Abstract available in the Annual Coaches and Sport Science College.

This review article examines previous weightlifting literature and provides a rationale for the use of weightlifting pulling derivatives that eliminate the catch phase for athletes who are not competitive weightlifters. Practitioners should emphasize the completion of the triple extension movement during the second pull phase that is characteristic of weightlifting movements as this is likely to have the greatest transference to athletic performance that is dependent on hip, knee, and ankle extension. The clean pull, snatch pull, hang high pull, jump shrug, and mid-thigh pull are weightlifting pulling derivatives that can be used in the teaching progression of the full weightlifting movements and are thus less complex with regard to exercise technique. Previous literature suggests that the clean pull, snatch pull, hang high pull, jump shrug, and mid-thigh pull may provide a training stimulus that is as good as, if not better than, weightlifting movements that include the catch phase. Weightlifting pulling derivatives can be implemented throughout the training year, but an emphasis and de-emphasis should be used in order to meet the goals of particular training phases. When implementing weightlifting pulling derivatives, athletes must make a maximum effort, understand that pulling derivatives can be used for both technique work and building strength–power characteristics, and be coached with proper exercise technique. Future research should consider examining the effect of various loads on kinetic and kinematic characteristics of weightlifting pulling derivatives, training with full weightlifting movements as compared to training with weightlifting pulling derivatives, and how kinetic and kinematic variables vary between derivatives of the snatch.

The current investigation was an examination of the repetition-to-repetition magnitudes and changes in kinetic and kinematic characteristics of the back squat using accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) and cluster sets. Trained male subjects (age = 26.1 ± 4.1 years, height = 183.5 ± 4.3 cm, body mass = 92.5 ± 10.5 kg, back squat to body mass ratio = 1.8 ± 0.3) completed four load condition sessions, each consisting of three sets of five repetitions of either traditionally loaded straight sets (TL), traditionally loaded cluster sets (TLC), AEL cluster sets (AEC), and AEL straight sets where only the initial repetition had eccentric overload (AEL1). Eccentric overload was applied using weight releasers, creating a total eccentric load equivalent to 105% of concentric one repetition maximum (1RM). Concentric load was 80% 1RM for all load conditions. Using straight sets (TL and AEL1) tended to decrease peak power (PP) (d = −1.90 to −0.76), concentric rate of force development (RFDCON) (d = −1.59 to −0.27), and average velocity (MV) (d = −3.91 to −1.29), with moderate decreases in MV using cluster sets (d= −0.81 to −0.62). Greater magnitude eccentric rate of force development (RFDECC) was observed using AEC at repetition three (R3) and five (R5) compared to all load conditions (d = 0.21–0.65). Large within-condition changes in RFDECC from repetition one to repetition three (∆REP1–3) were present using AEL1 (d = 1.51), demonstrating that RFDECC remained elevated for at least three repetitions despite overload only present on the initial repetition. Overall, cluster sets appear to permit higher magnitude and improved maintenance of concentric outputs throughout a set. Eccentric overload with the loading protocol used in the current study does not appear to potentiate concentric output regardless of set configuration but may cause greater RFDECCcompared to traditional loading

This study examined if multi-joint resistance exercises could elicit expression of biomarkers associated with neuroprotection. Thirteen well-trained males performed 4 sets to failure at 80% of a one-repetition maximum (1RM) on the back squat, bench press, and deadlift. The biomarkers measured immediately pre- and post-exercise were brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), cathepsin B (CatB), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). There was a main time effect (p<0.01) for BDNF with significant increases in the deadlift (p=0.01) and bench press (p=0.01) conditions, but not the squat (p=0.21). There was a main time effect (p<0.01) for IL-6 with a significant increase in the squat (p<0.01). There was no significant increase in CatB or IGF-1 (p>0.05). Additionally, there was no significant relationship between BDNF and IL-6 response. