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A competição de judô é instituída por grande número de regras e o combate se configura pela diversidade de ações entre lutadores. O desempenho adequado e a tomada de decisão correta na arbitragem dessa modalidade requerem autocontrole e elevado nível de concentração, que são variáveis psicofisiológicas moduladas pela interação do córtex pré-frontal e de estruturas límbicas juntamente com o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HHA) e o sistema cardiovascular. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar reações psicológicas e fisiológicas de árbitros em competições de judô. Para tal, a amostra foi constituída de dois grupos de árbitros: o primeiro designado grupo nacional (GN; n = 8), cujos participantes possuíam mais tempo de atuação, isto é, 17 ± 4 anos de prática e o outro denominado grupo estadual (GE; n = 8), que por sua vez, continha árbitros com menos tempo de experiência, ou seja, 6 ± 1 anos de prática. Ambos os grupos participaram de competições de nível regional (CREG) e estadual (CEST). Foram medidas as alterações da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), do fluxo salivar (FS), do cortisol salivar (CS) e da imunoglobulina A salivar absoluta (sIgAabs) e taxa (sIgAtaxa). Para essas variáveis, as condições e grupos foram comparados por meio de análise de variância a dois fatores com medidas repetidas. Além disso, a ansiedade obtida via teste de ansiedade em arbitragem de competição esportiva (SCAT adaptado) e inventário de ansiedade-estado (IDATE-E), cuja comparação foi feita por teste não-paramétrico de Friedman e as diferenças examinadas pelo teste de Dunn. Observou-se que na CEST ambos os grupos de árbitros apresentaram maior nível de ansiedade (p < 0,05). O GE também mostrou maior ansiedade indicada pelo SCAT adaptado (21 ± 3 pontos) que o GN (16 ± 4 pontos), em CEST (p < 0,05). Os índices da VFC indicaram maior atividade parassimpática no GN (rMSSD = 118 ± 35 ms) do que no GE (rMSSD = 49 ± 23ms), em CEST (p < 0,05). O índice da VFC medido pela razão SD1/SD2 no GN (0,58 ± 0,16), também representou maior atividade parassimpática do que no GE (0,33 ± 0,11), em CREG (p < 0,05). O GE manifestou maior atividade simpática (SDNN = 59 ± 21ms), especialmente em CEST (p =0,02), do que o GN (SDNN= 128 ± 66 ms). Notou-se não haver diferenças estatísticas significantes nas variações no CS. O GE apresentou maior FS e sIgAtaxa (0,73 ± 0,36 ml/min; 498 ± 253 g/min, respectivamente) do que apresentado pelo GN para essas variáveis (0,34 ± 0,33 ml/min; 213 ± 215 g/min, na devida ordem), em todas as mensurações (p < 0,001). Houve correlação entre o SCAT adaptado e o índice rMSSD da VFC (rs = 0,39) e o índice SDNN (rs = 0,40) e entre o índice rMSSD e a sIgAtaxa (rs = 0,40). Os resultados mostraram que árbitros de judô para buscarem seu equilíbrio psicofisiológico, na arbitragem das competições, efetuaram autorregulações orgânicas motivadas pela sua experiência profissional e em conformidade com os desafios que surgiram da importância do evento esportivo / Judo competition is established by a large number of rules, and contest is configured by the assortment of the combatants\' actions. Adequate performance and accurate decision making in judo refereeing require self-control and high level of concentration, psychophysiological variables which are modulated by interaction of the prefrontal cortex and of the limbic structures along with the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis (HPA) and cardiovascular system. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate psychological and physiological reactions of referees in judo competitions. For this purpose sample consisted of two referees groups: the first one entitled as national referees group (GN; n = 8), whose individuals had more time of judos refereeing, i.e., 17 ± 4 years of practice, and another, identified as state referees group (GE; n = 8), which in turn, had less working time in such activity, i.e., 6 ± 1 practicing years. Both groups participated in regional (CREG) and state (CEST) level competitions. It was measured the changes in heart rate variability (HRV), salivary flow (SF), salivary cortisol (CS) and salivary immunoglobulin A concentration (sIgA) and rate (sIgArate). Those variables have been evaluated by two-factor analysis of variance with repeated-measures. In addition, it has been gotten the anxiety measured by the sport competition refereeing anxiety test (adapted SCAT) and State-Trace Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which assessment have been obtained by non-parametric Friedman test and statistical