Presented diploma thesis deals with concepts from the real estate practice and people, who are employed in this practice. The thesis provides a look at contracts used in the real estate practice and their changes according to the passing of the new Civil code. The thesis is mapping changes in the real estate business as a follow-up to the passing ot the new cadastral act. Focus is also put on new definitions of some terms related to the real estate branch, as the new Civil code stipulates. The thesis studies present level of education of real estate brokers and possibilities of further education in this branch. Within the scope of the diploma thesis a questionnaire has been elaborated, which mapps fundamental issues of the real estate business. The questionnaire is also focused on prepared bill about providing of services of the real estate brokers.

The factors behind the increasingly low confidence for the real estate broker in spite of longer education and higher admission requirements are of both internal and external character. By internal factors, I refer to real estate broker's attitude towards customers and underestimation of customers' expectations as well as too much focus on high commission. By external factors with a tremendeous impact on this branch, I mean economic cycles, political and financial decisions taken by different authorities. This study is meant to make us understand, how real estate agents should act to create a stronger confidence towards their clients and change this negative image that has been created. In order to make this study more anchored to reality I have interviewed common peolple, some of them with experience from own real estate deals, some of them without any experinece at all. This situation of low confidence for the real estate brokers has come to the attention of many Swedish authorities who have set up guidelines and recommendations in order to change this negative trend on the market. / Faktorerna som ligger bakom det alltmer låga förtroendet för mäklarkåren trots längre utbildningar och högre intagningskrav är både interna och externa. Med interna faktorer menar jag fastighetsmäklarnas attityd gentemot kunderna samt underskattning av kundernas förväntningar och för mycket fokusering på hög provision. Med externa faktorer som också påverkat denna bransch menar jag konjunkturcyklar samt politiska och finansiella beslut. I denna studie kommer vi att undersöka, med hjälp av intervjuer med människor som både har och inte har erfarenhet av denna bransch, hur en fastighetsmäklare skall agera för att skapa ett starkare förtroende för sina kunder och ändra denna negativa bild som skapats. Situationen om det låga förtroendet har uppmärksammats av myndigheter och bland dessa Fastighetsmäklarnämnden som har satt upp riktlinjer och rekommendationer för att ändra denna negativa trend på marknaden.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats var att undersöka hur aktivt arbetande fastighetsmäklare uppfattar och skapar kundlojalitet under en fastighetsförsäljning. Eftersom det enligt forskning inte finns någon samstämmig definition av kundlojalitet eller ett ramverk för att skapa det så bör fenomenet undersökas branschvis, i detta fall inom fastighetsbranschen. Detta gjordes för att försöka klargöra osäkerheterna kring det lojalitetsskapande arbetet. Det teoretiska ramverket bestod av forskning kring fenomenets innebörd samt vilka egenskaper som en tjänsteförmedlare bör besitta. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa intervjuer som utfördes på åtta fastighetsmäklare från olika marknader i Sverige. Teorin och empirin visar sambandet mellan kundlojalitet, kundnöjdhet och image - ett samband som skulle kunna undersökas ytterligare i fortsatt forskning med denna studies resultat som grund. De lojalitetsbyggande egenskaperna som värderades högst var kontinuerlig kommunikation, engagemang, lyhördhet och anpassning efter kunden. Eftersom mäklartjänsten alltid i grunden innehåller detsamma så var det enligt respondenterna viktigt att mäklaren utmärker sig på ett personligt plan för att ha chansen till en bred och lojal kundbank. Inför framtida forskning kan denna studie användas för att fortsätta skapa en större insikt i hur andra fastighetsförmedlare eller tjänsteleverantörer uppfattar och skapar kundlojalitet. Ytterligare avgränsningar och fler resurser skulle kunna skapa en mer omfattande studie kring ämnet. / The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to investigate how active-working real estate brokers’ interpret and creates customer loyalty during a property sale. According to research there is no unanimous definition of customer loyalty or a framework for creating it. Therefore the phenomenon should be investigated in various industries, in this case within the real estate industry. This was done to try to clarify the uncertainties about the loyalty-creating work. The theoretical framework consisted of research on the meaning of the phenomenon and what characteristics a service broker should possess. The method used was qualitative interviews conducted on eight real estate brokers’ from different markets in Sweden. Theory and empirics showed the relationship between customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and image - a connection that can be further investigated in future research with the results of this study as a foundation. The most highly valued loyalty-building qualities were continuous communication, dedication, responsiveness and customization to the customer. As the brokerage service always contains the same, it was according to the respondents important that the broker distinguish in a personal way to get the chance of a broad and loyal clientele. For future research, this study can be used to continue to create a broader insight into how other real estate brokers’ or service providers’ interpret and creates customer loyalty. Further delimitations and more resources could create a more comprehensive study on the subject.

This master´s thesis is focused on an evaluation of a real estate market in light of „ethics in real estate activities.“ I mention ways of ethical principles and rules implementing especially in estate agencies and professional associations. Furthermore I mention ways of correction pretending in case of an irregularity. It happens quite often in reality that there are events whose solutions are still not regulatedby law so there is no statutory dutyto adhere to them. That´s why ethics codes are not mandatory for estate agencies, because they have no legal dependence in a contractual agreement between a client and a real estate agency or in a legal framework – a law of the Czech republic. I outline basic test cases – problems which can arise in this area, write up main advantages and disadvantages of the existing regulations within the frame of the Czech republic.