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Older adults who stay physically and mentally active appear to have better cognitive function compared to their less active counterparts. In fact, those who perform either regular exercise or cognitive training (CT) can maintain and improve their cognitive functioning, even in their later years. Resistance training (RT) causes an increase in specific hormones that are responsible for improved brain functioning; however, many questions about how these hormones respond to RT are unanswered. Understanding how these hormones respond to RT can help researchers and clinicians create optimal training programs for older adults. Research shows that combining exercise and CT may be better for the brain compared to either activity performed alone; however, nobody has looked at RT combined with CT. We believe that combining RT and CT where CT is performed when an individual’s hormones are highest (right after RT) could have a big effect on brain function in a short period of time. This work represents a two-part study looked at: 1) how these hormones respond to a session of RT, and 2) the effect of combined RT and CT on cognitive function in older adults. Our participants performed CT immediately after RT, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Specific hormones which are important for brain function were measured immediately before and for 2 hours after an acute bout of RT before and after 8-weeks of RT. Cognitive function was measured before and after the RT training period. Our primary findings were: 1) significant increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor immediately after RT and 2) participants cognitive function improved after 8 weeks of training. This is important because short-term combined RT and CT can lead to significant improvements in cognitive functioning. Also, this work will allow researchers to begin designing exercise programs that can maximize the brain’s ability to change, even at an old age. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-21 15:29:35.509

Introduction: Neck pain is a common problem in society and is more prevalent among women. The consequences of neck pain for the individual often include activity and participation limitations, thus affecting many dimensions of life. There is still a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the disorder and likewise of efficient rehabilitation for people with neck pain. However, coordination exercises have shown promising short-term effects. To carry this line of research forward, there is a need to improve methods for objective characterization of impairments and to investigate novel methods of rehabilitation. Aims: To characterize impairments of active cervical range of motion of the upper and lower cervical levels in women with chronic neck pain with a novel method (Study I and II) and identify the influence of head posture and movement strategies (Study II). Further, to investigate the effects of a novel method for neck coordination exercise on sensorimotor function and neck pain (study III) and the consistencies of motor variability metrics in a goal directed arm movement task to aid the design of future clinical research (Study IV). Methods: All studies were laboratory based with kinematic assessments of neck movements (Study I-III), balance (Study III) and goal directed arm movements (Study III, IV). The studies had designs that were: cross-sectional (I and II), randomized controlled trial (III) or test-retest reliability study (IV). Participants in Study I (n=135) and II (n=160) were women with chronic non-specific neck pain and healthy controls. In Study III, women with chronic non-specific neck pain (n=108) were randomized into three different individually supervised 11 week interventions. Study IV included healthy women (n=14). Results: It was found that cervical range of motion impairments in women with non-specific neck pain were direction- and level-specific; impairments were greater in extension in the upper and flexion in the lower levels of the cervical spine. The magnitude of impairments in range of motion was associated to self-ratings of functioning and health. Possible group differences in natural head posture were rejected as a cause for the direction specific effects. Neither could the effects be explained by a strategy to minimize torque in the cervical spine during movement execution. The neck coordination training was not superior to strength training (best-available) and massage treatment (sham) in improving sensorimotor functions or pain according to short-term and 6 months follow ups. The results from the study of the goal directed movement task showed that between and within-subject sizes of most motor variability metrics were too large to make the test suitable for application in clinical research. Conclusions: Women with chronic non-specific neck pain have direction- and level-specific impairments in cervical sagittal range of motion. The underlying causes of these specific impairments remains unresolved, but the direction specific impairments are not related to natural head posture. The clinical validity of the method of characterization of cervical range of motion was supported and it can be useful in future