differences examine by Dunn test. It was observed that both referees groups have shown more anxiety level during CEST (p < 0.05). GE also has shown increased anxiety (score = 21± 3) than GN (score = 16 ± 4) in CEST (p < 0.05). It was noted that HRV indexes pointed out higher parasympathetic action in GN (rMSSD = 118 ± 35 ms) than in GE (rMSSD = 49 ± 23ms), during CEST (p < 0.05). HRV index indicated by ratio SD1/SD2 has also represented higher parasympathetic activity in GN (0.58 ± 0.16) than in GE (0.33 ± 0.11), within CREG (p < 0.05). As well, HRV has revealed more sympathetic system participation in GE (SDNN = 59 ± 21ms) than in GN (SDNN= 128 ± 66ms), especially in CEST (p < 0.05). It was noticed that there were no statistically significant differences in CS. GE has demonstrated superior FS and sIgArate (0.73 ± 0.36 ml/min; 498 ± 253 g/min, respectively) than in GN for those same variables (0.34 ± 0.33 ml/min; 213 ± 215 g/min, correspondingly), for all measurements (p < 0.001). Also has been observed correlation between adapted SCAT and rMSSD index (rs = 0,39) and SDNN indicator (rs = 0,40) and amid rMSSD index and sIgArate (rs = 0,40). Results showed that referees to seek for their psychophysiological balance, in refereeing of judo competitions, have made self-organic adjustments caused by their professional experience and in accordance to the challenges that have arisen by the importance of sporting event

A competição de judô é instituída por grande número de regras e o combate se configura pela diversidade de ações entre lutadores. O desempenho adequado e a tomada de decisão correta na arbitragem dessa modalidade requerem autocontrole e elevado nível de concentração, que são variáveis psicofisiológicas moduladas pela interação do córtex pré-frontal e de estruturas límbicas juntamente com o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HHA) e o sistema cardiovascular. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar reações psicológicas e fisiológicas de árbitros em competições de judô. Para tal, a amostra foi constituída de dois grupos de árbitros: o primeiro designado grupo nacional (GN; n = 8), cujos participantes possuíam mais tempo de atuação, isto é, 17 ± 4 anos de prática e o outro denominado grupo estadual (GE; n = 8), que por sua vez, continha árbitros com menos tempo de experiência, ou seja, 6 ± 1 anos de prática. Ambos os grupos participaram de competições de nível regional (CREG) e estadual (CEST). Foram medidas as alterações da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), do fluxo salivar (FS), do cortisol salivar (CS) e da imunoglobulina A salivar absoluta (sIgAabs) e taxa (sIgAtaxa). Para essas variáveis, as condições e grupos foram comparados por meio de análise de variância a dois fatores com medidas repetidas. Além disso, a ansiedade obtida via teste de ansiedade em arbitragem de competição esportiva (SCAT adaptado) e inventário de ansiedade-estado (IDATE-E), cuja comparação foi feita por teste não-paramétrico de Friedman e as diferenças examinadas pelo teste de Dunn. Observou-se que na CEST ambos os grupos de árbitros apresentaram maior nível de ansiedade (p < 0,05). O GE também mostrou maior ansiedade indicada pelo SCAT adaptado (21 ± 3 pontos) que o GN (16 ± 4 pontos), em CEST (p < 0,05). Os índices da VFC indicaram maior atividade parassimpática no GN (rMSSD = 118 ± 35 ms) do que no GE (rMSSD = 49 ± 23ms), em CEST (p < 0,05). O índice da VFC medido pela razão SD1/SD2 no GN (0,58 ± 0,16), também representou maior atividade parassimpática do que no GE (0,33 ± 0,11), em CREG (p < 0,05). O GE manifestou maior atividade simpática (SDNN = 59 ± 21ms), especialmente em CEST (p =0,02), do que o GN (SDNN= 128 ± 66 ms). Notou-se não haver diferenças estatísticas significantes nas variações no CS. O GE apresentou maior FS e sIgAtaxa (0,73 ± 0,36 ml/min; 498 ± 253 g/min, respectivamente) do que apresentado pelo GN para essas variáveis (0,34 ± 0,33 ml/min; 213 ± 215 g/min, na devida ordem), em todas as mensurações (p < 0,001). Houve correlação entre o SCAT adaptado e o índice rMSSD da VFC (rs = 0,39) e o índice SDNN (rs = 0,40) e entre o índice rMSSD e a sIgAtaxa (rs = 0,40). Os resultados mostraram que árbitros de judô para buscarem seu equilíbrio psicofisiológico, na arbitragem das competições, efetuaram autorregulações orgânicas motivadas pela sua experiência profissional e em conformidade com os desafios que surgiram da importância do evento esportivo / Judo competition is established by a large number of rules, and contest is configured by the assortment of the combatants\' actions. Adequate performance and accurate decision making in judo refereeing require self-control and high level of concentration, psychophysiological variables which are modulated by interaction of the prefrontal cortex and of the limbic structures along with the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis (HPA) and cardiovascular system. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate psychological and physiological reactions of referees in judo competitions. For this purpose sample consisted of two referees groups: the first one entitled as national referees group (GN; n = 8), whose individuals had more time of judos refereeing, i.e., 17 ± 4 years of practice, and another, identified as state referees group (GE; n = 8), which in turn, had less working time in such activity, i.e., 6 ± 1 practicing years. Both groups participated in regional (CREG) and state (CEST) level competitions. It was measured the changes in heart rate variability (HRV), salivary flow (SF), salivary cortisol (CS) and salivary immunoglobulin A concentration (sIgA) and rate (sIgArate). Those variables have been evaluated by two-factor analysis of variance with repeated-measures. In addition, it has been gotten the anxiety measured by the sport competition refereeing anxiety test (adapted SCAT) and State-Trace Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which assessment have been obtained by non-parametric Friedman test and statistical differences examine by Dunn test. It was observed that both referees groups have shown more anxiety level during CEST (p < 0.05). GE also has shown increased anxiety (score = 21± 3) than GN (score = 16 ± 4) in CEST (p < 0.05). It was noted that HRV indexes pointed out higher parasympathetic action in GN (rMSSD = 118 ± 35 ms) than in GE (rMSSD = 49 ± 23ms), during CEST (p < 0.05). HRV index indicated by ratio SD1/SD2 has also represented higher parasympathetic activity in GN (0.58 ± 0.16) than in GE (0.33 ± 0.11), within CREG (p < 0.05). As well, HRV has revealed more sympathetic system participation in GE (SDNN = 59 ± 21ms) than in GN (SDNN= 128 ± 66ms), especially in CEST (p < 0.05). It was noticed that there were no statistically significant differences in CS. GE has demonstrated superior FS and sIgArate (0.73 ± 0.36 ml/min; 498 ± 253 g/min, respectively) than in GN for those same variables (0.34 ± 0.33 ml/min; 213 ± 215 g/min, correspondingly), for all measurements (p < 0.001). Also has been observed correlation between adapted SCAT and rMSSD index (rs = 0,39) and SDNN indicator (rs = 0,40) and amid rMSSD index and sIgArate (rs = 0,40). Results showed that referees to seek for their psychophysiological balance, in refereeing of judo competitions, have made self-organic adjustments caused by their professional experience and in accordance to the challenges that have arisen by the importance of sporting event

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T13:13:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:28:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igorchagasmonteiro.pdf: 1365277 bytes, checksum: fb725b7cc31032f5780dce0174d70178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inúmeras barreiras culturais e de gênero, além daquelas relacionadas às formas de ascensão profissional, delimitam as experiências das mulheres na arbitragem no futebol brasileiro. Nesse sentido, destacamos como objetivo deste estudo descrever a trajetória de árbitras de futebol profissional no Brasil, analisando seus processos de inserção, permanência, ascensão na carreira e aposentadoria. Para tal organizou-se um estudo de abordagem qualitativa e do tipo descritivo. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se da técnica de entrevista, realizada com dez árbitras de futebol atuantes nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000. A análise dos dados seguiu a técnica da análise de conteúdo, de acordo com Bardin. As vias de acesso para a arbitragem foram a família e a experiência esportiva, e a visibilidade de mulheres na arbitragem foi fundamental para o ingresso das novas árbitras a partir dos anos 2000. As participantes do estudo atuaram em importantes competições nacionais e internacionais e o encerramento de suas carreiras foi motivado por lesões. Concluímos que as árbitras das décadas de 1980 e 1990, ao se inserirem na arbitragem, quebraram barreiras, superaram inúmeras dificuldades no campo da arbitragem e contribuíram para consolidar a atuação das mulheres como árbitras. / A lot of difficulties – such as cultural and gender barriers, as well as those related to career building – limit women experience in soccer. The aim of this study is to describe the history of Brazilian professional