台灣不動產仲介業，從1977年成立公司組織發展至今32年、不動產仲介業務網路化從1996年至今13年、公部門為不動產交易安全建置e-house從2007年開始運作至今2年，對照2002年至今台灣不動產仲介交易糾紛逐年攀升現象；顯見，付出高額仲介費用買屋及賣屋的不動產消費者，並未因不動產仲介業者的組織規模龐大、營業收入豐碩、網路發達，資訊科技精進及政府成立e-house網站，而得到較完備的不動產交易安全保障。 本研究以滿足消費者需求為基礎，並以提供網絡仲介不動產交易安全環境的“推動方式和實實務層面”為主題，從不動產仲介之起源、不動產仲介市場現況、不動產仲介問題、e-house現況及e-house問題等過程為論述軸線.探討不動產仲介作業流程、不動產仲介交易糾紛原因、不動產網路仲介交易運作、聯賣制度運作不成功、自售網之崛起及e-house網站的政策目標等課題，經由(1)以交易成本及代理理論為基礎的論證；(2)對現行管理仲介業者的不動產經紀業管理條例之法制面與規範的認知；(3)對不動產消費者、不動產服務業者、政府三方不動產網路仲介交易相關主體特性的瞭解; (4)對於民間不動產網站及官方e-house網站仲介交易實務與現行法制規範相互影響，造成推動不動產交易安全障礙的課題進行探討; (5)分析影響不動產消費者使用民間不動產網站及官方e-house網站存在仲介代理問題及高昂仲介費用的交易成本等相關文獻面、法制面、實務面及一般會員使用e-house的問卷調查。綜合研究顯示：(1)台灣不動產仲介業與政府本身皆存在影響不動產交易安全推動的問題；(2)不動產仲介業對消費者可能存在委託代理問題及使用不動產網站產生交易成本的疑慮；(3)不動產仲介交易產生的代理問題及交易成本，會影響消費者對不動產交易行為的決策形式；(4)消費者利用網路進行不動產交易，是一項極為專業且繁瑣的消費活動，不動產仲介交易過程必須專業分工，才能消弭或降低代理問題及交易成本，促進交易安全。 本研究針對影響消費者使用仲介網站交易不動產的問題，嘗試建構「e-house網路交易不動產示範網站」的新思維，提供消費者消除或減少代理問題和交易成本，以促進不動產交易安全；另一方面，也考慮到其他不動產專業人士的權益及政府行政效能的提升。新思維的內容包括(1)建構“整合仲介交易過程之不動產專業分工機制” (2)改造e-house成為「e-house網路交易不動產示範網站」(3)研擬不動產網站經營者之資格條件、不動產網站作業內容及消費者與不動產業者網路作業等規範,並建議政府從「政策面」、「法制面」、「資訊面」、「推動面」及「執行面」等五個構面制定配套措施，消弭或降低代理問題及交易成本，推動不動產交易安全。 關鍵字：不動產仲介業、不動產經紀人、交易成本理論、代理理論、代理問題、e-house網路交易不動產示範網站 / Taiwan real estate brokerage industry appeared as company organization in 1977. In 1996, the real estate brokerage business launched onto internet website. In 2007, Public Security Department setup “e-house” network platform. However, from 2002 till now, the real estate transaction disputes still increase annually. Obviously, large organized real estate firms, developed network, sufficient information nor “e-house” network platform will not guarantee consumers who pay high broker fees to receive better and comprehensive real estate transaction safety. This study is to provide “promoting and practicing aspects” to real estate transaction safety network environment to satisfy consumers’ demands. It intends to look into the starting of real estate brokerage business, the current status of real estate brokerage market, the real estate broker problems, the current “e-house” status and its problems by examining the process of Taiwan real estate brokerage, the real estate transaction disputes, the real estate broker operating network, the failure of MLS, the rise of free broker fee network, and the policy objectives of “e-house” network platform by: (1) Demonstration on the basis of transactional cost and broker theory; (2) Comprehension on the procedures and the norms of Real Estate Broker Management Act; (3) Understand the characteristics of three participants, government, real estate service providers and the consumers, in the real estate transaction; (4) Investigate the conflicts between real estate operation network and the existing regulations that makes the promoting real estate transaction safety to be difficult; (5) Analyze the cost structure between private brokerage system and the official “e-house” system and how a consumer may react to two different systems with regards to legal system, practice and survey. A general conclusion from research indicates the following: (1) Problems appear on both sides of private and government agencies to promote safer and more transparent real estate transaction (2) Real estate brokers have doubts on buyers/seller’s trust on representation issue and the actual transactional cost for using a on-line web-site (3) Cost and representation issue arising from the actual real-estate transaction may Affect forms of consumers’ decision making. (4) Procedures for making an online real estate transaction are very complicated for consumers. Professional brokers have to monitor every step of the way in order to eliminate representation issue, reduce transactional cost, and promote safer transactional security. This study focuses on the problems emerging from consumers using an online real-estate website, while trying to demonstrate a safe “e-house” network platform can actually complete the real estate transaction. Once consumers have enough trust in the “e-house” network platform, it could potentially reduce representation issue problems and transactional cost. On the other hand, this system also protects brokers’ privileges while enhancing government’s efficiency. New concepts to be discussed in this study will include (1) Create a professional and integrated real-estate transactional mechanism. (2) Transform “e-house” into a demonstrated network platform for online real-estate transaction. (3) Set strict standards for qualifying private brokerage to operate an online real-estate network platform, to provide website contents, and operational model between consumer and real-estate broker. (4) Propose necessary measures to government in five aspects: “policy”, “legal system”, “information”, “promotion”, “implementation”. Keywords: Real estate brokerage industry, Real estate broker, Agency theory, Transaction cost theory, Representation issue, E-house network of real estate transactions demonstration platform.