clinical research. The novel method of neck coordination exercise showed no advantages on sensorimotor functions or pain compared with best-available treatment in women with chronic non-specific neck pain. / Långvarig smärta i nacken är vanligt förekommande och orsakar både personligt lidande och stora kostnader för samhället. Långvariga nackbesvär är vanligare hos kvinnor än hos män. Det saknas kunskap om effektiva rehabiliteringsmetoder, men forskning har indikerat att träning som förbättrar nackens koordination kan vara effektivt. För att uppnå bättre rehabiliteringsresultat är det viktigt att utveckla metoder för att objektivt mäta funktionsnedsättningar och att utveckla samt utvärdera nya rehabiliteringsmetoder. Syftet med avhandlingen kan sammanfattas i tre delar: Att detaljerat mäta nedsättningar i nackens rörelseomfång hos kvinnor med långvarig nacksmärta; att utvärdera effekten av en ny metod för nackkoordinationsträning på rörelsefunktion och smärta hos kvinnor med långvarig nacksmärta; samt att utvärdera ett nytt test för att mäta precision och koordination vid målriktade armrörelser och ämnat för framtida klinisk forskning. Resultaten visade att kvinnor med långvarig nacksmärta hade specifika nedsättningar i nacken rörelseomfång; i övre nackregionen var bakåtböjning mer begränsad medan i nedre nackregionen var framåtböjning mer begränsad. Vi kunde utesluta att resultaten berodde på skillnader i huvudets normala hållning. Graden av rörelsebegränsning i nacken uppvisade samband med personernas självskattade funktion, symtom och hälsa. Nackkoordinationsträningen var inte var bättre än styrketräning eller massage för att förbättra rörelsefunktion eller för att minska smärta. Det nya testet för armrörelser var inte lämpat för kliniska studier av rörelseprecision. Slutsatserna från avhandlingsarbetet är att kvinnor med långvarig nacksmärta har begränsningar i nackens rörelseomfång vid framåt- och bakåtböjning av huvudet som är specifika vad gäller nivå i halsryggen och riktning. Att graden av rörelsebegränsning uppvisade samband med självskattad funktion, symtom och hälsa styrker testets kliniska validitet. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att förstå orsakerna bakom de specifika nedsättningarna. Nackkoordinationsträningen som utvärderades kan inte rekommenderas för kvinnor med långvarig nacksmärta eftersom korttidsuppföljning och 6-månadersuppföljning visade att träningsformen inte var bättre än styrketräning eller massage, vare sig när det gällde att förbättra sensomotorisk funktion eller att minska smärta.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um treinamento combinado, de força e aeróbio na hidroginástica, nas adaptações neuromusculares, cardiorrespiratórias e funcionais de mulheres idosas. Para tanto, 36 mulheres idosas foram divididas em três grupos: treinamento combinado na hidroginástica (TC; n=11; 64,18±3,6 anos), treinamento de força na hidroginástica (TF; n=14; 67,86±4,2 anos), e treinamento aeróbio na hidroginástica (TA; n=11; 66,45±4,23 anos), e realizaram esses treinamentos ao longo de 12 semanas, duas vezes por semana. Previamente ao início do treino e ao final do mesmo, os sujeitos foram submetidos a avaliações relacionadas às respostas neuromusculares, cardiorrespiratórias e funcionais, e, além disso, uma subamostra das participantes (n=9) fizeram parte de um período controle de quatro semanas antes do início do treinamento, realizando as principais avaliações antes e após esse período. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste T pareado e coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC) para a comparação dos dados no período controle e a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, para a comparação entre os momentos (pré e pós-treinamento) e entre os grupos (TC, TF, TA). Adotou-se um nível de significância de α=0,05 e os dados foram rodados no SPSS 20.0. Em relação às variáveis neuromusculares, foram encontradas melhoras significativas na força muscular dinâmica máxima e na resistência muscular localizada de extensores e flexores de joelhos, na força isométrica máxima e na economia neuromuscular de extensores de joelho (p<0,05), sem incrementos na atividade eletromiográfica isométrica máxima dos músculos vasto lateral e reto femoral (p>0,05). Quanto às variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, a frequência cardíaca de repouso e o tempo de exaustão melhoraram significativamente após o treinamento (p<0,05), enquanto o consumo de oxigênio referente ao primeiro e ao segundo limiar ventilatório e de pico não apresentaram alterações (p>0,05). Nas avaliações da capacidade funcional, uma melhora significativa foi verificada nos testes de sentar e alcançar e de sentar e levantar (p<0,05), já no teste de agilidade (8-foot Up and Go), foi observada uma manutenção dos valores (p>0,05). Salienta-se que as respostas verificadas em todas as variáveis foram semelhantes entre os grupos de