Allteftersom livslängden ökar i Sveriges demografiska struktur höjs andelen äldre i befolkningen vilket skapar en ökad efterfrågan av äldreomsorg. För att möta denna efterfrågan krävs ny kunskap, förändringar och förbättringar om hur vi i framtiden kan garantera våra äldre god vårdkvalitet. Genom att använda en mixed-methods design bestående utav datainsamling från kvalitativa och kvantitativa observationer är denna studies syfte att undersöka och beskriva interaktionen mellan vårdgivare och vårdtagare utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på social resursteori och en modell för interpersonellt resursutbyte. Studiens primära forskningsfråga är att undersöka vilka interpersonella resurser som utbyts mellan vårdgivare och vårdtagare. Studiens resultat rapporterar att ett brett spektrum av resurser utbyts mellan aktörerna och analysen presenterar två komplimenterande teoretiska dimensioner i vilka olika typer av resursutbyten sker, en socialt orienterad dimension och en uppgiftsorienterad dimension. Denna begreppsbildning möjliggör för en bättre förståelse av de befintliga resursutbyten som utgör interaktionen mellan vårdgivare och vårdtagare då olika resursutbyten kräver olika förutsättningar eller förkunskaper. De kvantitativa resultaten gav stöd till denna teoretiska utveckling som visar att utbyte av socialt orienterade och uppgiftsorienterade resurser inte skedde samtidigt. Slutaktligen kan analysen i denna studie ge vårdgivare, institutioner och organisationer en bättre förståelse för villkoren de olika resursutbytena kräver. Att säkerställa kontinuiteten mellan vårdtagare och vårdgivare möjliggör för långsiktiga och kultiverade relationer, vilket gör socio-dimensionella utbyten mer sannolikare. Social resursteori är potentiellt användbar för att förstå interaktionen mellan vårdgivare och vårtagare i vårdsammanhang. / As life-expectancy rises in the demographic structure of Sweden, the population of elderly citizens steadily increases. To meet the increasing demand of elderly care, new knowledge about how we will grant our elderly good quality care is needed as changes and improvements in public health care becomes increasingly of importance. This study have primary focus on residental care homes in Sweden. Using mixed-methods consisting of data collection using qualitative and quantitative observations, the purpose of this study is to examine and describe the interactions between caregivers and caretakers using a theoretical framework based on social resource theory and a model of interpersonal resource exchange. The primary research question of this study is to examine which interpersonal resources is exchanged between caregivers and caretakers. The results reported a wide range of resource exchange between caregivers and caretakers in the residental care home context. The analysis demonstrated two complimentary theoretical dimensions in which different types of resource exchanges takes place, a social oriented dimension and a task oriented dimension. This conceptualization allows for a better understanding of the existing resource exchanges that constitutes the caregiver-caretaker interaction as certain exchanges requires different prerequisities. Quantitative findings from observations supported this theoretical development, showing that exchanges of social oriented and task oriented resources did not occur concurrently. Conclusively, the analysis presented in this study can provide health care providers, institutions and organizations a better understanding for these different conditions of exchange. Ensuring continuity between caretakers and caregivers enables long-term and cultivated relationships, thus making socio-dimensional exchanges more likely. Social resource theory is potentially useful for understanding interactions between caregivers and caretakers in the residental care home context.

The purpose of this study is to understand the collaboration between the head of unit, coordinators and accommodation supervisors in a residential care homes for children. It also aims to critically analyze how the staff experience the effects of an increased workload which caused the organization to the reorganize. This requires good interaction between the different functions in the organization which is the primary focus of this study. The study analyzes how the reorganization affects collaboration between the professions and examines what effect the organizations’ different functions have on collaboration. The coordinator has a new function in the organization and that involves a new condition that needs to be emphasized. The study is based on seven semi-structured interviews. Theories that have been the basis for the analysis is Lipskys theories of street-level bureaucracy and discretion as well as interaction based on i.a. Danemarks theories. The result of the essay shows that the professions are effected by the increased work overload. They therefor request clearness in their function and role in the organization. Simply the time is not enough and major difficulties occur for the personal to handle the lodge and at the same time have time for the children living there. The reorganization is also an effect of the collaboration between the professions.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning ungdomar, ur personalens perspektiv, har möjlighet att vara delaktiga i sin vårdplacering. För att uppnå detta syfte har 11 individuella intervjuer med behandlingspersonal samt verksamhetschefer på HVB utförts. Med utgångspunkt i intervjumaterialet har sedan en tematisk analys genomförts. Resultaten visar att personalen arbetar för att delaktiggöra ungdomarna, dock inom vissa uppsatta ramar. Resultatet visar även att personalen motiverar ungdomarna för att få med dem ”på tåget”. Vidare framkommer det att personalen ofta verkar vara under intrycket av att de gör ungdomarna mer delaktiga än resultatet visar. Den tematiska analysen kommer även att kopplas till Arnsteins delaktighetsstege (1969) samt Shiers delaktighetsstege (2001). / The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent young people, from the staff’s perspectives, are able to participate in their care placement. In order to reach the purpose, 11 individual interviews with treatment staff and institution managers at residential care homes have been conducted. Based on the interview material, a thematic analysis has been implemented. The results show that the staff work to involve young people, though within certain set limits. The result also shows that the staff motivates the youngsters to bring them ”on the same track". Furthermore, it appears that the staff often seems to be under the impression that they make the young people more involved than the results show. The thematic analysis will also be related to Arnstein's participation ladder (1969) and Shier's participation ladder (2001).