football referees and analyze the processes of inclusion, permanence, career advancement and retirement of women referees in Brazilian professional soccer. To achieve our purpose, we conducted a qualitative and descriptive research. Data was collected through interviews conducted with ten women soccer referees acting in the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. For data analysis we adopted Bardin´s content analysis technique. Access routes to arbitration were family and sports experience. The visibility of women in arbitration was essential for the entry of new referees in the 2000s. The study participants were active in major national and international competitions, and the end of their careers was motivated by injuries. We conclude that the referees of the 1980s and 1990s, when inserted in the refereeing, broke down barriers, overcame numerous difficulties in the field of refereeing and contributed to consolidating the role of women as referees.

The following thesis investigates contemporary issues within the applied physiology of soccer refereeing. 1) Training performance. The impact of a high intensity training regime was examined in a group of elite-level soccer referees. Following a 16-month training period the referees’ performance on the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1) improved by 46.5%. 2) Match Demands. The effect of match standard and referee experience upon the objective and subjective match loads of referees was investigated. Match heart rates (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were both related to standard of competition, with the match loads being higher on the higher standard of competition. Referee experience had no effect upon the referees’ match responses. Using a semi-automatic, video match analysis system the referees’ match activities and factors affecting these activities were also examined. Physical performances were related in part to the physical performances of the players; whilst the distances covered during the first half were related to second half coverage. 3) Ageing and performance. The effect of ageing upon referees’ fitness levels and physical match performances was addressed. Regression analysis revealed a trend towards an agerelated reduction in physical fitness, as determined by the referees’ fitness tests. Match activity analysis demonstrated a clear age-related decline in physical match performance, although this decline did not impair the referees’ ability to keep up with play. 4) Fitness and match performance. The validity of the FIFA referees’ fitness tests was examined. Interval test HR load was significantly correlated to the referees’ match coverage, both total distance and high intensity running. Sprint test scores also demonstrated a significant relationship with the referees’ match sprinting distances. However, given the strength of the relationships only the sprint test showed appropriate construct validity for the physical assessment of soccer referees.

本研究主旨在於探討學術期刊普遍禁止一稿多投的現象與其成因。文章中將使用考慮出版者以及學術投稿者的兩階段模型來刻劃投稿、審查，以及投稿規則決策的過程。 初步模型將呈現當投稿者無明顯時間偏好以及各期刊審稿延遲時間一致時，一稿一投或是一稿多投規則對於整體學術產業而言並無差異。其後本文第四章將導入差異審稿延遲所帶來的影響並得出擁有較高聲望的期刊為避免在一稿多投制度下次級期刊利用較快的審查速度奪取較高品質的文章因而將不願意開放一稿多投的結論。 本研究後部分章節將分析各投稿規則對於整體產業福利水準之影響並得到以下結論。一稿一投制度不見得會為整體產業帶來福利增進，但由於投稿者與出版者之間利益不一致性的存在終將難以使得一稿多投成為最後的均衡投稿規則。 / This paper attempts to explore “why the journals in most academic fields like economics refuse to accept Multiple-submission (or simultaneous submission).” In this study, we use a two-stage model involving publishers and academic authors to illustrate the process of submitting, reviewing, and the submission policy determining. The first model shows an indifference result for the whole academic industry to adopt a Sole-submission or a Multiple-submission rule when authors’ utility is time-irrelevant and the reviewing delays of both journals are identical. We latter introduce the effect of differentiated refereeing delay of journals on the authors’ submission behavior in chapter 4 and show that a journal with higher prestige will refuse to adopt multiple submission rule to avoid the possibility that a faster reviewing process may give the less prestigious journal ability to “steal” high quality papers from the more prestigious one under multiple-submission. The welfare is further studied in the later sections. We calculate the overall welfare of the industry and find that even thought the current sole-submission system is not necessarily welfare superior than multiple-submission, it seems that the rigidity of the submission rule is hard to be removed due to the conflicting interests between authors and publishers.