treinamento, sem diferenças significativas entre eles (p>0,05), com exceção da economia muscular do músculo vasto lateral, que apresentou melhores valores no grupo TF em relação ao TA (p<0,05). Assim sendo, conclui-se que os três métodos de treinamento na hidroginástica foram efetivos em gerar incrementos em diversos parâmetros da aptidão física de mulheres idosas, na mesma magnitude. / The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a combined training, resistance training and an aerobic training performed on the water environment, on the neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional adaptations of elderly women. Thirty-five women were divided into three training groups of water-based exercise: combined training (CT; n=11; 64,18±3,6 years), resistance training (RT; n=14; 67,86±4,2 years) and aerobic training (AT; n=11; 66,45±4,23 years), and performed those trainings for 12 weeks, twice a week. Before and after the training period, the subjects were evaluated on neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional responses, furthermore nine subjects made part of a control period of four weeks before the beginning of the training, performing the main evaluations before and after this period. Statistical analysis used the paired T test and Intraclass Correlation Coeficient (ICC) for comparisons in the control period, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), with post-hoc Bonferroni test, to compare the moments (pre and post-training) and between groups (CT, RT and AT). A significance level of α = 0.05 was adopted (SPSS 20.0). Regarding the neuromuscular variables, a significant improvement was found in maximal dynamic strength and muscle endurance of knee extensors and flexors, as well as in maximal isometric contraction and neuromuscular economy of knee extensors (p<0,05), without significant changes in maximal isometric electromyography activity of vastus lateralis and rectus femoris (p>0,05). In relation to the cardiorespiratory variables, rest heart rate and time to exhaustion showed significant improvements after training (p<0,05), while the peak oxygen uptake and the oxygen uptake relative to the ventilatory thresholds did not increase significantly (p>0,05). Furthermore, in the funcional capacity evaluations, significant increases were found on the flexibility and resistance test (p<0,05) without significant increases on the agility test (p>0,05). It is important to highlight that, the responses founded in all variables were similar between the three training groups, without significant differences between them (p>0,05), except for muscular economy on vastus lateralis muscle, which showed better values in TF group compared to TA (p <0.05). Thus, we can conclude that those three training methods on water-based exercise were effective to promote benefits in several parameters of physical fitness of elderly women, at the same magnitude.

O crescimento acelerado da população idosa juntamente com o aumento da procura por atividades físicas tem motivado cada vez mais estudos que envolvam treinamento e o idoso. A corrida em piscina funda parece ser uma alternativa interessante para essa população, uma vez que não possui impacto nos membros inferiores possibilitando que o indivíduo se exercite em grandes cargas aeróbias com menor risco de lesão. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dois programas de treinamento em piscina funda nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias, neuromusculares e no equilíbrio de idosos. Participaram do estudo 34 sujeitos, divididos em um grupo que realizou um treinamento aeróbio de corrida em piscina funda (AERO; n=16; 66±4 anos) e um grupo que realizou um treinamento de força em meio aquático seguido do treinamento aeróbio de corrida em piscina funda (FOR-AERO; 64±4 anos). Ambos os grupos realizaram um período de familiarização com o meio aquático e com a técnica de corrida em piscina funda anteriormente ao período de treinamento, com duração de quatro semanas e com frequência semanal de duas sessões. Já o período de treinamento teve uma duração de 12 semanas realizando três sessões por semana. Antes e após ambos os períodos, os indivíduos foram avaliados em parâmetros relacionados à capacidade cardiorrespiratória, às respostas neuromusculares e ao equilíbrio. Para análise dos dados pré e pós-período de familiarização foi realizado um teste T pareado, para as comparações pré e pós-treinamento foi utilizado uma ANOVA para medidas repetidas com fator grupo ( =0,05). Em relação às variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares não foram observadas mudanças significativas após o período de familiarização. Entretanto, o equilíbrio em todas as situações avaliadas (apoio unipodal e bipodal com e sem venda nos olhos) apresentou uma melhora significativa após as quatro semanas de familiarização (p<0,05). Após o período de treinamento, ambos os grupos apresentaram uma redução da