In the last couple of years there has been an immense increase in the number of unaccompa­nied refuge minors seeking asylum in Sweden. These minors share one thing in common; they have all abandoned things they hold dear in pursuit of a better life. The majority of them are placed into residential care homes, accommodations where they are aided and cared for by personnel. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research regarding how these personnel experience their work. With help of the method grounded theory and interviews, I investigate their working situation and their role in these homes. All participants agree that their primary role and task are to establish a feeling of safety amongst the minors, however, organizational aspects can hinder this process. Organizational aspects are also key factors that have to be adequate in order for the personnel to increase their professional knowledge. By including the framework resilience therapy and comparing this to my result, I put my study in a bigger context, suggesting that if the minors are capable of feeling safe, they will also develop skills that increase their wellbeing throughout their lives.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur HVB-personal på olika hem i Stockholm arbetar med ensamkommande flyktingbarn rörande barnens kulturer och traditioner samt ta reda på hur personalen arbetar för att integrera flyktingbarn in i vad de upplever vara ett svenskt samhälle. Studien har även till syfte att ta reda på ifall HVB- personalen upplever att det finns problematik kring att integrera barnen samtidigt som de måste ta hänsyn till ursprunglig kultur och tradition hos barnen. Uppsatsen grundar sig i en kvalitativ ansats av tio intervjuer med personal som arbetar på olika HVB-hem. Med hjälp av de teoretiska begreppen gräsrotsbyråkratier, systemintegration, social integration, kultur, kulturmöte och kulturkrockar men även tidigare forskning visar resultat och analys ett sammanhängande mönster. Resultaten visade att HVB-personalen i hög grad värderar hänsynstagande till de ensamkommande flyktingbarnens/ ungdomarnas kulturer och traditioner under integreringsprocessen. De främst återkommande punkterna som personalen menar är viktigast att ta hänsyn till rörande kultur och tradition är barnens/ ungdomarnas; värderingar, religioner, högtider och ursprungliga språk. HVB-personalen upplever att deras huvudsakliga mål som HVB-personal är att integrera barnen/ ungdomarna till det svenska samhället. Tillvägagångsätten för att integrera barnen beskrivs som ett vardagligt arbete som omfattar personalens engagemang i att vägleda, informera barnen/ ungdomarna om samhällets viktiga organ så som att gå i skolan eller att lära dem skillnaderna mellan rätt och fel enligt Sveriges normer och värderingar. Begreppet integrering handlar för våra respondenter sammanfattningsvis om att flyktingbarnen/ ungdomarna tar del av ett nytt samhälle och blir en del av det. Studien visade avslutningsvis att spänningar/ obalans kunde uppstå vid integreringen av barnen/ ungdomarna som resultat av kulturskillnader och kulturkrockar men även på grund av skilda tolkningar av arbetsuppgifter för personal. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how staff from residential care homes in Stockholm work with unaccompanied refugee children/ adolescents concerning the children's/ adolescents cultures and traditions. The study also aims to find out how the staff work to integrate refugee children/ adolescents into what they perceive to be a Swedish society. Lastly the study also aims to find out if the staff experienced problems concerning the integration of the children/ adolescents while they have to take their original culture and tradition into account. The essay is based on a qualitative approach of ten interviews with staff working in different residential homes in Stockholm. With the help of the theoretical concepts grassroots bureaucracies, systems integration, social integration, culture, culture meeting and cultural clashes but also previous research showing results and analysis of a coherent pattern. Results showed that staff and their perceived values take into account of the unaccompanied refugee children/ adolescents different cultures and traditions during the integration process. Values, religions, traditions and the original language were described as the most important parts to take into consideration when focusing on the children’s/ adolescent’s cultures and traditions. Approaches to integrate the children was described as a main objective and a casual work which includes staff involvement in guiding, informing the children/ adolescents of society's major institutions such as going to school or to teach them the difference between right and wrong according to Swedish standards and values. Further the concept of integration according to our respondents, means that the refugee children and adolescents take part of a new society and become a part of it. Finally, the study showed that stress or imbalance could arise during the integration of children/ adolescents as a result of perceived cultural differences and cultural conflicts but also because of different interpretations of the duties of staff.

