本研究以臺灣地區各區域經濟成長不均衡之現象為出發點，探討推動臺灣 地區經濟成長之製造業於中部地區之發展情形，試圖尋求有利於中部地區 發展之產業，以帶動中部地區之經濟成長，縮短區域間發展差距。研究內 容主要係利用集中係數、雜異化係數分別探討各類製造業分佈地區集中分 散趨勢及地區內製造業發展動向；以區位商數探究地區之基礎產業，以相 對成長分析比較各業別於區域及全國之相對成長速度；並結合移轉分配法 得出各地區之主力產業及深具發展潛力之區，最後，配合區域投入產出分 析與未來產業發展政策，決定一組利於中部地區發展之產業。研究發現中 部地區製造業之分佈有逐年分散之趨勢，且各鄉鎮市區製造業結構亦傾向 雜異化。較有利於中部地區發展之產業為金屬製品業、橡膠製品業、運輸 工具業、精密器械業及電機器材業等。而各地區製造業之發展潛力則與工 業區之設置有密切關係，可知地方之發展多需藉助政府力量方能達成。 Because of unequilibrium growth phenomenon of Taiwan area the purpose of this thesis is to study the manufacturing development in Central region . Study is intended to discuss some manufactur- ing that suitable for Central region to develop for the purpose of pushing regional economic growth. The methodlogy consists of coefficient of concentration ，co- efficient of diversification，location quotient ，relative growth analysis，shift-share analysis and input-output analysis etc. . These methods are applied to analysis the structure change and spatial distribution of manufacturing in Central region. The findings show most of manufacturing industries are slowly deconcentrated in Central region during the past fifteen years . The relationship between manufacturing development and the estab- lishment of industrial park in Central region is very important. As a result，regional development is very often dependent on government investment.