The aim of the study wa s to investigate how referees are portrayed in the media, as participants in refereeing scandals. A study I conducted through examining how hockey referees are portrayed and represented in match texts from both local and national Swedish sports journalism, written in connection to refereeing scandals. I used the method of critical discourse analysis t o examine the question . Through the method I performed an in - depth analysis of how hockey referees are portrayed and represented in eight match texts , written in con nection to different refereeing scandals, from both local and nat ional Swedish sp orts journ alism. The result of the critical discourse analysis showed that the media depicts referees as scapegoats in refereeing scandals. It also showed that referees are portrayed as the ”b ad guys” and abusers of power. Further, my study showed that t hrough melodramatic journalistic descriptions and critical comments from players and coaches, referees are portrayed as unprofessional practicioners in the media match texts written in connection to different refereeing scandals.

Depuis des lustres, les sociétés commerciales n’ont cessé d’être l’accessoire juridique favori des entrepreneurs dans l’exercice de leur activité. La société commerciale est créée par deux ou plusieurs personnes qui conviennent, par un contrat, d’affecter à une activité des biens en numéraire ou en nature, dans le but de partager le bénéfice ou de profiter de l’économie qui pourra en résulter. Cette définition découle de l’article 4 de l’AUSCGIE qui constitue une transposition de l’article 1832 du Code civil. L’AUSCGIE rassemble toutes les normes juridiques qui ont pour objectif de gouverner la constitution, l’activité et la fin de la société. Une des prérogatives les plus importantes des associés est de prendre part à la vie sociale, ils peuvent participer à cette vie sociale en dirigeant la société ou de façon plus réservée, en votant dans les différentes assemblées. Toutefois ce droit, comme tout droit est susceptible d’abus ; l’abus étant un usage injustifié ou excessif de quelque chose ou d’un pouvoir par son titulaire. D’un point de vue impartial avec les autres associés, l’AUSCGIE a codifié dans ses dispositions des sanctions contre les abus commis à l’occasion de l’exercice du droit de vote. Toutefois, l’abus ne se révèle pas uniquement lors de l’exercice du droit de vote. De multiples abus se révèlent aussi dans la direction et la gestion d’une société. Là encore, l’AUSCGIE a prévu des dispositions et laissé le soin aux Etats-parties d’instaurer dans leur législation des lois pour sanctionner ces abus. Le concept d’abus nous pousse donc à étudier les sources de sanction de ce dernier dans l’espace Ohada. / For decades, corporations have ceased to be legal accessory favorite of contractors in the exercise of their activity. The corporation is created by two or more persons who agree, by contract, to assign an activity assets in cash or in kind, to share in the profit or advantage of the savings that may result. This definition follows from Article 4 of the AUSCGIE which is transposition of Article 1832 of the Civil Code. AUSCGIE gathers all the legal standards that are intended to govern the establishment, activity and the end of the company. One of the most important partners prerogatives is to take part in social life, they can participate in the social life by directing the company or more reserved, by voting in the various assemblies. However, this law, like any law is open to abuse; abuse is unjustified or excessive use of something or power by its owner. From an impartial point of view with the other partners AUSCGIE codified in his texts sanctions against abuses in connection with the exercise of voting rights. However, abuse is not revealed only when the right to vote. Many abuses also reveal the direction and management of a company. Again, AUSCGIE provided texts and left it to the States Parties to introduce in their legislation laws against such abuses. The concept of abuse leads us to study the sources of sanction it in OHADA space.