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Resistance training has shifted towards a high- vs low-load training approach. Heavier loads are suggested to maximally recruit motor units and optimize strength adaptations, whereas lower loads stimulate hypertrophy. However, a majority of the research has not used a true strength range when assessing load. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine and determine significant differences in strength, body composition, and hormonal markers over nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. Secondary purposes of the current investigation were to assess and quantify training load for resistance training using sEMG sensor-embedded compression shorts. 17 recreationally-trained males were randomized into two groups with training loads of 30 or 85% 1-RM. Both groups completed nine weeks of whole-body resistance training three days per week, with exercises performed as three sets to failure per movement. Measures were collected at baseline and every three weeks after, including muscle thickness, body composition, isometrics/isokinetic strength, and hormonal status (testosterone and cortisol). Predicted 1-RM testing was performed pre- and post-training. Both groups demonstrated significant hypertrophy and strength, although the 85% showed greater improvements in the predicted 1-RM and the isokinetic peak torque values. There were also significant differences between groups for muscle load and training load as measured by the wearables, indicating the technology was able to differentiate between resistance training intensities. However, there were no changes in any of the hormonal markers either in basal levels or acutely post-exercise. Overall, our results suggest a similar hypertrophy and hormone response occurs in both low- and high-load groups when training to failure, but the high-load results in greater strength improvements and higher muscle load output when measured by wearable technology.

Bakgrund: Subakromiell smärta är ett vanligt förekommande muskuloskeletalt besvär. Behandlingen består ofta av antingen styrketräning, kortisoninjektion eller en kombination av behandlingsformerna.  Syfte: Att undersöka effekten av kombinerad behandling (styrketräning och kortisoninjektion) jämfört med enbart styrketräning som behandling för subakromiell smärta samt att utföra en kvalitetsgranskning och en bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt utifrån formulerat PICO. Systematiska sökningar utfördes i databaserna AMED, CINAHL, PEDro, PubMed och Web of Science. Genomförande av kvalitetsgranskning enligt granskningsmallen PEDro och bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten enligt ”Bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i systematiska översikter”. Resultat: Motstridiga resultat visades gällande effekten av kombinerad behandling. Totalt 8 studier inkluderades till kvalitetsgranskningen där resultatet varierade från medel till hög kvalitet. Av dessa bedömdes den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i 6 studier. För funktion var den måttligt hög till att ingen effekt kan ses av interventionen. För smärta och rörelseomfång var tillförlitligheten låg respektive mycket låg till att effekt ses av interventionen. Konklusion: Det har inte varit möjligt att fastslå vilken effekt en kombinerad behandling jämfört med styrketräning har på smärta, funktion och rörelseomfång på kort sikt då resultaten har varit motstridiga. Inga långsiktiga effekter har observerats. Tillförlitligheten för funktion var måttligt hög till att ingen effekt ses av interventionen. För smärta bedömdes den som låg och för rörelseomfång som mycket låg till att effekt ses av interventionen. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på att utföra studier med mer likvärdiga interventioner för att kunna utvärdera effekten av kombinerad behandling jämfört med styrketräning för personer med subakromiell smärta. / Background: Subacromial pain syndrome is a common musculoskeletal condition. The treatment consists of either physiotherapy, corticosteroid injection or a combination of the two. Objective: To research the effects of a combined treatment compared to exclusively resistance training in individuals with subacromial pain syndrome and to assess the quality of the evidence as well as the overall reliability.  Method: A systematic review. Systematic searches were conducted using the databases AMED, CINAHL, PEDro, PubMed and Web of Science. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the PEDro scale. The overall reliability was assessed using “Bedömningen av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i systematiska översikter”.  Results: Contradictory results were found regarding the effect of combined treatment. A total of 8 studies were included in the quality assessment, with results varying from moderate to high quality. Of these, the overall reliability was assessed in 6 studies. The reliability for the outcome measure of function was assessed as moderately high that no effect of the intervention could be observed. Effects from the intervention on pain and range of motion were found to have low and very low reliability, respectively.  Conclusion: It has not been possible to determine the effect of combined treatment compared to resistance training on pain, function and range of motion in the short term, as the results have been conflicting. No long term effects have been observed. Overall reliability for the outcome measure of function was assessed as moderately high that no effect could be seen from the intervention. Effects on pain and range of motion from the intervention were found to have low and very low reliability, respectively. Future research should focus on conducting studies with more comparable interventions to evaluate the effect of combined treatment compared to resistance training for individuals with subacromial pain.

Bakgrund: Styrketräning är en viktig träningsform som medför flertalet hälsofördelar som minskad risk för sjukdomar och bättre hälsa. Forskning har visat att styrketräning ökar energiförbrukning under och efter träning. Marklyft är en helkroppsövning som har stor effekt inom styrketräning. Till författarnas vetskap har inga tidigare studier undersökt akut energiförbrukning (EE) och syreupptagning (V’O2) under marklyft med samma totala träningsvolym. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att ta reda på effekterna av akut respons av V’O2 och energiförbrukning under marklyft med två intensiteter men samma totala volym. Metod: 7 manliga deltagare rekryterades med en medelålder på 23,7. Testerna och datainsamlingen genomfördes under 3 separata tillfällen genom viloomsättnings-tester följt av marklyftstester och återtest. Deltagarna utförde ett set av 40% 1RM x 10 repetitioner under 30 sekunder och ett set av 80% 1RM x 5 repetitioner under 30 sekunder. Mellan 40% och 80% tester hade deltagarna 7 minuters vila. Resultat: Det visade tendenser till att 80% 1RM ökar energiförbrukningen och kräver högre V’O2 än 40% 1RM under arbetsfasen. Återhämtningsfasen visade signifikant skillnad i energiförbrukning mellan 40% 1RM och 80% 1RM (p=0,007). Återhämtningen visade även en signifikant skillnad i V’O2 mellan 40% 1RM och 80% 1RM (p=0,028). Slutsats: Studien indikerar att marklyft vid hög belastning resulterar i högre energiförbrukning och ökad V’O2 till jämfört med lägre belastning under arbetsfasen och återhämtningsfasen. / Background: Strength training is an important method of training that brings several health benefits including reduced risk of diseases and a better wellness. Studies have shown that strength training increases energy expenditure (EE) during and after training. Deadlift is a compound exercise which has a big impact within strength training. To the knowledge of the authors no studies has looked into the differences in EE and VO’2 during deadlift with the same amount of volume. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine acute response of V’O2 and EE during deadlift with two different intensities but same total amount of volume (dose). Method: 7 male participants were recruited with a mean age of 23,7. Testing and data collection were done on 3 separate occasions through RMR-testing followed by deadlifts and retest. The participants did one set of 40% 1RM x 10 repetitions under 30 seconds and one set of 80% 1RM x 5 repetitions under 30 seconds. In between 40% and 80% tests, the participants had 7 minutes of rest. Results: It shows tendencies that 80% 1RM increase EE more than 40% 1RM during workout phase. It also show tendencies that 80% 1RM demand higher V’O2 than 40% 1RM under the workout phase. Recovery phase showed a significant difference in EE between 40% 1RM and 80% 1RM (p=0,007). Recovery phase also showed a significant difference in V’O2 between 40% 1RM and 80% 1RM (p=0,028). Conclusion: The study shows that deadlift with heavier load result in higher EE and increased V’O2 compared to a lower load during the workout phase and recovery phase.

Background Isometric strength training (IST) involves contracting a muscle or muscle group without anyjoint movement, resulting in static exertion. This method has garnered attention in recentyears as an alternative approach for enhancing performance and rehabilitating injuries.Overcoming isometrics (OI), a specific type of isometric exercise, entails pushing against animmovable object. Despite its potential benefits, scientific literature on the effects of OI onathletic performance remains limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigatethe impact of overcoming isometrics on strength, power, and jump height. Method Eight elite female football players (15-17 years old), competing in the Swedish championshipfor girls aged 17, participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groupsprior to the intervention: a training group and a control group. The training group performedovercoming isometrics for four weeks, while the control group followed a mobility protocol.To assess the participants' strength, power, and jump height, three tests were conducted bothbefore and after the intervention: trap bar 1RM, box squat, and countermovement jump(CMJ). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine if the data were normally distributed,followed by an independent samples t-test to analyze any significant differences between thegroups. Results The results showed no significant differences between the groups for the box squat (p =0,086) and trap bar 1RM (p = 1,000). However, the CMJ yielded significantly better resultsfor the training group in comparison to the control group (p = 0,004). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that overcoming isometrics improves jump height.However, it appears to have no significant effects on strength and power. Keywords: Youth sports, resistance training, athletic performance, linear encoder, PhotonSports

This work explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in sports, specifically comparing. You Only Look Once (YOLO) version 8 and version 9 models in the context of Velocity-Based Training and resistance training. It aims to evaluate the models’ performance in instance segmentation and their effectiveness in estimating velocity metrics. Additionally, methods for pixel to meter conversion and centroid selection on barbells are developed and discussed. The field of AI is growing vastly with great practical possibilities in the sports industry. Traditional methods of collecting and analyzing data involving sensors are often expensive and not available to many coaches and athletes. By leveraging AI techniques, this work aims to provide insights to more cost-effective solutions. An experiment was conducted where YOLOv8 and YOLOv9 models of different sizes were trained on a custom dataset. Using the resulting model weights, key Velocity-based Training (VBT) metrics were extracted from videos of squat, bench press and deadlift exercises, and compared with sensor data. To automatically track the barbell in the videos, the centroids of bounding boxes were used. Additionally, to acquire the velocity in meters per second, pixel-to-meter conversion ratios were obtained using the Circular Hough Transform. Findings indicate that the YOLOv8x model generally excels according to performance metrics, however recording high mean inference time. Additionally, the YOLOv8m model showed overestimation in mean velocity, peak velocity and range of motion highlighting potential challenges for real-time VBT applications. Otherwise, all models performed very similar to sensor data, occasionally differing in scale stemming from faulty pixel to meter conversions. In conclusion, this work underscores AI’s potential in the sports industry while identifying areas for further enhancement to ensure accuracy and reliability in applications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) paired with cluster sets (CS) on dynamic and maximal strength, the endocrine system, and body composition. Seventeen recreationally active subjects (male = 11, females = 6, age = 23.05 ± 4.07, height = 172.09 ± 9.98, body mass = 81.29 ± 22.18, back squat to body mass ratio = 1.55 ± 0.33, bench press to body mass ratio = 1.06 ± 0.28) participated in one familiarization week, 2 weeks of testing, and 4 weeks of training. A strength-endurance block (4 wks) was used for training in which the target load consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions. The AEL group performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions for the squat and bench press using AEL every other repetition (5 AEL repetitions per set). Because of this protocol, CS were also performed as one AEL repetition plus one traditional repetition followed by 15 s rest. Weight releasers were attached during the rest between clusters. Resistance training was performed three days a week, sprint and agility work were performed two days a week. Maximum dynamic strength (1 RM squat, 1RM bench press), isometric maximum strength (Isometric midthigh pull) and rate of force development (RFD) were tested before and after the training protocol. Additionally, Testosterone (T), Cortisol (C), and Creatinine (CREA), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed pre and post-test in 16 of the subjects as blood was unable to be collected from one of the subjects post test. Although maximum strength increased over time (n= 17), no statistically significant differences in strength occurred between the AEL and TRAD protocols after 4 weeks of training. No statistically significant differences in resting blood variables or body composition occurred between the AEL and TRAD protocols after 4 weeks of training.

The purpose of this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of resistance training with accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) and cluster sets (CS) versus traditional resistance training (TRAD) on general sports skills and power performance in recreationally trained individuals. Seventeen subjects (11 males, 6 females; mean age 23.2 ± 4.1 years; body mass 81.3 ± 22.2 kg; height 172.1 ± 10.0 cm; relative 1 RM back squat 1.5 ± 0.3) were randomly assigned to AEL (n = 9) or TRAD (n = 8) groups. After an initial familiarization and baseline testing, both groups underwent a four-week strength-endurance training regimen. The AEL group incorporated AEL in a CS format every other repetition for back squat and bench press. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included accelerative sprint (10- and 20-meter split time), change of direction (505), COD deficit (CODD), countermovement jump height, and peak power. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Both groups showed significant improvements in 505 and CODD (p < 0.01), with the AEL group demonstrating a greater effect size than TRAD for 505 (g: -0.90; and -0.45, respectively) and CODD (g: -0.87; and -0.26, respectively). No other measures showed significant changes (p > 0.05). These data suggest that a strength-endurance training block can enhance change of direction ability, with potential added benefits from AEL with CS, although further research is warranted to confirm these effects.