The aim of this study was to examine the concept of “integration” within residential care homes for unaccompanied children. More specifically its aim was to find out how the social workers themselves within residential care homes for unaccompanied children understand the concept of integration and how they work for it. The study was based on a qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven social workers within four residential care homes for unaccompanied children. Six themes were identified that seemed to play a role in the discussions about integration: development-acceptance, learning process, communication & relationships, process, personality and common sense. The analysis was based on previous research in the field and the theory of action by Pierre Bourdieu called practical reason. As a conclusion the first three themes can be seen as an understanding of the concept of “integration”. The last three themes exemplify the practical integration work. Despite the lack of regulatory documents, the social workers show a common understanding of the concept and a similar implementation which can be explained by a dominant implicit doxa within the field.

In recent years, there has been an establishment of private actors as providers of social work,and since then, the branch of private actors has expanded significantly. This has led tocountless discussions and questions about what it means for social work. The media andsocial scientists question how appropriate it is for private providers to operate social work.One problem that is addressed in research is the concern of private actors focusing onincreasing demand. The second main problem is the concern that Social Services becomes thecustomer instead of the child who is actually in need of help from a Residential care unit(RCU). This essay examines how managers at private RCU:s experiences the benefits anddisadvantages of running a RCU in the private sector, by interviewing seven managers. It alsocompares the interviewees' answers to theories of professionalism in order to examine howworking in the private sector affects professional values of social workers. The results showthat there are both benefits and disadvantages to running a privately owned RCU. The mostsubstantial benefit is that it is easier for managers to make decisions because of the closework with the owners of the RCU. This makes it easier for managers to make large changesand implement new working methods, which also means that private organizations can bemore flexible. Furthermore, the personnel working with the children also have greater impactover the organization. The largest disadvantage that is experienced is the difficulty of runningan organization with requirements of earning a profit. This also has an impact on theprofession of being a social worker. To work in a business that requires a profit can bechallenging as that goes against professional values. The interviewees, however, mean that itis easier to follow professional values, such as care for others, while working in the privatesector due to the personnels’ greater impact over the organization and how to manage their own work.

Denna studie är ett examensarbete utfört som en del av socionomutbildningen på Malmö universitet. Syftet är att undersöka vad personal på HVB har för perspektiv på var gränsen går mellan att vara privat och personlig i relationen till ungdomarna. Till detta hör också vad för professionella gränser som är nödvändiga att upprätthålla gentemot de barn som placerats på hemmet samt vad för närhet och distans som förväntas, är förhandlingsbara eller helt förbjudna. Sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med personal på HVB för att undersöka deras perspektiv och resultaten sammanfattades i teman. Dessa teman var “Relationen mellan personal och ungdom”, “Gränsen mellan privat och personligt”, “Konflikter mellan personlig och professionell”, “Gränssättningar och maktrelationer” samt “Hantering av olika förhållningssätt på arbetsplatsen”.Huvuddragen av vad som framkom var att det är viktigt att vara personlig med ungdomarna på HVB, men det får inte vara på bekostnad av professionalitet. Att vara privat med ungdomarna kan innebära att interaktionen är för personalens skull istället för ungdomarna, därför är det viktigt att göra gränssättningar mellan det privata och det professionella. Exakt vart denna gräns går är dock inte tydlig och är dessutom mycket individuell både i form av var personalen är bekväm med att sätta sina gränser och vad ungdomen har för behov. Genom att kartlägga och konstruktivt samtala om gränserna mellan personal och ungdom skapas tydlighet / This study is a thesis carried out as part of the social work education at Malmö University. The aim is to investigate what the resident staff's perspective at Residential care homes for children and young persons is on where the line is drawn between being private and personal in the relationship with the residents.This also includes what kind of professional boundaries are necessary to maintain towards the children who are placed in the home and what kind of proximity and distance is expected, negotiable or completely prohibited. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff at residential homes to examine their perspectives and results summarized in themes. These themes were "The relationship between staff and youth", "The border between private and personal","Conflict between personal and professional", "Boundaries and power relations" and "Managing different attitudes in the workplace". The main feature of what emerged was that it is important to be personal with the residents, but this must not be at the expense of professionalism. Being private with the residents can mean that the interaction is for the benefit of the staff instead of the resident,therefore it is important to draw boundaries between the private and the professional. However, exactly where these boundaries are placed is not clear and is also very individual, both in terms of where the staff are comfortable setting their boundaries and what the residents' needs are. Clarity is created by charting out and having constructive conversations about the boundaries between staff andresidents.

En del av den sociala barnavården i Sverige består av hem för vård eller boende (HVB), som är en typ av institutionsvård utanför det egna hemmet. Aktuell studie syftar till att undersöka hur personal på HVB-hem beskriver institutionens behandlingsmässiga utgångspunkter och hur de uppfattar behandlingsarbetet med ungdomarna. Denna studie utgår från en kvalitativ metod och för att besvara syfte och frågeställningar har semistrukturerade intervjuer använts. Det har genomförts fem intervjuer med personal från två HVB-hem. För att analysera studiens resultat används en tematisk analysmetod. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna omfattas av teorier om samarbete, terapeutisk allians och HVB-hemmens behandlingsmässiga utgångspunkter miljöterapi och KBT (kognitiv beteendeterapi). Det som framkommer i studien är att behandlingsarbetet med ungdomar på HVB är komplext, att det finns ett behandlingsinriktat fokus samt att relationsskapande och samarbete är viktiga aspekter i arbetet. Det beskrivs också finnas svårigheter i arbetet som relateras till relationsskapande och deltagande i behandling. Vidare presenteras det att omfattningen av den psykiska ohälsan hos ungdomarna är utbredd och att HVB-hemmen inte har något specifikt arbetssätt för att behandla ungdomar med psykisk ohälsa utan att detta främst sker hos barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP). Det framkommer kritik mot bristande resurser hos BUP vilket påverkar behandlingsarbetet negativt. Det framkommer också svårigheter att arbeta med ungdomar i kriminalitet och att sekretessbestämmelserna mellan polis och socialtjänst försvårar samarbetet / A part of the social child welfare in Sweden consists of residential care homes, which is a type of institutional care. The aim of this study is to investigate how staff at residential care homes describe the institution's treatment implementations and how they perceive the work related to treatment with adolescents. This study is based on a qualitative method and semistructured interviews. Five interviews have been conducted with staff from two different residential care homes. A thematic analysis method is used to analyze the results of the study. The theoretical frameworks include theories of collaboration, therapeutic alliance, and treatment implementations of the residential care homes, such as milieu therapy and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy). The study reveals that the work with treatment of adolescents in residential care homes is complex, that the facilities have a treatment-oriented focus, and that relationships and collaboration are important aspects of the work. Difficulties related to relationships and participation in treatment are also emphasized. Furthermore, the study presents that difficulties regarding mental health among adolescents are prevalent. The residential care homes do not have a specific approach for treating adolescents with mental health issues, the treatment regarding mental health mainly takes place within the child and adolescent psychiatry which receives criticism due to insufficient resources. It also appears that there are difficulties in working with young people involved in crime and that the confidentiality regulations between the police and social services can make cooperation difficult

The aim of the study was to explore what methods the personnel in five residential care homes in Götaland, Sweden, implement to integrate unaccompanied minors. The study investigated how and what methods are constructed as well as how the social interaction between the unaccompanied minors and the personnel at the homes bring about the learning of the methods. Five face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed through the perspective of social construction and social learning theory. The result revealed that the methods are not clearly identified by the personnel. The personals are still learning how to work with unaccompanied minors from their experiences. This indicates that the practice is at its infant stage. The study found a wide variety of methods, which were based on the child and where some methods intend to build good relationship, to integrate the children into society and to facilitate the development of strategies and methods. The study also addresses the issue of how the methods and strategies can be affected by the dynamic migratory flow and the question of evidence based practice within this field.