams and further elaborated by Alan Sinfield and Jonathan Dollimore. He interprets these two theories as basic, mutually complementary models of mediation: the theory of literary field presupposes the existence of a (semi-)autonomous literary micro-world, whereas cultural materialism stresses the full integration of the literary text into the social context, the "social material process" (Williams). After an introduction outlining the problem, the author concentrates on Bourdieu's theory of the literary field, his "new science of works," and on contemporary post-Bourdieusian approaches (those of Alain Viala, Anna Boschetti, Jacques Dubois, Gisèle Sapiro, Pascale Casanova, Bernard Lahire, Jérôme Meizoz, Geoffroy de Lagasnerie) which employ, develop, and modify...

Season Songs is a song cycle for mezzo-soprano (or tenor) and medium sized orchestra (a perfoming version for voice and piano is appended). There are four songs and an orchestral prelude. The poems are by various authors and provide the programmatic elements of the cycle in that each poem is set in a different season of the year and time of day: winter/morning, spring/afternoon, summer/evening, and autumn/night respectively. The title of the prelude sets it just before dawn. The music of the prelude and the last song is closely related both motivically and tonally, thus reinforcing the cyclical nature of the work. The accompanying commentary seeks to explain the compositional processes and aesthetic principles which guided the creation of Season Songs. The music explores nonfunctional tonality, in that means other than traditional tonic-dominant (i.e., V-I) relationships are sought by which to create a sense of forward propelled harmonic motion. This sense of harmonic "trajectory", in conjunction with appropriate rhythmic proportions, is held to be one of the most important factors contributing toward the sense of departure and return, tension and resolution in the music. The main means used toward this end is a four-note source cell which governs much of the harmonic and motivic activity in the work, from the most local level of leading motives of individual songs to the broadest level of key relationships among songs. The harmonic manifestation of the source cell promotes root movement by major thirds and minor seconds on the local as well as broad levels. Sonorities associated with traditional tonality, such as open fifths in the bass and major or minor triads, are common, although the contexts in which they are heard are usually non-traditional. The metric pulse is usually distinctly articulated and readily intelligible, although changes in metre are frequent in most of the songs. The text setting aspires to a directness of expression. The words will be intelligible in performance and the music reflects and magnifies the emotional content of the the text. While there are several levels on which the music can be appreciated, over-obscurity is avoided, as a rule, especially in the composition of the musical surface. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / By start of the 1920s, the United States had seen nearly forty years of vast accumulations of wealth by a small group of people, substantial financial speculation and a mass change in the economic base from agricultural to industrial. All of this ended in 1929 in a crushing depression that spread not only across the country, but also around the world. Hard-Boiled detective fiction first reached the reading public early in the decade initially as adventure stories, but quickly became a way for authors to express the stresses these changes were causing on people and society. The detective is the center of the story with the task of reestablishing a certain degree of order or redemption. An important character hallmark of this genre is that he is seldom able to do this, or that the cost is so high a terrible burden remains. His decisions and judgments in this attempt are formed by his relationship with the people or community around him. The goal of this thesis is to look at the issues raised in the context of how the detective relates to a person or community in the story. For analysis, six books were chosen arranged from least level of personal relationship by the detective to the most intimate. The books are Red Harvest, by Dashiell Hammett, The Big Sleep, by Raymond Chandler, The Galton Case, by Ross MacDonald, Cotton Comes to Harlem, by Chester Himes, Devil in a Blue Dress, by Walter Mosley, and I, the Jury, by Mickey Spillane. In the study of these books, a wide range of topics are presented including political ideologies, corruption, racial discrimination and family strife. Each book provided a wealth of views on these and other subjects that are as relevant today as when they were written.

This thesis reexamines the beginnings of Swedish hardboiled crime literature, in part tracking its lineage to American culture and unpacking Swedish identity. Following the introduction, the second chapter asserts how this genre began as a form of escapism, specifically in Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö’s Roseanna. The third chapter compares predecessor Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep with Roseanna, and how Sweden’s greater gender tolerance significantly outshining America’s is reflected in literature. The fourth chapter examines how Henning Mankell’s novels fail to fully accept Sweden’s complicity in neo-Nazism as an active component of Swedish identity. The final chapter reveals Helene Tursten’s Detective Inspector Huss engaging with gender and racial relations in unique ways, while also releasing the suppressive qualities found in the Swedish identity post-war. Therefore, this thesis will better contextualize the onset of the genre, and how its lineage reflects the fruits and the damages alike in the Swedish identity.

Le peintre Fernand Leduc a développé une trajectoire unique dans l'histoire de l'art québécois. Depuis 1943, il suit une démarche qui l'a mené de l'automatisme aux microchromies actuelles. Entre 1953 et 1959, durant son retour à Montréal, après un séjour de sept ans en France, Leduc vit une véritable révolution esthétique et plastique, celle du passage de l'automatisme à l'abstraction construite. Les sources de cette révolution, de nature philosophique et spirituelle, se retrouvent chez le penseur Raymond Abellio et chez le peintre Jean Bazaine qui ont marqué l'artiste dans son orientation. C'est par son action au sein du milieu de la peinture montréalaise ainsi qu'à travers sa pensée esthétique et sa démarche plastique que Leduc effectue son passage. "Portes rouges", une oeuvre de 1955, nous a semblé représenter un moment charnière de cette période. / Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Tout comme les récits de déportation politique et raciale, les récits de captivité des prisonniers de guerre français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale présentent un intérêt non négligeable, du point de vue historique, documentaire, idéologique, mais aussi littéraire.<br />Entre 1940 et 1953, pas moins de 188 récits — témoignages, journaux, romans — furent publiés, qui constituent un corpus riche qui n'a pas été étudié jusqu'à présent. Cette thèse de doctorat entreprend de démêler, à travers l'étude du contexte littéraire et politique de l'époque, les différents enjeux qui gravitent autour de ces récits.