frequência cardíaca de repouso, um aumento do consumo de oxigênio de pico e um aumento do consumo de oxigênio no segundo (VO2LV2) e no primeiro limiar ventilatório (p<0,05). Somente o VO2LV2 apresentou diferença entre os grupos no pós-treinamento, demonstrando valores maiores para o grupo AERO (p<0,05). Em relação às variáveis neuromusculares, ambos os grupos aumentaram a força muscular dinâmica máxima e a força muscular isométrica de extensão de joelho após o treinamento (p<0,05), sem diferenças entre os grupos (p>0,05). A resistência muscular dinâmica apresentou um aumento significativo (p<0,05) tanto para flexão como para a extensão de joelho, sem diferença entre os grupos (p>0,05). A atividade eletromiográfica máxima apresentou um aumento significativo para os músculos vasto lateral, reto femoral e semitendinoso (p<0,05), sem diferenças entre os grupos (p>0,05). Em relação às repostas de equilíbrio, observamos uma manutenção dos valores em ambos os grupos após o período de treinamento (p>0,05). Assim, concluímos que os dois modelos de treinamento avaliados foram eficientes para melhoras significativas nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares de homens idosos, e não foram específicos para melhoras nas respostas de equilíbrio. Entretanto, o período de familiarização proporcionou melhoras significativas no equilíbrio em todas as situações avaliadas. / The accelerated growth of the elderly population together with increased demand for physical activities has motivated more studies involving training and the elderly. The deep water running seems to be an interesting alternative for this population, since it does not have any impact on the lower limbs allowing the individual to exercise in high aerobic loads with less risk of injury. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two deep water training programs on the cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and balance responses in elderly. Thirty-four elderly men were placed into two groups: deep water aerobic training (AERO; n=16; 66±4 years); and deep water strength followed aerobic training (FOR-AERO; 64±4 years). Both groups performed four weeks of familiarization with the aquatic environment and with the deep water running technique prior to the training period, twice a week. On the other hand, the training period lasted 12 weeks, with three sessions a week. Before and after both periods, the subjects were evaluated on cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and balance responses. Statistical comparisons in the familiarization period were performed by using paired T tests; and a repeat measure ANOVA with group factor was used to analyze the training-related effects ( =0,05). After the familiarization period, there were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables. However, in all situations evaluated (one and two-legged standing with eyes opened and closed) the balance showed a significant decrease after four weeks of familiarization (p<0,05). After the training period, the heart rate at rest decreased significantly, the peak oxygen uptake and the oxygen uptake corresponding to the first and second ventilator threshold (VO2LV2) showed significant increases in both groups (p<0,05). Only the VO2LV2 showed differences among the groups after the training period, showing higher values for the AERO group (p<0,05). In addition, after training there was a significant increase in the knee extensors maximal dynamic strength and maximal isometric voluntary contraction in both groups (p<0,05), with no difference between groups (p>0,05). The dynamic muscular endurance showed a significant increase for both knee flexion and extension, with no difference between groups (p<0,05). There was a significant increase of the maximal isometric electromyography activity of vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and semitendinosus (p<0,05), with no difference between groups (p>0,05). Finally, after the training period the balance responses were unchanged (p>0,05). In summary, the two training models evaluated were effective for significant improvements in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses in elderly men, and not specific to improvements in balance responses. However, the familiarization period improved significantly the balance in all situations evaluated.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um treinamento combinado, de força e aeróbio na hidroginástica, nas adaptações neuromusculares, cardiorrespiratórias e funcionais de mulheres idosas. Para tanto, 36 mulheres idosas foram divididas em três grupos: treinamento combinado na hidroginástica (TC; n=11; 64,18±3,6 anos), treinamento de força na hidroginástica (TF; n=14; 67,86±4,2 anos), e treinamento aeróbio na hidroginástica (TA; n=11; 66,45±4,23 anos), e realizaram esses treinamentos ao longo de 12 semanas, duas vezes por semana. Previamente ao início do treino e ao final do mesmo, os sujeitos foram submetidos a avaliações relacionadas às respostas neuromusculares, cardiorrespiratórias e funcionais, e, além disso, uma subamostra das participantes (n=9) fizeram parte de um período controle de quatro semanas antes do início do treinamento, realizando as principais avaliações antes e após esse período. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste T pareado e coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC) para a comparação dos dados no período controle e a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, para a comparação entre os momentos (pré e pós-treinamento) e entre os grupos (TC, TF, TA). Adotou-se um nível de significância de α=0,05 e os dados foram rodados no SPSS 20.0. Em relação às variáveis neuromusculares, foram encontradas melhoras significativas na força muscular dinâmica máxima e na resistência muscular localizada de extensores e flexores de joelhos, na força isométrica máxima e na economia neuromuscular de extensores de joelho (p<0,05), sem incrementos na atividade eletromiográfica isométrica máxima dos músculos vasto lateral e reto femoral (p>0,05). Quanto às variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, a frequência cardíaca de repouso e o tempo de exaustão melhoraram significativamente após o treinamento (p<0,05), enquanto o consumo de oxigênio referente ao primeiro e ao segundo limiar ventilatório e de pico não apresentaram alterações (p>0,05). Nas avaliações da capacidade funcional, uma melhora significativa foi verificada nos testes de sentar e alcançar e de sentar e levantar (p<0,05), já no teste de agilidade (8-foot Up and Go), foi observada uma manutenção dos valores (p>0,05). Salienta-se que as respostas verificadas em todas as variáveis foram semelhantes entre os grupos de treinamento, sem diferenças significativas entre eles (p>0,05), com exceção da economia muscular do músculo vasto lateral, que apresentou melhores valores no grupo TF em relação ao TA (p<0,05). Assim sendo, conclui-se que os três métodos de treinamento na hidroginástica foram efetivos em gerar incrementos em diversos parâmetros da aptidão física de mulheres idosas, na mesma magnitude. / The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a combined training, resistance training and an aerobic training performed on the water environment, on the neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional adaptations of elderly women. Thirty-five women were divided into three training groups of water-based exercise: combined training (CT; n=11; 64,18±3,6 years), resistance training (RT; n=14; 67,86±4,2 years) and aerobic training (AT; n=11; 66,45±4,23 years), and performed those trainings for 12 weeks, twice a week. Before and after the training period, the subjects were evaluated on neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional responses, furthermore nine subjects made part of a control period of four weeks before the beginning of the training, performing the main evaluations before and after this period. Statistical analysis used the paired T test and Intraclass Correlation Coeficient (ICC) for comparisons in the control period, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), with post-hoc Bonferroni test, to compare the moments (pre and post-training) and between groups (CT, RT and AT). A significance level of α = 0.05 was adopted (SPSS 20.0). Regarding the neuromuscular variables, a significant improvement was found in maximal dynamic strength and muscle endurance of knee extensors and flexors, as well as in maximal isometric contraction and neuromuscular economy of knee extensors (p<0,05), without significant changes in maximal isometric electromyography activity of vastus lateralis and rectus femoris (p>0,05). In relation to the cardiorespiratory variables, rest heart rate and time to exhaustion showed significant improvements after training (p<0,05), while the peak oxygen uptake and the oxygen uptake relative to the ventilatory thresholds did not increase significantly (p>0,05). Furthermore, in the funcional capacity evaluations, significant increases were found on the flexibility and resistance test (p<0,05) without significant increases on the agility test (p>0,05). It is important to highlight that, the responses founded in all variables were similar between the three training groups, without significant differences between them (p>0,05), except for muscular economy on vastus lateralis muscle, which showed better values in TF group compared to TA (p <0.05). Thus, we can conclude that those three training methods on water-based exercise were effective to promote benefits in several parameters of physical fitness of elderly women, at the same magnitude.