This thesis consists of five papers, which concern expenditure decisions and economic growth within Swedish local government.Paper [1] explores the hypothesis that local fiscal shocks have short run effects on revenue and expenditure decisions made within local government. It is found that although fiscal shocks do not affect local authorities' revenue decisions, they do induce municipalities to change expenditures and financial costs along with short term loans. Local authorities are also found to respond more powerful to unfavorable fiscal shocks (deficit shocks) than to favorable fiscal shocks (surplus shocks).In Paper [2], we study the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures, in part, can be explained by regional (county) expenditures. We formulate and estimate a demand model for municipal services that is defined conditional on the county expenditures. The results imply a positive dependency between the provision of county and municipal services. Moreover, the results suggest that the hypothesis of weak separability between the provision of county and municipal services can be rejected. In addition, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.In Paper [3] the existence of spillover between Swedish municipalities in the provision of recreational and cultural services is analyzed. A representative .voter model is derived and the demand for recreational and cultural services is estimated using spatial SUR techniques. The results suggest a negative relationship between recreational and cultural expenditures provided by neighboring municipalities, which indicates that these services are substitutes.Paper [4] concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden by analyzing what factors might determine the growth rate of regional average income levels and the net migration rates. Our results suggest a negative dependence between the initial average income level and the subsequent income growth, which supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. Among other things, we also find that the initial endowments of human capital have a positive effect on subsequent net migration while the initial unemployment rate is found to have a negative impact on net migration.Paper [5] complements the analysis made in Paper [4] by studying which factors determine average income growth and net migration at the local level of government. The conditional convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected. Local government investments are found to have a positive effect on the subsequent net migration while leaving the growth in mean income unaffected. This may indicate that the net migration caused by these investments does not significantly affect the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor. / <p>Härtill 5 delarbeten.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Stockholmsregionen växer och utvecklas i hög takt. Bostadsbristen är ett faktum när fler och fler vill bo i en urban miljö, dessutom ställer detta högre krav på att regionens logistikförsörjning hanteras korrekt. Mot denna bakgrund uppstår konkurrens kring markanvändningen i citynära verksamhetsområden. Idag omvandlas verksamhetsområden till attraktiva bostadsområden, exempelvis Liljeholmskajen och Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka möjligheten att omvandla tre verksamhetsområden (Lunda, Slakthusområdet och Västberga) och vilka regleringar samt investeringar som är nödvändiga för att verksamheterna ska kunna omlokaliseras till perifera verksamhetsområden i regionen. Första steget till omvandling är att omlokalisera den befintliga verksamheten, som i de angivna områdena klassificeras som logistikintensiv, till perifera verksamhetsområden i regionen. Logistikintensiv verksamhet karaktäriseras av att transporter till och från fastigheten är nödvändiga för verksamhetens framgång, det kan vara allt från ett tryckeri till en global transportör. En omlokalisering till ett perifert verksamhetsområde gör att kraven på den redan överbelastade infrastrukturen ökar då många aktörer levererar och distribuerar in till city. Härav följer att Förbifart Stockholm och Södertörnsleden måste byggas för att skapa en ringled runt staden och öka de perifera områdenas tillgänglighet till city. Vidare måste ekonomiska incitament från kommunens sida skapas för att motivera verksamheterna att flytta självmant från de områden kommunal rådighet över marken saknas. Det främsta incitamentsskapande verktyget är att detaljplanelägga marken för bostäder och därmed få fastigheternas marknadsvärde att öka. Ett verktyg som det finns en ovilja från kommunens sida att använda, då rådighet över marken saknas, eftersom värdeökningen tillfaller fastighetsägarna snarare än kommunen. Lundas attraktivitet för logistikintensiv verksamhet är idag högre än dess potential som bostadsområde vilket gör att omvandling inte kommer ske inom en överskådlig framtid. Slakthusområdet kommer att omvandlas till bostadsområde och den befintliga verksamheten omlokaliseras förmodligen till Larsboda eller Jordbro. Det går att omvandla Västberga men det krävs från kommunens sida att samtliga möjliga, i uppsatsen omnämnda, incitamentspåverkande faktorer genomförs / The Stockholm region is growing and developing at a high pace. The urban environment of the Stockholm region is attracting successively more people and as a result the housing shortage is a big problem. This also leads to another problem, how the distribution and logistics supply is solved in the region. This opens up competition of land use between logistics companies and housing development in the areas near city which are characterized of logistic intense business. Today similar business areas are being transformed into attractive residential areas, such as Liljeholmskajen and Stockholm Royal Seaport. This report aims to examine the possibility of converting the three logistic intense areas (Lunda, Slakthusområdet and Västberga) and which regulations and investments that is necessary for the operations to be relocated to peripheral areas in the region. The first step to conversion is to relocate the existing business, as in the specified areas classified as logistics intensive, to peripheral areas in the region. Logisticsintensive activities is characterized by transports to and from the property which are necessary for business, it can be anything from a printing company to a global carrier. Since many operators supply and distribute goods to the city, a relocation to a peripheral area put high demands on the already overburdened infrastructure. Therefor the Stockholm Bypass and Södertörnsleden must be built to form an outer ring road around the city and increase the peripheral regions access for the city. Moreover economic incentives from the municipality, in order to motivate businesses to move voluntarily from those areas without municipal control, is missing. The primarily way to achieve economic incentive is to detail development plan the area for housing and thus get the property value increase. However there is reluctance by the municipality to use the detail development plan in this way when the municipality ownership over the ground is lacking, because the increase in value will gain other property owners rather than the municipality. Lundas attractiveness of logistics intense business today is greater than its potential as a residential area which makes a conversion will not take place in the foreseeable future. Slakthusområdet will be converted into a residential location and existing business will be relocated to Larsboda or Jordbro most likely. Västberga is possible to convert but it requires that all possible, in the report mentioned, incentives influencing factors are implemented by the municipality.

Det finns i dag en tilltro hos regionala aktörer att en stark regional tillhörighet och image kan bidra till att sätta regionen på kartan, skapa starkare sammanhållning inom området och på så vis även stötta regionens konkurrenskraft. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur och varför man som organisation och tjänsteman väljer att arbeta med regional identitet i ett planeringssammanhang. Studien undersöker de attityder som finns inom ett regionalt utvecklingsprojekt som innehar en utarbetad målbild med ett fokus på uppbyggandet av en ny region. För att studera detta görs en fallstudie där det empiriska materialet baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer, dokumentanalys och deltagande observationer. Resultaten visar att regional identitet används som en resurs för att uppnå andra mål i regionarbetet, främst att stärka området i konkurrensen mot andra regioner. Att gå från vision till verklighet tros kunna göras genom fortsatt samverkan, bygga ihop området med effektiva transportlösningar och extern marknadsföring. Arbetet inom projektet har inneburit en aktiv urvalsprocess där den regionala bilden tillgivits symbolisk värde och ett specifikt innehåll. Fokus har dock främst legat på den interna förankringen bland det geografiska områdets tjänstemän och politiker. / There is a belief today among regional actors that a strong attachment and image can help strengthen the region and support its competitiveness. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how and why organisations and its employees choose to work with regional identity in a planning context. The study examines the attitudes that exist within a current regional development project that has produced a vision that partly focuses on building a new regional identity for a particular area. To study this a case study was conducted using qualitative interviews, document analysis and participant observations to gather data. The results show that regional identity is foremost used as a resource for achieving other objectives, in particular to strengthen the area in the competition against other regions. This study suggests that the step from vision to reality is made through continuing regional collaboration, connecting the area through effective transport solutions and external marketing.  The focus in the project has primarily been on establishing the vision among the internal planers and politicians in the geographical area.

<p>The aim of the thesis is to quantitatively study the driving forces and mechanisms for regional growth from an endogenous and exogenous perspective and reveal the most important factors contributing to regional growth, by focusing on three aspects: local labour market, the supply side and the demand side of the labour market. The thesis is designed to use Swedish micro register data to develop spatial models with higher spatial resolution. It was found that endogenous factors are important and probably explain about at least one third of total regional economic growth. Among the endogenous factors, localised demographic composition, labour force and labour market, firms, and business environment have the strongest influence on regional economic growth. The findings from the Swedish context were briefly compared to China’s economic growth in the last fifty years.</p><p>The thesis consists of three related papers. The first paper studied the endogenous and exogenous factors in 108 Swedish LA regions during the 1990s. By using the SNI92 code, individual longitudinal data and an improved shift-share analysis method, it was found that the endogenous factor is important for regional economic growth because it is able to accelerate, decelerate or reverse the impact from exogenous factors during the period studied.</p><p>The second paper studied regional growth from the supply side of the labour market by focusing on population redistribution and place attractiveness. A ‘floating grid’ approach was developed to understand the factors shaping place attractiveness. The approach disregards administration zones by focusing on a small spatial unit—vicinity which is one kilometre square. Each unit has a unique set of surrounding zones that are local area and hinterland. By constructing spatial models, the total explained variance in place attractiveness was decomposed into partial explanatory effects that are assigned for physical attraction, demographic, service and labour market factors over the spatial scales. The finding is that the spatial scale of vicinity and demographic factors contribute most to place attractiveness.</p><p>The third paper studied regional growth from the demand side of the labour market by focusing on workplace and its economic performance. The ‘floating grid’ approach was once more applied while the basic analysis unit is a constructed workplace that holds working-square, local area and hinterland as surrounding zones. The economic performance of the workplace was attributed to external demand, local demand, business environment and labour force factors over different spatial scales. A method was developed to quantitatively identify intervals of partial explanatory effects that are components of the total explained variance. It was found that working-square and labour force factors contribute most to workplace economic performance.</p>

This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&amp;D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&amp;D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.

The aim of the thesis is to quantitatively study the driving forces and mechanisms for regional growth from an endogenous and exogenous perspective and reveal the most important factors contributing to regional growth, by focusing on three aspects: local labour market, the supply side and the demand side of the labour market. The thesis is designed to use Swedish micro register data to develop spatial models with higher spatial resolution. It was found that endogenous factors are important and probably explain about at least one third of total regional economic growth. Among the endogenous factors, localised demographic composition, labour force and labour market, firms, and business environment have the strongest influence on regional economic growth. The findings from the Swedish context were briefly compared to China’s economic growth in the last fifty years. The thesis consists of three related papers. The first paper studied the endogenous and exogenous factors in 108 Swedish LA regions during the 1990s. By using the SNI92 code, individual longitudinal data and an improved shift-share analysis method, it was found that the endogenous factor is important for regional economic growth because it is able to accelerate, decelerate or reverse the impact from exogenous factors during the period studied. The second paper studied regional growth from the supply side of the labour market by focusing on population redistribution and place attractiveness. A ‘floating grid’ approach was developed to understand the factors shaping place attractiveness. The approach disregards administration zones by focusing on a small spatial unit—vicinity which is one kilometre square. Each unit has a unique set of surrounding zones that are local area and hinterland. By constructing spatial models, the total explained variance in place attractiveness was decomposed into partial explanatory effects that are assigned for physical attraction, demographic, service and labour market factors over the spatial scales. The finding is that the spatial scale of vicinity and demographic factors contribute most to place attractiveness. The third paper studied regional growth from the demand side of the labour market by focusing on workplace and its economic performance. The ‘floating grid’ approach was once more applied while the basic analysis unit is a constructed workplace that holds working-square, local area and hinterland as surrounding zones. The economic performance of the workplace was attributed to external demand, local demand, business environment and labour force factors over different spatial scales. A method was developed to quantitatively identify intervals of partial explanatory effects that are components of the total explained variance. It was found that working-square and labour force factors contribute most to workplace economic performance.

Regional development discourses and theories have significantly changed since the born of regional science. Focus of regional development theories has shifted from industrialization efforts via large-scale enterprises and transfer of central government funds to disadvantaged regions to endogenous capabilities and potentials of innovation and knowledge creation. Endogenous factors and self-development capabilities are highly emphasized by recent development literature. Changes in the regional development discourses also affected regional policies, policy tools and actors / endogenous factors and self-development discourses became dominant in regional development policies and implementations. However, source of regional development for less developed regions that do not have endogenous potentials and self-development capability have not clearly defined and have not empirically tested. The thesis attempted to empirically define regional growth factors and the usefulness of theoretical frameworks. In the thesis, econometric model of Turkey is used for the empirical study. The theoretical framework discussed in the thesis is both economic theories and regional development models. The study shows that all theoretical models offer only partial explanations of regional growth. While study shows that factors emphasized by traditional theories support regional growth, the study has no evidence supporting that soft factors emphasized by recent theories support regional growth. The main findings of this study contribute to theoretical and empirical field by reintroducing role of government and interventions. Factors highlighted by recent regional development theories are not sufficient for explaining growth, since the regional policies at the national level continue to be important therefore factors emphasized by traditional theories still have significant contributions to growth.

The objective of this study is to make a quantitative evaluation of the impact that the expansion of microcredit has had on the growth of economic activity in the Peruvian regions. Taking as a theoretical framework the theory developed to analyze the relationship between economic growth and financial development and with annual information for 24 regions of the country for the period 2001 - 2008, a panel data model is estimated with per capita GDP growth as a dependent variable; and the loans provided by various types of microfinance institutions, loans from commercial banks and other variables that affect economic growth as explanatory variables. The evidence found suggests that microfinancial expansion has a positive impact on the growth of economic activity in the regions, which is not the case for the expansion of banking intermediation. A comparative static exercise shows that if CMAC, CRAC and specialized bank loans come to reach10% of GDP in each region, the growth rate of GDP per capita would rise by at least 4 percentage points. In the regions with greatest poverty, this increase is much more striking and significant. / El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una evaluación cuantitativa del impacto que la expansión del microcrédito ha tenido sobre crecimiento de la actividad económica en las regiones peruanas. Teniendo como marco conceptual la teoría desarrollada sobre el vínculo entre el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo financiero y con información anual para 24 regiones del país en el período 2001-2008, se estima un modelo de datos de panel que tiene como variable dependiente la tasa de crecimiento del PBI per cápita y como variables explicativas las colocaciones de los distintos tipos de instituciones microfinancieras como porcentaje del PBI, las colocaciones bancarias en porcentaje del PBI y otras variables que afectan el crecimiento económico. La evidencia encontrada sugiere que la expansión microfinanciera tiene un impacto positivo en el crecimiento del nivel de actividad de las regiones a diferencia de lo que ocurre con la expansión de la intermediación bancaria. Un ejercicio de estática comparativa muestra que si las colocaciones de las CMAC, CRAC y bancos especializados llegan a alcanzar el 10% del PBI, la tasa de crecimiento del PBI per cápita se elevaría en por lo menos 4 puntos porcentuales. En las regiones de mayor índice de pobreza este incremento es mucho más impactante y significativo.

The dissertation analyzes the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth by extension and economic development of the regions of the Czech Republic (CZ) in 1998 -- 2011. Statistical data empirically study determined motivation of investors to locate in economically strong regions. Following the analysis of statistical data, available resources and a field survey, whose output includes three case studies of specific Foreign Investments in the Czech Republic, the analysis examines whether the arrival of a significant foreign direct investor in the region significantly influenced selected characteristics of economic performance, or other selected areas in region (social, environmental, transport etc.). Moreover, in the context of econometric analysis to test the tightness of the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth using Pearson's coefficient and characteristics of variability. The causal effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth (and vice versa) is analyzed using Granger causality test. The conclusion gives an assessment of the significance of Foreign Direct Investment in the regions of the Czech Republic together with the identification of significant effects brought by investments.