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-118.pdf: 1208646 bytes, checksum: de7ae25943b44c7fb95ab12cd48c9063 (MD5) / Centros de Pesquisa, Inovação e Difusão (CEPID) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Fundo de Auxílio aos Docentes e Alunos (FADA) / O envelhecimento é um processo dinâmico e progressivo em que ocorrem modificações morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e psicológicas. Entre estas destaca-se, neste estudo, o sono, o qual passa por notáveis alterações no seu padrão e eficiência ao longo da vida, sendo observadas alterações marcantes na arquitetura do sono de idosos em relação aos padrões vistos em adultos jovens, como um maior número de interrupções e à diminuição da profundidade do sono. Tendo em vista o grande crescimento demográfico da população idosa no Brasil, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de programas de saúde para que esta população se prepare melhor para as etapas mais avançadas da vida. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influência de diferentes tipos de exercícios físicos no padrão e na eficiência do sono de idosos, sob a hipótese de que, a utilização de um programa de treinamento físico progressivo de intensidade moderada, poderia modificar os parâmetros do sono de idosos. A amostra foi composta por 57 homens idosos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: Grupo controle (GC), Grupo Resistido (GR) e Grupo Aeróbio (GA). O protocolo do estudo teve a duração de 24 semanas e os grupos GR e GA realizaram sessões de treinamento físico três vezes por semana em dias alternados, totalizando 72 sessões ao final do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que não houve alterações estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros do sono e na qualidade de vida, mas houve modificações estatisticamente significativas na composição corporal do GR, em relação ao GC, na massa gorda (%) (p=0,01), massa gorda (Kg) (p=0,04), massa livre de gordura (%) (p=0,01) e na massa livre de gordura (Kg) (p=0,01); um aumento da carga para o teste de 1 RM do GR em relação aos grupos GC e GA no Chest press (p=0,01), Leg Press (p=0,01), Vertical Traction (p=0,01), Leg Curl (p=0,01), Bíceps Curl (p=0,01), Abdominal Crunch (p=0,01), Arm Extension (p=0,01) e Lower Back (p=0,01); e um aumento no VO2 máximo do GA em relação ao GC no VO2 máx.(ml/min.) (p=0,01) e no VO2 máx. relativo (p=0,01). Em conclusão, os resultados observados no presente estudo demonstraram que, tanto o exercício físico resistido quanto o aeróbio, não modificaram o padrão e a eficiência do sono de homens acima dos 65 anos, submetidos a um programa de treinamento físico. No entanto, o exercício físico realizado de forma sistemática e de acordo com as recomendações para esta faixa etária, se mostrou efetivo para a melhora dos parâmetros de saúde, importantes para uma maior autonomia e longevidade da população idosa. / The aging is a dynamic and progressive process in which occur changes in morphology, functional, biochemical and psychology aspects. Among these, is highlight, in this study the sleep, which go through remarkable modifies in life span in its pattern and efficiency of. It has been observed modifies in sleep architecture of elderly in relation to pattern of the young adult, mainly on a trend to a great number of interruptions and less deepness sleep. The increase in demographic elderly population in Brazil bring us to develop health programs to get better condition to step forward in their life. In this way, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different types of physical exercises on the sleep pattern and efficiency on the elderly, under the hypothesis that, a moderate progressive physical training program may modify their sleep parameters. The sample was composed of 57 men, randomized in three groups: Control Group (GC), Resistance Group (GR) and Aerobic Group (GA). The protocol lasted 24 weeks and the GR and GA carry out training three times a week in a routine of alternated days. The results showed that there were no statistical changes in the sleep parameters and quality of life, but there were statistical changes in the body composition of GR when compared to GC in the fat body mass (%) (p=0,01), fat body mass (Kg) (p=0,04); an increase in the weigh lifted on the 1 RM of GR when compared to GC and GA in Chest press (p=0,01), Leg Press (p=0,01), Vertical Traction (p=0,01), Leg Curl (p=0,01), Bíceps Curl (p=0,01), Abdominal Crunch (p=0,01), Arm Extension (p=0,01) e Lower Back (p=0,01); an increase in the VO2 maximum from GA to GC VO2 max.(ml/min.) (p=0,01) and in the VO2 max. relative (p=0,01). In conclusion, the results observed in this study showed that, the resistance physical exercise and the aerobic exercise did not modify the sleep pattern and efficiency, in men above 65 years old undergoing to a physical exercise program. In other hand, physical exercise done systematically and in accordance with the recommendation to this population, showed effective improvement in health bringing changes in important parameters to a better autonomy and life span on this population. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações